• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.109-113
• /
• 2005

In this study, the estimation of the temperature distribution of Jeju Island with coastal ocean derived from the thermal band of Landsat 7/ETM+ of January 6, 2003 was carried out. For the computation of the temperature of the island and the coastal ocean based on the thermal band, we used NASA method wiich is the 8 bit Digital Number(DN) converted into spectral radiance. The computed results showed that the land temperature variations were from 0 to 12 Celsius degrees, and a good agreement with the observation ones based on the method. However, the ocean surface temperature was not much changed ground 15 degree since the water was well mixed between the coastal and the offshore ocean. The interesting results were that the temperature distributions of the southern part(Seogwipo City) of Jeju Island were higher than those of the north one(Jeju City) by more than 2 Celsius degree at the same height although the distance between the Jeju and the Seogwipo is only about 35km in winter season. The reason was found that the solar irradiance intensity of the south part was stronger than the north one by Halla mountain in winter season only. From the results, we found that the seasonal variations of solar irradiation and the height of Mt. Halla were an important role of temperature distribution of Jeju Island.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.67-74
• /
• 2014

Most of steam power plants in Korea are using the method of heating the feed water whenever the ambient temperature around the power plant area below $5^{\circ}C$ to prevent freezing water flowing in the pipe in winter time. But this kind of heat supplying system is not useful to save energy. If we take the method that the temperature of the each pipe is controled by direct measure of temperature by attaching sensor on the outside surface of the feed water tubes, then we can expect that a plenty of energy can be saved. In this study, the computer simulation is used to compare the energy consumption loads of both systems. Energy saving rate is calculated for the location of Incheon area in winter season. Four convection heat transfer coefficients for the ambient air and three initial flowing water temperature inside the tube were used. The result shows that the temperature control system using sensor represents more than 95% of energy saving rate in Incheon area. Even in the severe January weather condition, the energy saving rate is almost 75% in two days basis and even 83% in one day basis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.7 no.6
• /
• pp.54-60
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyzes the effects on planting of roof with planting block and grass in a school building where users actually spend daily life to measure indoor and outdoor temperature changes with existing roof. In case of planting of roof with a summer season, the highest temperature was shown lower about $1620^{\circ}C$ in the outdoor compared to the case of not performing it. On the other hand the lowest temperature was shown higher about $0.7^{\circ}C$ and the highest temperature lower about $1.1^{\circ}C$ in the indoor. In case of planting of roof with a winter season, the lowest temperature was shown higher about $1.712.8^{\circ}C$ compared to the case of not performing it. On the other hand, it was shown higher about $3^{\circ}C$ in the indoor. The results of this study, effects of temperature control was confirmed in the indoor where planting of roof was performed higher about $3^{\circ}C$ for winter season and lower about $1^{\circ}C$ for summer season compared to the case of indoor with existing roof.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.172-178
• /
• 1998

Freezing-resistant plants can survive subzero temperatures by withstanding extracellular ice formation. During cold acclimation, their leaves accumulate antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that are secreted into the apoplast and have the ability to modify the normal growth of ice crystals. Three barley, two wheat and two rye cultivars were grown under two different temperature regimes (20/16$^{\circ}C$ and 5/2$^{\circ}C$, day/night). Apoplastic proteins from winter cereals were separated by SDS-PAGE and detected with antisera to AFPs from winter rye. Apoplastic proteins accumulated to much higher levels in cold-acclimated (CA) leaves compared with nonacclimated (NA) ones in winter cereals. After cold acclimation, the protein concentration of apoplastic extracts increased significantly from 0.088 $mgmL^{-1}$ to 0.448 $mgmL^{-1}$, with about 5-fold increment. Also, the apoplastic protein content per gram leaf fresh weight in CA leaves ranged from 31 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$ to 120 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$ with an averaged value of 77 $\mu\textrm{g}$ $(gFW)^{-1}$, and coefficients of variation of 54.9%. The CA leaves in Musketeer (a Canadian winter rye cultivar) showed the greatest AFPs and antifreeze activity followed by 'Geurumil' (a Korean winter wheat cultivar), and 'Dongbori l' (Korean facultative barley cultivar). The proteins secreted into the wheat leaf apoplast at CA condition were more numerous than those observed in winter rye, where two $\beta$-1,3-glucanase-like proteins (GLPs), two chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) and two thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) accumulated during cold acclimation. The proteins in barley leaf apoplast at CA conditions were a little different from those in wheat leaves. The AFPs were various among and within species. More freezing-resistant cultivars had more clear and numerous bands than less freezing-resistant ones. The high determination coefficient ($R^2$ =91 %) between freezing resistance and AFPs per gram leaf fresh weight indicated that the amount of AFPs was highly related to freezing resistance in winter cereal crops.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
• /
• 2001.11a
• /
• pp.76-81
• /
• 2001

Recently, the structure is higher and larger, so that the application of high-strength concrete is increased, And as the development of construction skills, it is possible to place during the winter. Concrete work during winter is indispensible to shorten time of completion and cut costs. When concrete work during winter is placed, it has anxiety that concrete freeze at low temperature. As repetition of concrete's freezing cause reduction of durability, it is necessary for mixing to pay attention to air content and W/C ratios. Accordingly, in this study, we estimate the frost resistance by air content and W/C ratios, and development of strength after early-frost damage in the high-strength concrete during the cold weather. In this study, it could be confirmed that factors which were air content, W/C ratios and early curing period, affected on the frost resistance.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2004

The Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) and the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water (YSCBW) are two protruding features, which have strong influence on the community structure and distribution of zooplankton in the Yellow Sea. Both of them are seasonal phenomena. In winter, strong north wind drives southward flow at the surface along both Chinese and Korean coasts, which is compensated by a northward flow along the Yellow Sea Trough. That is the YSWC. It advects warmer and saltier water from the East China Sea into the southern Yellow Sea and changes the zooplankton community structure greatly in winter. During a cruise after onset of the winter monsoon in November 2001 in the southern Yellow Sea, 71 zooplankton species were identified, among which 39 species were tropical, accounting for 54.9 %, much more than those found in summer. Many of them were typical for Kuroshio water, e.g. Eucalanus subtenuis, Rhincalanus cornutus, Pareuchaeta russelli, Lucicutia flavicornis, and Euphausia diomedeae etc. 26 species were warm-temperate accounting for 36.6% and 6 temperate 8.5%. The distribution pattern of the warm water species clearly showed the impact of the YSWC and demonstrated that the intrusion of warmer and saltier water happened beneath the surface northwards along the Yellow Sea Trough. The YSCBW is a bottom pool of the remnant Yellow Sea Winter Water resulting from summer stratification and occupy most of the deep area of the Yellow Sea. The temperature of YSCBW temperature remains ${\leq}{\;}10^{\circ}C$ in mid-summer. It is served as an oversummering site for many temperate species, like Calanus sinicus and Euphaisia pacifica. Calanus sinicus is a dominant copepod in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea and can be found throughout the year with the year maximum in May to June. In summer it disappears in the coastal area and in the upper layer of central area due to the high temperature and shrinks its distribution into YSCBW.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 1969

Experiments on thermoregulatory responses to cold immersion stimulus were carried out in September, 1968 (summer studies) and February, 1969 (winter studies). Eight each of ama and control subject were selected at random from a same community in Yong-Do Island, Pusan. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The rate of fall in muscle temperature of forearm during a 30 min-immersion in $6^{\circ}C$ water bath was significantly slower in the ama in winter and was about the same in the two groups in summer. However, the magnitude of change in the skin temperature and the heat fluxes observed during immersion period was not significantly different either between groups or between seasons. 2) Both finger blood flow and skin temperature during one hr-immersion in $6^{\circ}C$ water bath decreased significantly in the ama as compared to the control. The magnitude of cold-induced vasodilatation during immersion period was significantly greater in the control in winter. However, the time of onset and blood flow at onset showed no significant relation between groups. 3) The magnitude of reactive hyperemia after a 5 min-arterial occlusion in both air and $15^{\circ}C$ water bath was significantly lower in the ana than in the control. In control subjects, post-occluded blood flow in water was significantly greater than in air, while in the ama it decreased to 1/2 of control values. The time required for the return of blood flow to resting values in the air was faster in the ama than in the control but was the same in water in the two groups. 4) The results suggest that vasoconstrictor tone increased in the ama in winter, indicating the development of vascular adaptation as a part of cold acclimatization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.95-104
• /
• 1987

1. Under the current workroom conditions It is very difficult to control the moisture contents of raw materials in season of summer or winter. 2. The moisture absorption of the materials under the contributive conditions showed the efficiency of 65% in relative humidity and temperature of the currant workroom. 3, The results from this study, however , appeared the deviation of moisture content of the products by the order of 0.1% compared to the current deviation of 2.6~2.7%. 4. Equilibrium moisture contents of the tobacco was Inversely proportional to the temperature and directly related to the relative humidity of the workroom. 5. On the basis of the above results , the standard conditions of the workroom obtained from this study considering with the external temperature in winter could reduce energy by 17.4% through 38.4% .

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.106-112
• /
• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the environmental factors of habitat of Lindera erythrocarpa and to test seedling growth of the plant transplanted in a field of Sung Kyun Kwan Univ. in Suwon, Kyungkido. The results were as follows ; 1. The wild lindera erythrocarpa was growing in Mt. Kwan whose January average temperature was -3.4$^{\circ}C$, and minimum average temperature was -14.8$^{\circ}C$ in January. It was also growing in Mt. Suri whose daily minimum temperature is 3.4$^{\circ}C$ lower than that of Seoul. Therefore, there was no problem for Lindera erythrocarpa to grow in Seoul regions in terms of winter coldness. 2. The growth of seedlings of Lindera erythrocarpa transplanted in a field of Sung Kyun Kwan Univ. in Suwon, Kyunkido in 1990 showed that average height of the tree was 1.64m, average diameter of root was 2.44cm, and that average width of crown was 1m. Therefore, there was no problem for Lindera erythrocarpa to grow under winter coldness in Suwon area.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.353-366
• /
• 2015

The impact of land and ocean initial condition on coupled general circulation model seasonal predictability is assessed in this study. The CGCM used here is Pusan National University Couple General Circulation Model (PNU CGCM). The seasonal predictability of the surface air temperature and ocean potential temperature for boreal winter are evaluated with 4 different experiments which are combinations of 2 types of land initial conditions (AMI and CMI) and 2 types of ocean initial conditions (DA and noDA). EXP1 is the experiment using climatological land initial condition and ocean initial condition to which the data assimilation technique is not applied. EXP2 is same with EXP1 but used ocean data assimilation applied ocean initial condition. EXP3 is same with EXP1 but AMIP-type land initial condition is used for this experiment. EXP4 is the experiment using the AMIP-type land initial condition and data assimilated ocean initial condition. By comparing these 4 experiments, it is revealed that the impact of data assimilated ocean initial is dominant compared to AMIP-type land initial condition for seasonal predictability of CGCM. The spatial and temporal patterns of EXP2 and EXP4 to which the data assimilation technique is applied were improved compared to the others (EXP1 and EXP3) in boreal winter 2m temperature and sea surface temperature prediction.