• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.206-212
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• 2007

Purpose: The number of laparoscopy assisted distal gastrectomies (LADG) is gradually increasing for the treatment of early gastric cancer (EGC) patients as a surgical modality for improving quality of life. However, there are few reports on laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy (LATG), mainly because this procedure is performed relatively infrequently, and the procedure is more complicated than LADG. This study was performed to evaluate the technical feasibility, safety, and surgical results of LATG with lymphadenectomy through a review of our experience. Materials and Methods: From July 2003 to June 2007, 77 LATG with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy were performed for patients with a preoperative diagnosis of EGC. The clinicopathological features and surgical outcomes were analyzed. Results: There were 49 males and 28 females in the study with a mean age of 61 years (range $30{\sim}85$ years). The mean operation time was 210 minutes (range $100{\sim}400$ minutes) and the operation time was gradually decreased as the case numbers increased. There were 13 operative morbidities (16.9%) and no operative mortalities. The restoration of bowel motility was noted at 3.2 postoperative days; a soft diet was started at 4.4 postoperative days and the duration of hospital stay was 10 days. There were 20 mucosal lesions, 32 submucosal lesions, 15 proper muscle lesions, 7 subserosal lesions and 3 serosal lesions. A total of 20 patients were treated by D2 lymph node dissection, 55 patients were treated by D1+$\beta$ lymph node dissection, and two patients were treated by D1+$\alpha$ lymph node dissection. The mean number of retrieved lymph nodes was 42 (range $11{\sim}86$). Lymph node metastases were noted in 12 patients. Conclusion: This study indicated LATG could be applied safely and effectively for patients with EGC. However, a prospective study comparing laparoscopy-assisted versus open gastrectomy for short-term and long-term surgical outcome is needed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2005

The use of blankets to preserve heat in oriental melon cultivation is a common practise without artificial heating and warming systems. Efficiency of blanket decreased with annually usage. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of double layer nonwoven fabrics on heat conservation, plant growth, fruit quality and yield of oriental melon in greenhouse. The results were compared among the non-woven fabrics of 9+3, 6+6, 6+3 and 12 ounce from transplanting to April 20, 2001, 2002. Night temperature within tunnel was high at 9+3, 6+6, 6+3 and 12 ounce in order. In plant growth, stem length, leaf numbers and exudate, under double layer nonwoven fabrics were better than single layer blanket of 12 ounce especially, 9+3 double layer blanket was the best. Fruit weight, flesh thickness, soluble solid and marketable yield rate remained same in all treatments. Fermented fruit rate was the highest in 12 ounce as $32.9\%,\;19.6\%\;under\;9+3,\;17.1\%\;under\;6+6,\;16.6\%$ under 6+3 double layer nonwoven fabric, respectively. Compared to 2,260kg yield per 10a of 12 ounce single layer nonwoven fabrics, $7\%$ was increased under 9+3 but $3\%\;and\;13\%$ were decreased under 6+6 and 6+3 double layer nonwoven fabrics, respectively. Compared to income, 4,499-thousand-won per 10a, of 12 ounce single layer blanket, $13\%\;and\;3$ were increased under 9+3 and 6+6 double layer nonwoven fabrics, respectively. Whereas, $10\%$ decreased under 6+3 double layer nonwoven fabrics. From this results it is evident that 9+3 double layer nonwoven fabrics was the best for thermokeeping, fruit quality, and was most economic under non heating system.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.76-87
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• 2004

