• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.494-503
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• 1995

The selection of salt tolerant rice variety needs an effective method in its testing. Salinity of irrigated water, 0.5% at seedling stage, 0.6% at tillering stage, and 0.9% at panicle formation stage were treated to test salt tolerance of rice using 45 cultivars. At tillering stage, salty water irrigation reduced plant height to 22.6% in early maturing rices(EMR), 30.5% in medium maturing rices(MMR), and 20.9% in medium-late maturing rices(MLMR), and also reduced number of tillers to 11.2% in EMR, 36.2% in MMR, and 36.0% in MLMR compared to rices grown in non-salty water irrigation. At panicle formation stage of rice, salty water irrigation affected plant height and tiller numbers that showed varietal differences. As salt tolerant rice cultivars, Daegwangbyeo, Namweonbyeo, Sinseonchalbyeo, Gyehwabyeo, and Daeyabyeo were selected. Jinbubyeo, Donghaebyeo, and Tamjinbyeo were weak in salty water irrigation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 2011

Morphological and physiological differences of $Colocasia$ $esculenta$ were investigated in the cultivation of hydorphonic and soil culture. $C.$ $esculenta$ grown in Hoa.+IAA (indole-acetic acid) showed higher growth activity representing 9%, 32%, 38% and 60% than those of the cultivation of vermiculate, Hoagland solution, soil and water, respectively. In case of $F_v/F_m$ ratio experiments, the value $F_v/F_m$ of $C.$ $esculenta$ cultivated in the water showed 0.55 after 6 weeks. $F_v/F_m$ values of $C.$ $esculenta$ cultivated in Hoagland+IAA, vermiculate and soil were between 0.84 and 0.80 indicating $F_v/F_m$ values were about 45% higher than that of $C.$ $esculenta$ cultivated in the water. Diffusion resistance was 45~35% lower in $C.$ $esculenta$ grown in Hoa.+IAA solution than that of $C.$ $esculenta$ grown in water only after 5 and 6 weeks. Therefore, the high standing levels of the growth rate, fluorescence activity and transpiration rate were Hoa.+IAA, vermiculate, Hoagland, soil and water. The distinct morphological differences of $C.$ $esculenta$ cultivated in hydorphonic and soil culture were the appearance of the seed corm and root hair. The development of seed corm was well established in soil culture but the corm in hydorphonic was slowly hydrolyzed and then disappeared. The fibrous root systems of hydorphonic were very well distinguishable compared with that in soil culture. Outstanding results of this experiment were appeared in $C.$ $esculenta$ which was cultivated in the field provided with enough mineral nutrition, organic fertilizers and compound fertilizers. The most height taros were almost 2m and the numbers of seed corm were 30~40 after 7 months.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.346-352
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• 2016

To investigate the oviposition preference and development of azuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L.), the following six different leguminous seeds were used in this study: red bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi), black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), seoritae (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), small black bean (Rhynchosia nulubilis) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis Alef.). In the study of oviposition preference, the numbers of eggs per leguminous seed on red bean, black soybean, soybean, seoritae and small black bean were 1.23, 0.61, 0.69, 1.05 and 1.13, respectively. The maximum daily number of eggs was observed at 48 hours and the minimum was at 96 hours. According to each host leguminous seed, developmental time for each host seed was different. The shortest adult emergence time was on red bean (25.27 days). The other five leguminous seeds increased or doubled the adult emergence time. Adult emergence rates feeding on red bean, seoritae, black soybean, soybean, small black bean were 83.33%, 28.23%, 27.87%, 20.44%, and 11.59%, respectively. Emergence rate on red bean was four times higher than the rate on other seeds. The longevity of emerged female adults was almost all longer than that of males. The male adults weighed the lowest of feeding on small black bean. Female adults weighed the lowest of feeding on soybean. Adult weights were the heaviest for both males and females feeding on red bean. As a result, hosts of azuki bean weevil could decrease oviposition rate, emergence rate, adult longevity, and adult weight but increase emergence time. Especially in kidney bean, adult was not completely emerged. No eggs were laid. These results suggest that there might be emergence inhibitors in kidney bean. These imformation might be used to control damages caused by azuki bean weevils.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

