• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.20-35
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• 2008

This study used crop data from statistics yearbooks in Naju and climate data from Gwangju weather station to investigate whether climate changes have had significant impact on crops. The sample crops are rice, barley, pear, radish, Korean cabbage and red pepper. The results showed that the changes in temperature have shifted crop phonology and affected crop growth. The rice and barley heading date were advancing and had negative correlation with average temperature over 30days before average heading date. The number of rice grains per unit area $(m^2)$ were decreasing while the number of barley grains per unit area $(m^2)$ were increasing because average temperature during grain filling period of rice (barley) was increasing (decreasing). Therefore, decreasing (increasing) yields of rice (barley) can be predicted by global warming. The sprouting, flowering and full flowering date of pear were advancing. The sprouting date of pear had negative correlation with average temperature from February to March and the flowering and full flowering date of pear had negative correlation with average temperature from February to April. The brix and weight of pear were increased and were most sensitive to August and September average temperature. An earlier blossom of pear trees holds the danger of damage by late frosts. The plant length of radish and chinese cabbage were decreasing and negatively influenced by maximum temperature on September. The fruit set numbers of red pepper were increasing recently and had positive correlation with minimum temperature on August. The growth of radish and Korean cabbage will be poor, but the growth of red pepper will be good by rising temperature.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.7
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• pp.53-55
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• 1969

At Nowan Myun and Bia Myun of Cholla-namdo the pear stem sawflies were found as the most serious pests of the pear trees. The writer attempted to control the pear stem sawfly by spraying certain insecieides in 1968. 1) The significance of each chemical applicated turned out to be as shown in Table 2 and 3. The priority of effectiveness among the chemicals turned out to be as follows: Dimecron>Lebaycid>D. S. >Endrin>Metasystox>DDVP 2) It was also found that the significance vary according to the difference in time of application of the insecticides as shown in Table 2 and 3. Dimecron and Lebaycid were found to be most effective at the hatching day and the 4th day after the hatching.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.28 no.12B
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• pp.1060-1065
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• 2003

As the Internet continues to grow, network games are widely spreaded. For most network games, many users' meet on a server causes a heavy load to the sewer, which in turn brings inconvenience to the user. Moreover, it demands increased expense to the service provider for deploying additional servers. In this paper, we propose a hybrid distributed system for network games. In our proposed system, a client is independents of the server and exchanges information directly with other clients. The client depends on servers only for the update information. The proposed methodology classifies messages according to the characteristics of information that the message handles and applies either client-to-server and pear-to-pear communication for processing messages which increases the efficiency of systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.25 no.6_2
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• pp.1009-1015
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of protease in Letinus edodes, Agaricus bisporus and Pear powder after freeze drying which has the ratio of 3% on the Tenderness of the Beef Eye of Round muscle. It were marinated in distilled water (Control), 3% Letinus edodes powder (L3), 3% Agaricus bisporus powder (A3), and 3% Pear powder (P3). As a result, enzyme activities were highest in Agaricus bisporus (p<0.001). There are significant difference in pH (p<0.001), color of the beef were slightly different between the C (control) group and the sample groups. The cooking loss showed the lowest value in the control and the highest value in the water holding capacity of Agaricus bisporus. In addition, Agaricus bisporus showed the lowest shear force values than the other sample groups(p<0.001).

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.363-367
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• 2003

Oriental pear was used as treatment of asthma, control of blood pressure tonic medicine vasoaction, diabetes in oriental medicine. In this study, it was investigated that pear phenolic compound effects on cardiovascular system as blood pressure and renin and atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) in plasma, Cardiac hypertrophy. The experiments were performed on Sprague Dawley rats, 2K1C hypertension model was prepared by constricting the left renal artery with a sliver clip. Animals were then divided into four groups, 5mg/Kg(PPC-A) 10mg/Kg(PPC-B) 15mg/Kg(PPC-c) and control group. Pear phenolic compound solution were supplied with them for 3weeks, a day's interval. The results are that The blood pressure was significantly decreased at 15days in PPC-A group than control group. The plasma ANP was increased in PPC-A and PPC-C group, and cardiac hypertrophy was significantly decrease in PPC-C group compared with control group.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2007

To improve the accuracy of frost warning system for pear orchard in a complex terrain in Naju area, the daily minimum temperature forecasted by Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) was interpolated using a regional climate model based on topoclimatic estimation and optimum scale interpolation from 2004 to 2005. Based on the validation experiments done for three pear orchards in the spring of 2004, the results showed a good agreement between the observed and predicted values, resulting in improved predictability compared to the forecast from Korea Meteorological Administration. The differences between the observed and the predicted temperatures were $-2.1{\sim}2.7^{\circ}C$ (on average $-0.4^{\circ}C$) in the valley, $-1.6{\sim}2.7^{\circ}C$ (on average $-0.4^{\circ}C$) in the riverside and $-1.1{\sim}3.5^{\circ}C$ (on average $0.6^{\circ}C$) in the hills. Notably, the errors have been reduced significantly for the valley and riverside areas that are more affected by the cold air drainage and more susceptible to frost damage than hills.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.93-107
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• 2011