This experiments were conducted to study on the economic analysis of Phellinus spp.(Comercial name: Sanghwang mushroom). These results were as follows: Phellinus spp. can be cultivated about 4 years by one time inoculation. This mushroom has been cultivated by the method of burying log into the soil(BM) at the first time. Recently, however, the method of hanging log on the shelves in the house(HM) is used, because HM has more advantage than BM that HM can be cultivated more pieces of logs than BM. On the other hand, HM is required to invest more 5,678,230Won for the equipments than the BM. And also, HM is required 14,400 pieces(2.8 times) more log numbers than BM 5,000 pieces. Also, HM is required more 3,680,000Won to purchase log, 1,104,000Won to purchase spawn. The cost of production is required to 20,180,971Won for BM, and 37,953,825Won for HM. Accordingly, product cost of HM is 1.9 times higher than BM. The operating cost is required to 1,207,712Won for BM, and 24,075,432Won for HM. Accordingly, operating cost of HM is 2.0 times higher than BM. The net income is 580,940,000Won for BM, and 1,683,300,000Won for HM. Accordingly, net income of HM is 2.9 times higher than BM. The income is 589,040,000Won for BM, and 169,718,000Won for HM. Accordingly, income of HM is 2.9 times higher than BM. In conclusion, HM is required 2.8 times more logs. HM has 1.03 times more products per a piece of log. HM has 1.9 times more production cost, and 2.0 times more operating cost. As you read above, HM and BM have two different aspects. BM is required less investment cost than HM, but BM has lower income because of the different capacity of production. By the comparing those two methods, HM is resulted more efficient method for the producing mushroom. Only in the side of cash flowing, the cash expenditure of BM is required less money at first year. But it has no production at first year. BM would get the income after 2 years buring the logs. The cash expenditure of HM is required much money for the equipments and the logs at first year, but HM would get the income at first year.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.287-291
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• 2006

Purpose : Aneurysms of sinus valsalva are rare anormalies thought to be primarily congenital in origin, progressing into death by acute heart failure in cases of rupture. Surgical correction is the only method of treatment. With these clinical implications, we reviewed the clinical characteristics and surgical results of patients with ruptured sinus of valsalva aneurysm. Methods : Between January 1991 and February 2004, 17 patients with ruptured sinus of valsalva aneurysm were retrospectively reviewed for their clinical symptoms, physical findings, past history, coexistent cardiac anormalies, surgical results, and mid-term prognosis. Results : The 17 patients included 13 men and four women, with a mean age of 30 years(10-59 years). Preoperatively accompanying cardiac anormalies were ventricular septal defect(VSD, eight cases of doubly committed juxta-arterial VSD) and aortic insufficiency(11 cases). During operations, patterns of fistulous tracts were found to be right colonary sinus-right ventricle in 13 patients, right coronary sinus-right atrium in one, noncoronary sinus - right ventricle in two, noncoronary sinus - right atrium in one, and VSD was noticed in 14 patients(all were doubly committed juxta-arterial in type). The defects were closed with a patch in 13 patients, without a patch in four, with concommitant aortic valve replacement in four and with aortic valvuloplasty in two. There were no mortalities during operations or the mid-term follow-up periods($40{\pm}49$ months). Conclusion : Because, at least in Orientals, VSD(especially doubly committed juxta-arterial) was accompanied in large numbers of patients with aneurysms of sinus valsalva, preoperative evaluations of this congenital heart disease should be made very careful. And we may need to revise the algorithm of treatment policy in small sized doubly committed juxta-arterial VSD.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.301-307
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• 2015

High quality transplants are critical for success in crop production. Increasing numbers of growers purchase their transplants from specialized transplant producers instead of growing their own transplants. A drawback of purchasing transplants is the risk of deterioration to transplants during transportation from transplant producers to the growers. This study evaluates the influence of temperature on the quality of grafted tomatoes transplants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Super Doterang), in order to propose optimum temperature condition for the transportation of grafted tomato transplants. Grafted tomato transplants with visible flower trusses were exposed to different air temperature ($10^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, or $40^{\circ}C$) for 2, 4, or 6 hours. After treatment, the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) values of tomato transplants treated at 25 and $40^{\circ}C$ were lower than that at $10^{\circ}C$. The root fresh weight was lowest at $40^{\circ}C$. After transplanting, the transplants that were exposed to the air temperature of $40^{\circ}C$ exhibited chlorosis and blight on lower leaves. The degree of damage on leaves was severer as the high temperature exposure time was longer. The temperature conditions during the transportation also influenced the growth, flowering and fruit set of tomatoes after transplanting. The fruit number and weight of first truss was lowest at $40^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. Accordingly, it is recommended that the temperature during the transportation should be controlled and kept at the range from 10 to $25^{\circ}C$ even though the period is short (within as six hours) in order to maintain the quality of transplants.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2007

