• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.715-730
• /
• 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate antioxidant activities of eggplant (EP) powder with different drying methods and addition levels to pork sausages to improve product quality. Antioxidant activities of EP with different drying methods, particle sizes, and solvents of extraction were determined. Freeze dried (FD) EP extracted with 100% ethanol had higher 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activities (DPPH-RSA) and total phenolic content (TPC) values than other drying methods. FD500 had the highest iron chelating ability (ICA) value. Oven-dried (OD) EP at 60℃ had the highest reducing power. Dried EP was added to sausages of six groups: control without EP, reference added with ascorbic acid, O1 and O2 added with 0.25% and 0.5% OD EP, respectively, and F1 and F2 added with 0.25% and 0.5% FD EP, respectively. Pork sausages added with O2 had the lowest TBARS and TPC values. These values increased during storage. Purge loss (%), lightness (L^*), and redness (a^*) values of F2 were lower than those of other groups, whereas sausages containing F2 had the highest yellowness (b^*). pH values of sausages added with EP were increased regardless of the level of EP added. Hardness values of F2 were higher. However, there were no significant differences in other textural characteristics. Sausages added with EP had higher moisture and protein contents (%), but lower fat contents (%). These results indicate that EP powder could be used to retard lipid oxidation and inhibit microbial counts during storage time.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.303-308
• /
• 2015

The consumption of leaf vegetables has been steadily increasing in Korea. Leaf vegetables are used for "Ssam (vegetable wrap-up), eaf vegetables has been steadily increasing in Korea. Leaf vegetables are used for asoned condiments inside several layers of young vegetable leaves. This study investigated the effect of air temperature on the growth and phytochemical contents of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and Ssamchoo (Brassica lee L. ssp. namai) grown in a closed-type plant factory system where fluorescent lamps were used as an artificial light source. Seeds of beet and Ssamchoo were sown in a peat-lite germination mix. The roots of 20-day-old seedlings were washed, and the seedlings were planted on a styrofoam board and grown in hydroponic beds for 25 days under fluorescent light. Plants were exposed to one of three different air temperature regimes (20, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$ during the day combined with $18^{\circ}C$ during the night), which were monitored with a sensor at 30 cm above the plant canopy. Increased plant height and leaf area were observed in beet at $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ compared to $20^{\circ}C$. For Ssamchoo, the greatest plant height, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight were obtained at $20^{\circ}C$. Ascorbic acid content of beet and Ssamchoo leaves were highest at $30^{\circ}C$. In beet, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were higher at $20^{\circ}C$ (42.4, $197.0mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$) and $25^{\circ}C$ (46.9, $217.0mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$) than $30^{\circ}C$ (22.4, $88.0mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$). In Ssamchoo, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were also higher at $20^{\circ}C$ (79.2, $268.2mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$) and $25^{\circ}C$ (66.3, $258.3mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$), respectively, than $30^{\circ}C$ (53.7, $134.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}DW$). Hence, the optimum temperature appears to be $20^{\circ}C$ for growing both beet and Ssamchoo in a closed-type plant factory system with fluorescent light.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.400-407
• /
• 2013

This study was performed to analyze the effect of light quality of discharge lamp on growth and phytochemicals contents of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Jeokchima) grown under metal halide (MH) lamp, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamp, and xenon (XE) lamp in a plant factory. Cool-white fluorescent (FL) lamp was used as the control. Photoperiod, air temperature, relative humidity, $CO_2$ concentration, and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) in a plant factory were 16/8 h (day/night), $22/18^{\circ}C$, 70%, 400 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$, and 200 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. MH lamp had the greatest fraction of blue light (400-500 nm) of 23.0%. However, HPS lamp had the lowest fraction of 4.7% for blue light and the greatest fraction of 38.0% for red light (600-700 nm). At 11 and 21 days after transplanting, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight of lettuce as affected by the light quality of the discharge lamp were significantly different. The leaf area of lettuce grown under HPS, MH, and XE lamp increased by 45.7%, 16.3%, and 9.5%, respectively, as compared to the control. These results were similar for shoot fresh weight. Growth characteristics of lettuce grown under HPS lamp increased since HPS lamp had more fraction of red light. However, growth of lettuce grown under MH and XE lamp decreased since they had more fraction of blue light. As compared to the control, the ascorbic acid in lettuce leaves grown under discharge lamp decreased. The greatest anthocyanins accumulation of 0.70 mg/100 g was found at MH treatment. Anthocyanins content in lettuce leaves grown under XL and HPS lamp were 79.3% and 8.6%, respectively, compared with the control. Growth and phytochemicals contents of lettuce were highly affected by the different spectral distribution of the discharge lamp. These results indicate that the combination of discharge lamp or LED lamp for enhancing the light quality of discharge lamps is required to increase the growth and phytochemicals accumulation of lettuce in controlled environment such as plant factory.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.16 no.2 s.75
• /
• pp.231-239
• /
• 2006

