• 펄프종이기술
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2004

Fiber dimensions, their derived values and chemical properties of cotton stalks (Gosypium hirsutum L), jute stick (Corchorus capsularis) and dhancha (Sesbania aculeate) have been examined to assess their suitability for paper production. Cotton stalks have a good derived values especially slender ratio, which is comparable to hardwood. The flexibility coefficient of these three non wood plants is better than hardwood. Anatomical analysis shows higher percentage of fibers and vessels than in general non wood plants. Lignin, $\alpha$-cellulose and pentosan contents in these three nonwood plants are within the range of hardwood. Neutral sugar analysis of cotton stalks, jute stick and dhancha shows that the glucose in the major sugar followed by xylose and mannose. The arabinose and galactose are present in minor amount. Alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of cotton stalks, jute stick and dhancha wood meal exhibits that these nonwood plant lignins mainly consist of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (V) units. The S/V ratios are 1.6, 1.2 and 2.1 for cotton stalks, jute stick and dhancha, respectively.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.387-392
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• 2010

This studies were carried out to assess fermentation properties of amylase activity and added rice yogurt of Enterococcus faecium KHM-11 isolated from Korean human milk. The amylase activity of Enterococcus faecium KHM-11 was above 23 units. Characterization of carbohydrate fermentation of Enterococcus faecium KHM-11 has D-ribose, D-lactose, L-arabinose and starch. Titratable acidity and viable count of lactic acid bacteria of 4% rice yogurt was higher compared to the 0%. Therefore we were discussed Enterococcus faecium KHM-11 is suitable microorganism for fermented milk added rice powder. Hydrolysates of sugars of fermented milk with 4% rice powder cultured Enterococcus faecium KHM-11 were analyzed by TLC and HPLC. Hydrolysates of lactose and galactose were revealed and hydrolysates of glucose was not revealed in results of TLC and HPLC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.376-380
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate protein and carbohydrate utilization of Micrococcus varians, Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus xylosus. Sensitivity to pH, sodium chloride, potassium sorbate and sodium nitrite of these strains was also determined. In Chinese-style beaker sausage manufacturing, the growth rate of these strains during the curing period ($20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$) was evaluated. The results indicated that no strains could hydrolyze azo-casein and sarcoplasmic protein and only S. xylosus could hydrolyze gelatin at $30^{\circ}C$. All of these strains could oxidize and ferment fructose and mannitol. S. carnosus and S. xylosus could slightly oxidize lactose and utilize citrate. Arabinose was oxidized by S. xylosus and sorbitol was oxidized by S. carnosus. Growth of M. varians was restricted at pH 5.0 and S. carnosus and S. xylosus were restricted at pH 4.5. S. xylosus and S. carnosus were able to grow with 0.1~0.5% potassium sorbate, 50~200 ppm sodium nitrite or 1~15% sodium chloride. S. xylosus had a higher growth rate than the other strains. Staphylococcus species grew well during curing period of Chinese-style beaker sausage then followed by Micrococcaceae.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2008

This study examined the mechanisms underlying the effects of the vasorelaxation active substance(VAS), dimethyladenosine-5'-L-arabinose, and its partial purification fraction on nitric oxide synthase in improving erectile dysfunction with particular focus on the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP pathways. Two rat models, 9-month-old SD rats and 11-month-old SD rats, were given VAS(40 mg/kg per day) for 4 days, The aqueous fraction of silworm male pupae extract; semi-purified VAS(100 mg/kg per day) for 10 days, respectively. The NOS activities of the following three enzymes were examined: neuronal NO synthase(nNOS), inducible NOS(iNOS), endothelial NOS(eNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor on endothelial cells(VEGF) and anti-inflammation effect of Tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$. The results showed increases in the nitric oxide synthase activities. Western blotting of the tissue homogenate showed an increase in the nNOS level in the brain and tongue, and an increase in the endothelial NO synthase(eNOS) level in penis. However, there was little association with VEGF production in HUVEC endothelial cells and no relationship with TNF-$\alpha$ which showed low levels.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1173-1179
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• 2009