This research was carried out to investigate invertebrate fauna with organic and conventional pear orchards, which used four collected methods; soil sampling for soil microorganism, pitfall, malaise, and black light trap for over ground species. Collected species were 37 species, 1,184 individuals in organic and 28 species, 501 individuals by soil sampling in conventional pear fields. Those were 38 species, 646 individuals and 29 species, 440 individuals by pitfall trap, 55 species 650 individuals and 47 species, 508 individuals by malaise trap, and 23 species, 201 individuals and 9 species, 42 individuals by black light trap. Collembola was collected 389 individuals in organic which was 5 times than in conventional in soil sampling. In pitfall trap, that was 183 individuals which was 3 times. The diversity indices of organic pear orchards were 1.956 in May, 2.638 in August and those of conventional was 1.426 in May, 2.011 in August in soil sampling. In pitfall trap, the dominant species were spiders, collembollan, and coleopteran. Among Coleoptera, indicator insects for the evaluation of agricultural environment suggested were Eusilpha jakowelewi as organic pear orchard and Anisodactykus punctatipennis and Pheropsophus jessoensis as conventional. Malaise trap was collected dominant species as Diptera and Hymenoptera of Braconidae and Ichneumonidae. The diversity indices of organic pear orchards were 2.952, 3.120, and 2.010 in pitfall, malaise and black light trap in over ground invertebrate sampling. The highest diversity was in malaise trap. The higher diversity indices, the lower dominance indices.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.154-157
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• 2009

Pear has a gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system and its SI reaction is controlled by a single multi-allelic S-locus. 'Wonkyo Na-jasoojung 2' was selected from a cross between 'Wonwhang', early season major pear cultivar with high fruit quality and self-incompatible, and 92-18-79 (${S_4}^{sm}{S_4}^{sm}$) obtained from self cross of 'Osa-nijisseiki' (${S_2S_4}^{sm}$) (SM, stylar-part mutant), self-compatible bud mutant that originated from self-incompatible 'Nijisseiki' ($S_2S_4$) made in 2001 at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration in Korea. '92-18-79' was selected as a self-compatible source through field investigation. It bloomed 1 day earlier than 'Osa-Nijisseiki' and similar to 'Wonwhang' in 2008. It is medium in tree vigor and spreading in tree habit. 'Wonkyo Na-jasoojung 2' is classified as highly susceptible to pear scab (Venturia nashicola) similar to 'Osa-Nijisseiki' and as resistant to black spot (Alternaria kikuchiana) similar to 'Wonwhang'. It had 65.7% fruiting rate by self pollination. The average optimum harvest time of 'Wonkyo Na-jasoojung 2' was 148 days after full bloom and it matured 2 days earlier than 'Osa-Nijisseiki' and 11 days later than 'Wonwhang'. The fruit is roundish oblate in shape and yellowish brown in skin color. Average fruit weight was 445 g and soluble solids content was 13.3 $^{\circ}Brix$. The flesh had abundant juice and negligible grit.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.534-538
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• 2009

Japanese apricot (Prunus mume) "Okboseok" was released from a cross between "Nanko" and "Yoseibai" in 1993 at the Pear Research Station of National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration. It was preliminarily selected in 2001 and named in 2006. It produces high yield with a flesh about average 88.3% of fruit, although the fruit size is small (approximately 14.0g). Horticultural and physiological harvest time of this cultivar is mid and late June respectively. It has single flowers with pink petal color and its flowering time is about 4 days later than that of "Nanko". Its fruit is tolerant to bacterial shot hole (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Pruni) and pear scab (Venturia nashicola). "Okboseok" has abundant pollen grains (about 96 mg/100 flowers), thus it could be a pollinizer. To obtain stable yields, however, its compatibility with major cultivars is needed to be confirmed as pollinizer cultivar. "Okboseok" is recommended for being preserved in sugar and liquor.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.110-118
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are designated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by Stockholm Convention because they bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effect to human health and the environment. Apple and pear is economic crop in agriculture, and its cultivation area and yield has been increased. Therefore, we tried to investigate the OCPs residue in apple and pear orchard soils and fruits. METHODS AND RESULTS: Extraction and clean-up method were developed using the modified QuEChERS method for residual organochlorine pesticides (ROCPs) in apple and pear orchard soil and fruits. Recovery and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of ROCPs in soil and fruits were 75.4-101.4 and 76.9-93.4%, 0.03-0.21 and $0.6-1.2{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. Detected ROCPs in apple and pear orchard soil was 2,4-DDT, 4,4-DDD, 4,4-DDE, 4,4-DDT, and endosulfan sulfate, the residues were 2.2, 1.9-48.0, 1.3-84.1, 90.6-863.1, and $11.3-239.0{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. But five pesticides in all fruit samples were not detected. CONCLUSION: These results showed that ROCPs residues in apple and pear orchard soil had no effect on safety of agricultural products.