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in bone marrow (BM) can be induced to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal tissues, including adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondroblasts, under the influence of certain growth or environmental factors. In this study, we analyzed the differentiation process and the associated gene expression profiles inherent to the process by which hMSCs differentiate into osteoblasts. We conducted a comparison of gene expression profiles of the normal human BM MSCs, using human 8K cDNA microarray, incubated in media containing either a combination of $\beta$-glycerol phosphate, L-ascorbic acid, and dexamethasone, or in medium lacking these osteogenic supplements. During the osteoblastic differentiation process, 36 genes were determined to be up-regulated, and 59 genes were shown to be down-regulated. Osteoprotegerin, LRP5, and metallothionein 2A, all of which are associated with the osteogenetic process, were up-regulated, and genes associated with the differentiation of MSCs into other lineages, including muscle, adipose tissue and vascular structure were down-regulated. The set of differentially expressed genes reported in this work should contribute to our current understanding of the processes inherent to the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.37 no.12
• /
• pp.1542-1547
• /
• 2008

Physiological activities of the garlic extracts from eight different cultivating areas (three areas from Daejeong Jeju, four major cultivating areas (Danyang, Uiseong, Taean and Namhae) in Korea, and one imported from China) were investigated. Allicin was the highest in the garlic from Danyang (457 mg/100 g), and in the decreasing order of Uiseong (422), Taean (393), China (370), Jeju (334), Namhae (328). Total phenolic content (TPC) from Taean was the highest (3.77 mg GAE/g), while that from Namhae was the lowest (1.90). Average TPC (3.36 mg GAE/g) of the garlics from Daejeong Jeju was higher than that (2.87) from major cultivating areas in Korea. The highest integral antioxidative capacities of water-soluble substance were obtained from the garlics of Danyang ($3.24{\mu}mol$ ascorbic acid equivalents/g) and Daejeong Jeju (2.73), while the lowest ones were from Namhae (1.94) and Taean (1.67). The integral antioxidative capacities of lipid- soluble substance were the highest in the garlics from Namhae ($5.77{\mu}mol$ trolox equivalents/g of dry extract), Danyang (5.31) and Daejeong Jeju (5.29), while the lowest was from Taean (4.19). Average xanthine oxidase inhibition activity (31.1%) in the garlics from Daejeong Jeju was higher than that (23.2%) from major cultivating areas in Korea. All of the garlics showed the strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, and in the decreasing order of L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium, and E. coli. The garlics from Daejeong Jeju (specially from Alttre) showed the strongest antimicrobial activities against all four bacterial strains tested.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2015

N,N'-Diferuloyl-putrescine (DFP) present in plants such as Sophora japonica has been reported to have skin depigmentative and antioxidative activities. In this study, DFP, usually presents in nature a very little amount and its derivative (DFP-D) were synthesized in a large quantity for the use as functional cosmetical materials. The antioxidative activities of synthesized DFP and DFP-D were evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, chemiluminescence assay, and cell protective effect induced by $^1O_2$, stress. DFP and DFP-D showed DPPH radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) at $61.25{\pm}2.25{\mu}M$ and $12.92{\pm}0.72{\mu}M$, respectively. ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) in the $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system of DFP and DFP-D were 2 times ($1.84{\pm}0.12{\mu}M$) and 13 times ($0.174{\pm}0.01{\mu}M$), respectively higher than that of L-ascorbic acid. $^1O_2$, one of ROS playing a key role in the skin photo-aging, induces cellular membrane damages. DFP-D ($50{\mu}M$) showed good cell protective effects (${\tau}_{50}=80.2min$) about 2 times more than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}=43.6min$). These results suggest that the great antioxidative activities of DFP and DFP-D could be applied to cosmetic industries as functional cosmetic materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.244-251
• /
• 2009