Trypsin inhibitors and lectins are defense proteins produced by many organisms. From Chinese 'Large Black Soybeans', a 60 kDa lectin and a 20 Da trypsin inhibitor (TI) were isolated using chromatography on Q-Sepharose, Mono Q, and Superdex 75. The TI inhibited trypsin and chymotrypsin with an $IC_{50}$ of 5.7 and $5{\mu}M$, respectively. Trypsin inhibitory activity of the TI was stable from pH 3 to 13 and from 0 to $65^{\circ}C$. Hemagglutinating activity of the lectin was stable from pH 2 to 13 and from 0 to $65^{\circ}C$. The TI was inhibited by dithiothreitol, signifying the importance of disulfide bond. The TI and the lectin inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase ($IC_{50}$=44 and $26{\mu}M$), and proliferation of breast cancer cells ($IC_{50}$=42 and $13.5{\mu}M$) and hepatoma cells ($IC_{50}$=96 and $175{\mu}M$). The hemagglutinating activity of the lectin was inhibited most potently by L-arabinose. Neither the lectin nor the TI displayed antifungal activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.401-407
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• 2014

Quorum sensing and the stringent response are well-known regulation systems for the expression of virulence genes in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). However, how these two systems interact is not well known. E. coli strains with mutations in two regulation systems, ${\Delta}luxS$ (ECM101) and ${\Delta}luxS{\Delta}relA{\Delta}spoT$ (ECM201), and the ${\Delta}luxS$ complement strain to ECM201 (ECM202) were created from EHEC O157:H7 EDL933 to investigate how the regulatory systems interact. The phenotypic changes of the mutant strains were characterized and compared with the wild type. The mutant strains exhibited no obvious growth defects, although acid resistance and cellular cytotoxicity were decreased significantly in all the mutant strains. Phenotypic characterization revealed that mutations in the stringent response system (ECM201 and ECM202) influenced the metabolic (defective utilization of arabinose and L-sorbose) and enzymatic activities (decreased trypsin activity, and increased ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity). In contrast, the quorum sensing system mutant (ECM101) did not display these phenotypes. The motility of the quorum sensing system mutant (ECM101) was unchanged, but mutation in the stringent response system influenced the motility. Our results suggest that quorum sensing interacts with the stringent response regulation system.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.330-334
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• 2006

Chemical composition of the Eucommia ulmoides bark, including extractives, proximate, mineral, fatty acid and monosaccharide compositions, was studied The most abundant mineral was calcium (533.17 mg/l00 g). $\alpha-linolenic$ acid (24.7%) and linoleic acid (24.3%), showed higher contents among the fatty acids. Major monosaccharides of E. ulmoides balk were arabinose (13.94 mg/g), xylose (18.91 mg/g) and glucose (119.7 mg/g). From the bark of E ulmoides, four compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated as caffeic acid (I), kaempferol (II), quercetin (III) and isoquercitrin (IV) by spectroscopic analysis such as NMR and MS, including cellulose TLC and other chemical evidence such as hydrolyzation and acetylation. The antioxidant activities of four isolated compounds were evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging, hydroxyl scavenging and reducing power assays. The results indicated that all the isolated compounds showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than $\alpha-tocopherol$ and BHT that were used as positive controls and these four compounds exhibited considerable reducing power and hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging activity. Considering from the results above, it suggests that the E. ulmoides bark is a potential natural source of antioxidant material.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.477-485
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• 1998

감자 plastid 형질전찬을 위한 새로운 DNA 절편을 확보하고자, 감자의 trnK-matK 유전자를 PCR 방법으로 클로닝하고 특성을 조사하였다. 염기서열 분석을 통하여 trnK-matK 유전자에는 두 종류의 polymerase 인지부위[Prokaryotic site(plastid encoded polymerase)와 eukaryotic site (nuclear-encoded polymerase)]가 족재함을 알 수 있었다. 이 사실은 trnK-matK 유전자의 발현이 광합성조직과 비광합성조직에서 서로 다른 polymerase에 의하여 조절됨을 시사하였다. 한편 MatK의 아미노산서열을 분석한 결과 식물에 따라 아미노산 identity가 39-75%로 다양하였으나, 감자와 담배는 98%의 아주 높은 identity를 보였다. Northern분석을 통하여 포장과 기내에서 생육된 감자 식물체 모두에서, trnK-matK 의 전사 수준이 잎에서 높고 괴경에서는 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 한편 잎에서의 16s rDNA의 전사수준은 괴경에 비해 약 50배 높았다. 이것으로 미루어보아 괴경에서 수준이 낮을 것은, 괴경에서는 plastid genome copy 수가 적거나 plastid 수가 적기 때문으로 추정된다. 이상의 결과로서 엽록체와 amyloplst 모두에서 trunK-matK 유전자가 활발하게 발현되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. Plastid genomic DNA의 Southern 분석을 통하여 trnK는 1 copy로 존재하고, matK는 trnK intron을 포함하고 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 감자 plastid형질전환의 새로운homologous recombination 부위로 trnK-matK유전자를 이용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.664-672
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• 2015

