• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.319-323
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• 2020

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of Pekin duck breast meat obtained from ducks fed diets consisting different types of sipjeondaebo-tang by-products and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji during storage. A total of 180 Pekin ducks (0-day old) were divided into four groups, each consisting of three replicates (15 ducks per pen). This study investigated diets with four types of treatments: control (basal diet),1% blend powder, pelleted 1% blend, and coated pellets of 1% blend; the blend was a mixture of sipjeondaebo-tang by-products powder and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in duck breast meat pH on storage days 3 and 7, TBARS on storage days 0 through 7, and DPPH radical scavenging on storage days 0 and 7. However, the pH values on storage day 0 and DPPH radical scavenging on storage day 3 were significantly different (p<0.05) in the meats from control and treated diet fed ducks. Especially, on storage day 7, the breast meat from ducks treated with different types of sipjeondaebo-tang by-products and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji showed lower TBARS values and increased DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to the control. In conclusion, addition of different types of sipjeondaebo-tang by-product and red ginseng marc with fermented red koji to 1% blend might be helpful in increasing antioxidant effects and reducing product wastage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 1990

Using an ethopharmacological technique, we demonstrated that saponin fraction from red ginseng root possessed a potent psychotropic actions on either intermale or maternal aggression models. A series of experiments clearly indicated that one of psychoactive ingredient is ginsenoside Rbl. Although a drug-induced debilitation of motor performance remains a possible cause of the antiaggressive affect of the drug. ginsenoside Rbl did not alter the locomotor activity of the mice during agonistic confrontations. Thus. one can eliminate the possibility that the psychotropic effect of ginsenoside Rbl might be concealed by a drug-induced impairment of motor performance. More recently, we developed a nevi model for copulatory disorder and introduced into the behavioral analysis of drug action. Male mice which has been housed individually from weaning for 5 weeks failed to manifest copulatory behavior when they encountered with the sexually receptive females. Daily administration of crude ginseng saponin during isolation housing period prevented the development of copulatory disorder, whereas both ginsenoside Rbl and Rgl were ineffective. A further experiment may be needed to explore active ingredient of ginseng saponins.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.550-555
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• 2008

This study focused on alcohol fermentation properties of red ginseng extracts using Saccharomyces cerevisiae JF-Y3. Central composite design was employed to investigate the influence of red ginseng extract content ($10{\sim}50%$, v/v) and yeast extract ($0.5{\sim}2.5%$, w/v) on the properties of alcohol fermentation added with red ginseng extracts. Yeast cell growth was affected both by red ginseng extract content and yeast extract content, and red ginseng extract content had a greater effect on yeast cell number than yeast extract content. Yeast cell number increased along with decrease of the red ginseng extract content and with increase of yeast extract content. Alcohol content was maximal at 30% red ginseng extracts and 0.50% yeast extract and the predicted maximum value of alcohol content was 12.45%. Brix degree and total sugar content were significant within 1% level (p<0.01), and brix degree was affected both by red ginseng extract and yeast extract content. Total sugar content was significantly affected by red ginseng content.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.858-862
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• 2001

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of nondigestible oligosaccharides (NDO) from red ginseng marc on the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. Red ginseng marc, a fibrous byproduct of ginseng extract from processing, was destarched by ${\alpha}$-amylase and amyloglucosidase treatment, and then treated with a commercial pectinase to produce NDO. The bifidogenic effects of NDO on B. adolescentis, B. animalis, B. breve, and B. longum were investigated in vitro. NDO significantly promoted the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. The growth, decrease of pH, and organic acid formation (acetate, lactate, formate) were markedly different among the species. B. adolescentis showed the best growth and produced the greatest amount of organic acids. When NDO was used as a carbon source in the cocultivation of Bifidobacterium spp. and Clostridium perfringens, the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. was not influenced by the existence of Cl. perfringens. The result strongly suggested that NDO from red ginseng marc could be used as a potential bifidogenic source.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.77-78
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• 2012