To develop rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to be planted on salt-affected sites, cell lines with enhanced proline content and resistance to growth inhibition by Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZCA), a proline analogue, were screened out among calli irradiated with gamma ray of 50, 70, 90, and 120 Gy. The calli had been derived from embryo culture of the cultivar Donganbyeo. Selected AZCA resistant lines that had high proline accumulation were used as sources for selection of NaCl resistant lines. To determine an optimum concentration for selection of NaCl resistant lines, Donganbyeo seeds were initially cultured on the media containing various NaCl concentrations (0 to 2.5%) for 40 days, and 1.5% NaCl concentration was determined as the optimum concentration. One hundred sixteen salt-tolerant (ST) lines were selected from bulked 20,000 seeds of the AZCA resistant $M_{3}$ seeds in the medium containing 1.5% NaCl. The putative 33 lines ($M_{4}$ generation) considered with salt-tolerance were further analyzed for salt tolerance, amino acid and ion contents, and expression patterns of the salt tolerance-related genes. Out of the 33 lines, 7 lines were confirmed to have superior salt tolerance. Based on growth comparison of the entries, the selected mutant lines exhibited greater shoot length with average 1.5 times, root length with 1.3 times, root numbers with 1.1 times, and fresh weight with 1.5 times than control. Proline contents were increased maximum 20%, 100% and 20% in the leaf, seed and callus, respectively, of the selected lines. Compared to control, amino acid contents of the mutants were 24 to 29%, 49 to 143%, 32 to 60% higher in the leaf, seed and callus, respectively. The ratio of $Na^{+}/K^{+}$ for most of the ST-lines were lower than that of control, ranging from 1.0 to 3.8 for the leaf and 11.5 to 28.5 for the root, while the control had 3.5 and 32.9 in the leaf and root, respectively. The transcription patterns for the P5CS and NHXI genes observed by RT-PCR analysis indicated that these genes were actively expressed under salt stress. The selected mutants will be useful for the development of rice cultivar resistant to salt stress.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.295-300
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• 2017

This study examined the association between genotypes of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 3, beta subunit (IDH3B) gene and economic traits in an $F_2$ population of Duroc and Jeju (South Korea) native black pigs (JBPs). The genotypes was determined the presence/absence of a 304-bp insertion/deletion fragment in the promoter region of the IDH3B gene for JBP, Duroc, and their $F_1$ and $F_2$ progeny. Three genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were found in the $F_1$ and $F_2$ populations, but there was no AA genotype found in JBP and no BB in Duroc. Association analysis results showed the significant differences with carcass weights (CW), backfat thicknesses (BFT) and eye muscle area (EMA) (p<0.05), but not with growth traits including body weights and average daily gains at different stages, reproductive traits including teat numbers, and crude fat contents (CFAT) measured in longissimus dorsi (p>0.05). The $F_2$ pigs possessing the IDH3B BB homozygote had heavier CW ($72.92{\pm}11.133kg$), thicker BFT ($25.75{\pm}6.06mm$), and larger EMA ($23.82{\pm}4.825cm^2$) than those from the other genotypes (p<0.05). These results were estimated that there are biological roles related with IDH3B genotypes resulting development of EMA, BFT, and CW but not with intramuscular fat deposition during late period of pig production. Our findings suggest that the 304-bp insertion allele of porcine IDH3B may be a genetic marker for marker assistant selection for improving meat productivity of the Jeju Black pig and Duroc-related molecular breeding systems.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.398-407
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• 2018

