• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2009

The present study examined the import routes of distilled rice liquor soju and how soju developed among the royal family and the upper classes using celadon inscribed with poetry related to alcohol beverages in the 12th century, Maebyeong style vases inscribed with government office name in charge of alcohol beverages of the royal family in the 14th century during the Koryo Dynasty. Distilled rice liquor was imported from the southwestern region to Koryo by Arabian merchants through direct and indirect routes in the Yuen Dynasty during the age of King Chungsuk and King Chunghye in around the 14th century. As soju was added to existing takju and cheongju, the three major types of alcohol beverages were completed during the late Koryo Dynasty. Celadon pitcher inscribed with poetry shows the delicate sentimentalism, aristocratic prosperity, and poetic sentiment. In particular, it is valuable in that it reflects Koryo people's mind, view of nature, and attitude toward alcohol beverages, and their inner world was also described with celadon patterns. Maebyeong style vases Yangonseo, Saonseo, Deokcheongo, Euiseonggo and Saseonseo, which are real celadon antiques inscribed with government office name, were used for rice liquor preservation. In particular, Maebyeong style vase has the exact year of creation, so it is a historically important celadon in research not only on alcohol food culture but also on art history. This shows that alcohol beverages were important foods that there were controlled and stored in celadon by the government offices for the royal family's related alcohol ceremonies. Through celadon inscribed with poetry and government office name displaying Koryo people's unique imagination and cultural consciousness, we can read their mind and lifestyle based on historical and social alcohol food culture in the Koryo Dynasty.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1531-1540
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• 2002

With the invention of the inlaying technique for celadon in the latter half of the 12th century, the Koryo potters reached a new height of artistic and scientific achievement in ceramics chemical technology. Inlaid celadon shards, collected in 1991 during the surface investigation of Kangjin kilns found on the southwestern shore of South Korea, were imbedded in epoxy resin and polished for cross-section examination. Backscattered electron images were taken with an electron microprobe equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. The spectrometer was also used to determine the composition of micro-areas. Porcelain stone, weathered rock of quartz, mica, and feldspar composition were found to be the raw material for the body and important components in the glaze and white inlay. The close similarity between glaze and black inlay in the microstructure suggests that the glaze material was modified by adding clay with high iron content, such as biotite, for use as black inlay. The deep soft translucent quality of celadon glaze is brought about by its microstructure of bubbles, remnant and devitrified minerals, and the schlieren effect.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.253-256
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• 1983

Recently, excavation of ancient pottery kiln of Koryo celadon of the Koryo dynasty have been continued since 1979 in Hang-dong, Daegu-myun, Gangjin-gun, Jeonnam Province, south-western part of Korea. The authers carried out an archeomagnetic study using the baked earth of the floors of the kiln, togimi and fabrics of rocks which were placed firmly on the floors of the kiln. These specimens were measured using the astatic magnetometer. The results of measurements are: declination, $0.3^{\circ}W$; inclination, $52.9^{\circ}C$. Referring to the secular change curves drawn from the studies of the south-western Japan, the last period when the pottery kiln was fired finally is estimated to be around A.D. 1170. Many potsherds of Koryo celadon were excavated around the kiln. According to the shape of these potsherds, the age of the pottery kiln is estimated to be 10-12 C, which is consisted with this study.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.427-432
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• 2019

In the 12th century to the 13th century, was the heyday of celadon, Koryo celadon after experienced celadon firing technology of imitation to the peak period of the development of Chinese celadon, especially on decoration technology pioneered the self unique style, the way of engraving, $xi{\grave{a}}ngqi{\grave{a}}n$. During this period, the southern Song dynasty celadon in China also innovated in the mature celadon firing technology and became more distinctive. The decorative style also promoted the aesthetic interest of the Song dynasty. Celadon decoration is not only a decorative art of ceramic art, but also a representation of national cultural phenomenon with the traditional culture in the development of contemporary art, play a more important role and value.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 1981

The typical characteristic shape of the Koryo inlaid celadon Maebyong was reviewed and the symmetry of S curve was analyzed by the method of geometric basis. The contours of Maebyongs sampled were drawn and divided with geometric rectangular proportion. The analytical results showed the static and dynamic symmetric of the vase and the ratios of height and base of the rectangles established for the analysis of their shapes were almost 1:1, 1:${\sqrt{2}}$ and 3:5(known as the Golden Ratio). The excellent beauty of the curve was principally caused by the balanced and harmonius division of the proportional rectangles. The contour line was developed along with the logarithmic spiral modified and introduced lately into the shape of Yi dynasty's liquor bottle.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.522-530
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• 2001