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1996

Aerobic cells are normally protected from the damage of free radicals by antioxidative on , zymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH S- transferase and GSH reductase which scavenge free radicals as well as nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ceruloplasmin, albumin and nonprotein-SH including GSH. The effects of each component (ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, $Rb_1$, Rf, $Rh_1$ and $Rh_2$) of red ginseng on the antioxidative enzyme activities were investigated in the liver in order to screen antioxidative components of red ginseng. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and Rc showed a tendency to increase GSH peroxidase activity, while ginsenoside Rc significantly decreased Cu,Zn-SOD activity. Especially, ginsenoside $Rh_2$ significantly increased catalase activity. These results suggest that ginsenoside $Rh_2$ is an important active component among total saponins of red ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.752-757
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• 2003

This study was carried out in order to develop the method for isolation of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) haying immunomodulating antitumor activity from red ginseng by-product. The red ginseng by-product was obtained from red ginseng residues produced in processing of red ginseng ethanol extract. The yield of RGAP isolated by ultrafiltration was 20.9%. The active substance (GFP) was purified by DEAE-sepharose column chromatography RGAP induced nitric oxide (NO) exhibited tumoricidal activities against P8l5 (mastocytoma) tumor cells. Acid-hydrolyzed RGAP fragments were shown four to five spots. These sopts showed the same R$_{f}$ values with sugars designated as rhamnose, glucose, glactose and glucuronic acid. Some physico-chemical properties of RGAP were investigated. pH and dry reduction content at 105$^{\circ}C$ were 4.74 and 4.72%, respectively. Crude protein, ash and Pb contents were 3.30%, 4.74% and 2.30 ppm. These results suggest that we will be able to produce RGAP from red ginseng by-product by ultrafiltration in a large scale.e.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.1064-1071
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• 2015

Viscous fermented red ginseng extracts were dried and coated using a fluidized bed coater to increase convenience and consumer acceptance. The methods for making spherical granules of fermented red ginseng extracts with increasing convenience were established by using indigestible dextrin. Spherical granules of fermented red ginseng extracts with increasing convenience were made by mixing indigestible dextrin at 40% (40% IDD), 50% (50% IDD), and 60% (60% IDD) versus the soluble solid content of fermented red ginseng extracts. Spherical granules of fermented red ginseng extracts showed less angle of repose than powder of fermented red ginseng extracts. This means that spherical granules of fermented red ginseng extracts had good fluency with increased convenience. The more indigestible dextrin showed higher yields. Although 50% IDD showed less yield than 60% IDD, 50% IDD was the best mixing ratio for making spherical granules of fermented red ginseng extracts, as fermented red ginseng extracts is known as a healthy food. The optimized operation conditions of the fluidized bed coater for making 50% IDD were feeding rate 0.54 mL/min, atomization air pressure 2.15 bar, and product temperature $83.03^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.108-112
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• 1994

Rats (Sprague Dawley, male, 200 g) were fed with 15% corn oil containing a large quantity of 18 2 (linoleic acid) for 3 weeks, and were followed by feeding the petroleum ether extracts from Korean red ginseng for 3 weeks. cGMP was produced more in platelets prepared from both 15% corn oil and petroleum ether extracts-fed group than in platelets only 15% corn oil-fed group, indicating that the production of cGMP is increased by feeding the petroleum ether extracts. When this platelet was stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), the level of cGMP was decreased. However, the platelets in medium containing protein fraction (200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) was stimulated by PMA, the production of cGMP inhibited by PMA was increased by 3 times or more. These results suggest that both the protein fraction and the petroleum ether extracts from Korean red ginseng are synergistic in the productiorl of cGMP, and they may have the antiplatelet effects.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1993.09a
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• pp.28-29
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• 1993

From in vivo and in vitro experiments using Korean Red Ginseng and its main components. ginsenoside saponins, it was found that ginesenoside may exerts its anti-thrombotic action by decreasing $TXA_2$ formation in platelets and increasing $PGI_2$ formation in vascular walls. This may certainly contribute to prevention and development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis by administration of Korean Red Ginsengs.