The Purple pericarp (Prp) trait is a trait often bred for in black rice. Generally, the Prp trait is displayed in the color variations of seeds following the 9:3:4 purple, brown, and white ratio, respectively. The Prp trait is a recessive epistasis of two gene interactions; however, it is caused by the two complementation genes Pb and Pp. Here we present a study of the genetic characteristics of the Prp trait using an $F_1$ hybrid with a Pbpb Pppp genotype. This hybrid generated four seed colors with the following numbers: 3 dark purple, 6 medium purple, 3 brown, and 4 white (or 9 purple, 3 brown, and 4 white). However, further biochemical analysis of the all progenies divided them into two groups. One group had the Pb_ Pp_ allelic constitutions and contained cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) in both the dark purple or medium purple seeds. The other group, however, was absent of C3G in both the brown and white seeds, resulting in a ratio of 9:7, respectively. This segregation revealed the extended Mendelian 9:7 ratios of the complementary gene interactions with a good fitness in ${\chi}^2$ analysis. Further analysis revealed that brown seeds with the Pb_ pppp genotype corresponded with a null C3G, indicating that the Brown pericarp trait in rice is caused by a dominant allele of the Pb gene. Therefore, we conclude that the production of C3G is a main phenotype of the black and purple colored rice in the Prp trait, and it is governed by the complementary gene interactions between Pb and Pp genes.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2010

Purpose : We aimed to evaluate predictive parameters for non-response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) before IVIG use using two controls. Methods : We evaluated 229 consecutive KD patients who were treated with 2 g/kg of IVIG at a single center. Those who had persistent fever >24 hours after IVIG infusion made up the 23 IVIG non-responders; the first control included a total 206 defervesced cases and the second control included 46 cases that were matched for age and pre-treatment fever duration to non-responders. Results : Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar in IVIG non-responders and responders at presentation. As for laboratory findings, the neutrophil differential, CRP, AST, ALT, and LDH were higher, and lymphocyte differential, total protein, albumin, platelet count, and total cholesterol were significantly lower in IVIG non-responders compared to responders by univariate analysis in both study designs. However in multivariate analysis, non-responders showed a significantly higher neutrophil differential (cutoff value, >77%, sensitivity 68.4% and specificity 79.5%) and lower cholesterol (<124 mg/dL, sensitivity 79% and specificity 70.5%). Whereas plasma albumin (<3.6 g/dL, sensitivity 73.7% and specificity 60%) was the sole laboratory parameter of non-responders in the second study design. Conclusion : Severity of inflammation in KD was reflected by higher or lower laboratory values at presentation. Because the multivariate analysis for these indices may be influenced by some confounding factors, including the numbers of patients of different ages and fever duration, other assessment modalities are needed for KD patients with the greatest risk of coronary artery lesions.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

Purpose : Recent development of diffusion tensor imaging enables the evaluation of the microstructural characteristics of the brain white matter. However, optimal imaging parameters for diffusion tensor imaging, particularly concerning the number of diffusion gradient direction, have not been studied thoroughly yet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the number of diffusion gradient direction on the fiber tracking of the white matter. Materials and methods : 13 healthy volunteers (ten men and three women, mean age 30 years, age range 23-37 years) were included in this study. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed with different numbers of diffusion gradient direction as 6, 15, and 32, keeping the other imaging parameters constant. The imaging field ranged from 1 cm below the pons to 2-3 cm above the lateral ventricle, parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line. FA (fractional anisotropy) maps were created via image postprocessing, and then FA and its standard deviation were calculated in the genu and the splenium of the corpus callosum on each of FA maps. Fiber tracking of the corticospinal tract in the brain was performed and the number of the reconstructed fibers of the tract was measured. FA, standard deviation of FA and the number of the reconstructed fibers were compared statistically between the different diffusion gradient directions. Results : FA is not statistically significantly different between the different diffusion gradient directions. By increasing the number of diffusion gradient direction, standard deviation of FA decreased significantly, and the number of the reconstructed fibers increased significantly. Conclusion : The higher number of diffusion gradient direction provided better quality of fiber tracking.