발굴된 과거 고려청자의 화학성분조성과 물리적 특성에 대한 평가를 하고 미량성분의 청자의 발색에 미치는 영향을 고찰한 결과, 고려 청자 태토는 Fe$_2$O$_3$가 2%, TiO$_2$가 0.8% 함유되어 있었으며, 청자유는 석회.장석유로서 Fe$_2$O$_3$가 1.0~1.2%, TiO$_2$가 0.16% 포함되어 있었다. 비색청자의 경우 미량성분인 MnO$_2$가 P$_2$O$_{5}$의 함량이 0.37%와 0.76%, CuO는 300~500ppm 정도 함유하고 있었다. 반사율 측정 결과 일반적인 청자가 540~570nm의 장파장대에서의 반사율이 급격히 떨어지는데 반하여, 13세기 비색 청자의 것은 적색 파장대에서 10%이상 높았다. CoO는 미량 첨가로도 유약의 청색 파장대 반사율이 높고, 적색 파장대의 반사율이 급격히 떨어지며 청자 발색에 부정적인 영향을 미쳤다. CuO는 0.05%를 첨가했을 경우 적색 파장대에서 반사율 곡선이 높게 나타나고 있어 비색 청자발색에 효과적이었다. 또한 명도를 나타내는 L*값도 CuO가 첨가된 유약이 가장 높았고, 비색청자의 색상은 녹청자에 비해 맑고 깊은 색감을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.736-749
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• 2015

The present study addresses the tea utensils and tea drinking methods seen in tomb mural paintings of Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan, which were Koryo's foreign exchange countries. The paintings illustrate the pointing tea method, which was popular during dynasty times. Tea utensils observed in the paintings include a tea mill, mill stone, and tea pestle necessary for making cake tea into powder. The tea stove and boiling bottle are depicted as being required to boil water. Some mural works vividly depict how a tea drinker pours hot water from a boiling bottle into a cup with a stand, mixes it with a tea spoon, and whisks tea powder for foaming with a tea whisk. The tea drinking method of the Southern race Han is also similarly described in the tomb mural paintings of Liao, Jin, and Yuan from Northern nomads. The distribution of tea culture had an enormous influence on the development of tea utensil manufacturing methods. The significance of this study is that these findings can be used as basic data to provide food culture insights into Koryo celadon tea utensils.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.499-510
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• 2014

This study examined the food culture of the Koryo Dynasty during the early 13th century based on the records of wooden tablets and marine relics from the 1st and 2nd ships of Mado wrecked at sea off Taean while sailing for Gaegyeong containing various types of grain paid as taxes and tributes. The recipients of the cargo on the 1st ship of Mado were bureaucrats living in Gaegyeong during the period of the military regime of the Koryo Dynasty, and the place of embarkation was the inlet around Haenam (Juksan Prefecture) and Naju (Hoijin Prefecture) in Jolla-do. On wooden tablets were recorded 37 items of rice, cereal, and fermented foods. The measures used in the records were seok [石-20 du (斗)] for cereal, seok [15 du, 20 du] for fermented soybean paste, and pot (缸) and volume (斗) for salted fish. The places of embarkation on the 2nd ship of Mado were Jeongeup (Gobu Prefecture), Gochang (Jangsa Prefecture, Musong Prefecture), etc. On wooden tablets were recorded 29 items of rice, cereal, fermented foods, seasame oil, and honey. The volume measure for yeast guk (麴), the fermentative organism for rice wine, was nang [囊-geun (斤)], and the measure for sesame oil and honey, which were materials of oil-and-honey pastries and confections, was joon (樽-seong, 盛). Honey and sesame oil were luxury foods for the upper-class people of the Koryo Dynasty, and they were carried in high-quality inlaid celadon vases in Meibyung style. Food names and measures written on wooden tablets and actual artifacts found in the 1st and 2nd ships of Mado are valuable materials for research into agriculture, cereal, and fermented foods of the Koryo Dynasty in the early 13th century. Besides, relics such as grains and bones of fish and animals from the Koryo Dynasty are expected to provide crucial information usable in studies on food history of the Korean Peninsula.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.8
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• pp.13-24
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• 2007

The Department of Fine Art requested the conservation science team to examine the technique of painting with gold powder on the gold painted porcelains, which were made in Korea and China, among the items possessed by National Museum of Korea in order to publish it in the research paper collection of the Exchange Exhibition of Korea and China Porcelains. Among the items possessed by National Museum of Korea, such items were included as, an item of Koryo inlaid celadon (No. Gaesung 106), called the celadon with inlaid work (Korean name: Cheongjasanggam suhawonmun geumchaepyunho), which was decorated in the layer of glaze using gold power, an items of tea cup called "Temmku da wan" (No. Bongwan 10011), which was manufactured in the time of Song dynasty of Chinese history, an items of gold cup called "Siyuchohwamun hwageumwan" (No. Bongwan 2027), and an items of a porcelain called "Siyuwan" (No. Duksoo 3322). As the result of the examination, the stabilizing method of baking the decorated porcelains is similar, after they are painted with the pigment mixed with fine gold powder and the glaze solvent, but the treatment method of the colors is a little different among them. In other words, there is a big difference between them, for example, in the case of Koryo celadon, because the gold coloring was painted carefully one by one on the splendid decorations of inlaid works, while in the case of Chinese porcelains, butterflies or arabesque designs are decorated on the layer of the glaze in the porcelains of no decoration, using the stencil skill. According to the result of this examination, the part of the porcelain, whose layer of gold color was peeled off, could be restored, and as the result of the restoration, it was confirmed how beautiful and splendid the gold porcelain had been at the time of being manufactured.