녹차 성숙잎으로부터 새로운 면역 활성 다당 소재를 개발할 목적으로 녹차잎을 pectinase로 처리하여 조다당 GTE-0을 분리하고 이들의 면역증진 활성과 화학적 특성에 대해 조사하였다. GTE-0은 중성당 54.9%, 산성당 45.1%로 이루어져 있었으며, 구성당 분석 결과 주로 glucose(14.2%), arabinose(12.2%), rhamnose(11.1%) 및 galactose(7.3%)로 구성되어 있었다. 한편 GTE-0은 비특이적 면역계에 있어 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있는 보체계에 대하여 양성대조군 PSK에 준하는 우수한 활성이 농도 의존적으로 나타났다. 또한 GTE-0을 처리하고 검경 시 형태적으로 구분이 가능한 활성화된 대식세포의 숫자가 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 대식세포의 NO, ROS 및 $H_2O_2$ 생산에 미치는 GTE-0의 효과를 검토한 결과 ROS와 $H_2O_2$는 모두 농도 의존적으로 생산량을 증가시키는 우수한 활성을 나타낸 반면, NO의 생산능은 1,000 mg/mL의 고농도에서보다 오히려 100 mg/mL의 저농도에서 더 우수한 활성을 나타내었다. 또한 GTE-0으로 자극한 대식세포는 무처리 대조군에 비해 IL-6, IL-12 및 TNF-${\alpha}$와 같은 다양한 cytokine들의 생산이 농도 의존적으로 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 대식세포의 식작용 활성을 측정한 결과 무처리 대조군에 비해 GTE-0 100 mg/mL 농도이상 처리하였을 때 우수한 활성을 나타내었다. 또한 활성화된 대식세포의 YAC-1 종양세포주에 대한 치사 활성을 ex vivo로 측정한 결과 100 mg/mL의 농도에서 무처리군 대비 유의적으로 높은 치사 활성을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 녹차 성숙잎으로부터 분리된 효소 처리 조다당 GTE-0은 강력한 면역 활성 증진 효과를 갖고 있음을 결론지을 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1123-1130
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of dietary inclusion of xylose on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and xylose absorption in the portal-drained viscera of broiler chicks. In Exp. 1, ninety male 14 day-old broilers were used to study the effects of different inclusion levels (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40%) of D-xylose in the semi-purified diets on the growth and nutrient digestibility of broilers. In Exp. 2, One hundred and eight male broilers, fed by precision feeding at 22 day-old, were used to investigate the absorption and transportation of dietary xylose in the portal-drained viscera of broiler. The results of Exp. 1 indicated that the growth of broilers was gradually decreased as the xylose level increased (p<0.01). With the xylose supplementation increased, the moisture in broiler excreta was gradually elevated (p<0.01), AME and the digestibilities of crude protein and ether extract were significantly reduced and the digestibilities of xylose and arabinose were also decreased (p<0.01). The results of Exp. 2 showed that the concentrations of ribose, xylose and galactose in serum were significantly influenced by different dietary levels of xylose (p<0.01), but there's no apparent difference among rhamnose, glucose and arabinose (p>0.05). The xylose concentration in serum was highest in Vena Cava, middle in Portal Vein and lowest in Ulnar Vein within 6 h after precision feeding. And then the xylose concentration in Portal Vein and Ulnar Vein were higher than that of Vena Cava. The concentration of ribose, xylose and galactose in serum were also significantly changed with time prolongation (p<0.01). The concentration of xylose in serum was highest in the 40% xylose treatment, middle in the 20% xylose group and lowest in the control group. The glycogen contents in liver and muscle were linearly decreased as the level of xylose increased (p<0.01). The higher the dietary level of xylose was, the lower digestibility of dietary xylose was (p<0.10). 40% xylose markedly decreased the digestibility of dietary glucose (p<0.01). In conclusion, high levels of xylose in the diets inhibited the growth and nutrient digestibility of broiler. The outputs of xylose from the hydrolyzation of wheat-based diet by xylanase should have no adverse effects on broiler performance.