Extraction characteristics of dried jujube and functional properties of corresponding extract were monitored by response surface methodology. Maximum extraction yield of 53.69% was obtained at extraction temperature of $50.35^{\circ}C$, extraction time of 16.69 hr, and ethanol concentration of 72.88%. At extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $45.80^{\circ}C$, 15.47 hr, and 73.12%, respectively, maximum cyclic adenosine monophosphate content was 8.20 mg/100 g. Maximum total polyphenol content was 18.85 mg/g at extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $64.91^{\circ}C$, 20.84 hr, and 66.91%, respectively. Maximum total flavonoid content was 0.48 mg/g at extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $57.36^{\circ}C$, 15.14 hr, and 71.08%, respectively. $IC_{50}$ value of electron donating ability showed maximum level of 32.34 mg/mL at extraction temperature of $48.46^{\circ}C$, extraction time of 19.25 hr, and ethanol concentration of 65.36%. Maximum ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity was 3.58 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per gram sample at extraction temperature, extraction time, and ethanol concentration of $56.09^{\circ}C$, 21.86 hr, and 65.36%, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.132-139
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contents of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activities in teas. A total of 99 teas were tested for their antioxidant activities based on their ability to scavenge DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical. Antioxidant activity was expressed as mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per 100 g tea sample (L-ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity, AEAC) and was expressed as mg per 1 serving size (free radical scavenging activity, $FSC_{50}$). The total polyphenol contents of the extracts was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the total flavonoid contents of the extracts was determined using a modied method of Davis. Vitamin C was analyzed by HPLC method. According to the AEAC value, mate tea, green tea, black tea, oriental raisin tea, chamomile tea and burdock tea showed relatively high antioxidant activities. Polyphenolic compounds were the major naturally occurring antioxidant compounds found in teas and the high concentrations of total polyphenol compounds were observed in black tea, green tea and mate tea. The high concentrations of total flavonoid compounds were observed in mate tea, black tea and yam tea and the amount of vitamin C contents were found to be high in citron tea and green tea. As a result, steeping tea was much higher in antioxidant activity than either powdered tea or liquefied tea. According to the study, a high correlation was demonstrated between the total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities in teas (r = 0.846) and correlations between the total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities was statistically significant in teas (r = 0.625). It was found that also the proportional relationship established among the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities. That is, antioxidant activity of teas has been confirmed to have been caused by the total polyphenol.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.687-693
• /
• 2017

This research analyzed cell survival rate according to antioxidative effect and cytotoxicity using Sasa quelpaertensis and Ethanol extracts. Sasa quelpaertensis used extracts of $95^{\circ}C$ boiled-water extract and 70% ethanol liquid each. For total polyphenol content, tannin content, and flavonoid content, polyphenol content of $95^{\circ}C$ boiled-water extract was 26.6 mg/g while that of 70% ethanol extract liquid was 22.3 mg/g, which means polyphenol content was higher in $95^{\circ}C$ boiled-water extract. Tannin content was 72.1 mg/g in $95^{\circ}C$ boiled-water extract which was higher than 61.2 mg/g in 70% ethanol extract liquid. Total flavonoid content was higher in 70% ethanol extract liquid (25.4 mg/g) than in $95^{\circ}C$ boiled-water extract (17.8 mg/g). Further, the researcher measured DPPH radical elimination and ABTS radical elimination. As a result, as the concentration of each extract increased, DPPH radical elimination and ABTS radical elimination increased. In the DPPH radical elimination, L-ascorbic acid was eliminated at 500 ppm and showed no change even though the concentration increased, whereas it increased in BHT and Sasa quelpaertensis leaf extracts according to concentration. ABTS radical elimination indicated the similar phenomenon, whereas BHT showed maximum elimination at 500 ppm and decreased gradually as the concentration increased. On the other hand, it gradually increased in Sasa quelpaertensis leaf extract and showed 90% elimination at 10,000 pm, and it increased in $95^{\circ}C$ boiled-water extract. Using human skin fibroblasts (3T3) to check the cell survival rate of Sasa quelpaertensis leaves showed that cell survival rate decreased between 85.6 and 66.6% in $95^{\circ}C$ boiled-water extract. The cell survival rate was between 95.4 and 92.1% when using 70% ethanol extracts. Sasa quelpaertensis has efficacy as a natural antioxidant as well as a material hyangjang.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.603-609
• /
• 1992

To investigate the effect of polyethylene film packaging and $CO_2$ treatment on tomatoes during storage, the gas composition in film, weight loss, the changes of color, hardness and several components were measured. The concentrations of $CO_2$ and $O_2$ in film were changed rapidly in early stage, but it kept a constant level after 7 days of storage. In 0.06 mm polyethylene film, $CO_2$ and $O_2$ concentration was kept a level of $4{\sim}6%$ respectively. The increase in $C_2H_2$ concentration was delayed in thick and $CO_2$ treated film. The rate of weight loss was 4% in non-packed tomatoes, but it recorded about 1% in 0.06 mm polyethylene film. Titratable acidity, pH and soluble solids were changed slightly, but the obvious differents were not observed according to film thickness and $CO_2$ treatment. The value of tomatoes was increased but L and b values were not changed greatly during storage. These color changes were restricted by 0.06 mm film and $CO_2$ treatment. The firmness and content of ascorbic acid were reduced during storage but it restrained by $CO_2$ treatment and film packaging. Sugar of tomatoes were composed of glucose, fructose and a very small amount of sucrose, and they were changed little during storage.