The objects of this study were to develop a new strain which has resistance to fowl typhoid, high performance in laying, and producing brown shell eggs favored by domestic consumers. Several White Leghorn (WL) breeds known as possessing genetic resistance to fowl typhoid and several brown shell egg breeds such as susceptible to the disease were used to produce the controlled strains with cross mating between the strains within the breeds and the experimental strains with crossbreeding between the breeds. The crossbred strains were Chungnong(CN) 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26. The controlled strains were ISA brown CC, Hyline brown CC and Lohman brown CC. The survival rates were 99.95% for chicks of age 0∼l7 weeks and 91% for adult chickens of age 18∼72 weeks. There was no difference in survival rate between the crossbred and the controlled strains. The means of age of lst egg laying were 147 to 148 days and no difference was observed between the crossbred and the controlled. The egg Production rates of a9e 18∼72 weeks were 83.76% far the crossbred strains and 77.82% for the controlled strains, which is significantly higher in the crossbred than controlled strains by 6%. The numbers of the hen housed egg Production of age 18∼72 weeks were 292.33 eggs for the crossbred strains and 271.31 eggs fur the controlled strains. The difference of 21 eggs more produced by the crossbred than by the controlled was statistically significant. The mean egg weights of age 18∼72 weeks were 64.32g for the crossbred strains and 60.73g for the controlled strains, and the difference of 3.59g was statistically significant. The feed conversion rates during the age of 18 to 72 weeks were 2.297 for the crossbred strains and 2.454 for the controlled strains. The crossbreds were reduced feed consumption by 157g for 1kg of egg Production which was statistically significant. Haugh unit(H$.$u) at the age of 72 weeks were 82.20 for the crossbred strains and 77.82 for the controlled strains. The crossbred strains were superior quality by 4.38 H$.$u. There were no significant differences in the yolk color and the eggshell thickness between the crossbred strains and the controlled strains. The eggshell color of the crossbred strains was light brown which is the medium color of the white eggshell strains and the brown eggshell strains. The body weights at the ages of 8, 12, 18, 42 and 71 weeks were not different between the crossbred strains and the controlled strains.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2018

Brain perfusion CT scanning is often employed usefully in clinical conditions as it accurately and promptly provides information about the perfusion state of patients having acute ischemic stroke with a lot of time constraints and allows them to receive proper treatment. Despite those strengths of it, it also has a serious weakness that Lens may be exposed to a lot of dose of radiation in it. In this study, as a way to reduce the dose of radiation to Lens in brain perfusion CT scanning, this researcher conducted an experiment with Bismuth shielding and change of patients' position. TLD (TLD-100) was placed on both lens using the phantom (PBU-50), and then, in total 4 positions, parallel to IOML, parallel to IOML (Bismuth shielding), parallel to SOML, and parallel to SOML (Bismuth shielding), brain perfusion scanning was done 5 times for each position, and dose to Lens were measured. Also, to examine how the picture quality changed in different positions, 4 areas of interest were designated in 4 spots, and then, CT number and noise changes were measured and compared. According to the results of conducting one-way ANOVA on the doses measured, as the significance probability was found to be 0.000, so there was difference found in the doses of radiation to crystalline lenses. According to the results of Duncan's post-hoc test, with the scanning of being parallel to IOML as the reference, the reduction of 89.16% and 89.66% was observed in the scanning of being parallel to SOML and that of being parallel to SOML (Bismuth shielding) respectively, so the doses to Lens reduced significantly. Next, in the scanning of being parallel to IOML (Bismuth shielding), the reduction of 37.12% was found. According to the results, reduction in the doses of radiation was found the most significantly both in the scanning of being parallel to SOML and that of being parallel to SOML (Bismuth shielding). With the limit of the equivalent dose to Lens as the reference, this researcher conducted comparison with the dose to occupational exposure and dose to Public exposure in the scanning of being parallel to IOML and found 39.47% and 394.73% respectively; however in the scanning of being parallel to SOML (Bismuth shielding), considerable reduction was found as 4.08% and 40.8% respectively. According to the results of evaluation on picture quality, every image was found to meet the evaluative standards of phantom scanning in terms of the measurement of CT numbers and noise. In conclusion, it would be the most useful way to reduce the dose of radiation to Lens to use shields in brain perfusion CT scanning and adjust patients' position so that their lens will not be in the field of radiation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.358-367
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• 1983

Antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae died readily after their addition to raw sewage, but they grew in sterilized sewage. The decline was not a result of antibiotic stresses, and because the bacteria were able to survive in large numbers for at least 15 days in solutions containing no organic nutrients, it was not a result of competition. Toxin production, bacteriophages, and Bdellovibrio did not cause the disappearance of the two bacterial species. A decline was also evident if the sewage was first passed through a $3-{\mu}m$ filter or treated with cycloheximide or cycloheximide plus nystatin, but protozoa developed under these conditions. Little or no decline occurred if the sewage was filtered and treated with the eucaryotic inhibitors before adding S. typhimurium or K. pneumoniae, and protozoa were not detected. S. typhimurium increased in abundance if cycloheximide, streptomycin, and erythromycin or large amounts of glucose were added to sewage. Tetrahymena thermophilus did not significantly reduce the population of S. typhimurium in buffer when the density of the bacterium was about $10^4/ml$. However, when more than $10^8$ Enterobacter agglomerans cells per ml were added to the buffer, T. thermophilus reduced the abundance of E. agglomerans and S. typhimurium to $10^6$ and 10/ml, respectively. The density of S. typhimurium was further decreased by a second increment of E. agglomerans cells. The disappearance of S. typhimurium and K. pneumoniae from sewage thus is the result of predation by protozoa. It is proposed that predators will eliminate a prey species from a natural environment when an alternate prey is present at concentrations above the threshold number for active feeing by the predator and when the rate of growth of the prey is less than the rate of predation.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.72-89
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• 1996

The oral health status and practices related to oral health among 44-54-year-, 55-64-year- and 65-year-old needy residents were assessed. The subjects were the residents at the Unbong Permanent Rental Apartment, Bansong-dong, Haeundae-gu. Pusan, Korea. An oral epidemiological survey was undertaken to determine the status of dental caries and periodontal health. Periodontal health were analyzed by the tool of CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs). A questionnaire was used to interview for the practices of toothbrushing. The numbers of subjects were 192 for the interview on toothbrushing, 228 for the survey of dental status and 208 for the survey of periodontal status. The major results were as follows: 1. Toothbrushing frequencies per day were 1.9 among 44-54-year-, 1.7 among 55-64-year- and 1.7 among 65+-year-subjects. Percentages of after-meal-toothbrushings among total brushing frequencies per day were 73.7% among 44-54-year-, 70.6% among 55-64-year- and 76.5% among 65+-year-subjects. 2. DMFT indices were 15.5 among 44-54-year-, 16.4 among 55-64-year- and 26.6 among 65-year-subjects. Decayed teeth component of DMF teeth were 23.9% among 44-54-year-, 11.6% among 55-64-year- and 62.8% among 65+-year-subjects. Missed teeth component of DMF teeth were 55.59% among 44-54-year-, 62.8% among 55-64-year- and 77.4% among 65+-year-subjects. Filled teeth component of DMF teeth were 20.0% among 44-54-year-, 25.0% among 55-64-year- and 10.9% among 65+-year-subjects. 3. Sound permanent teeth were 16.4 among 44-54-year-, 15.6 among 55-64-year- and 5.4 among 65+-year-subjects. Present permanent teeth were 23.7 among 44-54-year-, 21.6 among 55-64-year- and 10.9 among 65-year-subjects. 4. Subjects who needed professional oral prophylaxis were 75.0% among 44-54-year-, 83.3% among 55-64-year-and 76.9% among 65-year-subjects. Subjects who needed complex periodontal treatments were 16.7% among 44-54-year-, 13.3% among 55-64-year- and 15.4% among 65+-year-subjects. 5. Sextants which needed professional oral prophylaxis were 59.3% among 44-54-year-, 71.5% among 55-64-year- and 71.5% among 65+-year-subjects. Sextants which needed complex periodontal treatments were 5.6% among 44-54-year-, 4.1% among 55-64-year- and 5.7% among 65+-year-subjects. 6. Systematic comprehensive oral health care services should be developed for old needy residents in urban area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.969-974
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• 2013

In this study, liquid calcium was used to develop a calcium-fortified soy sauce-based seasoning for meat and the quality characteristics of the seasoning and cooked meat were investigated. All seasonings with different amount of liquid calcium (0, 2, 4, or 8%) showed no significant changes in pH and titratable acidity at $4^{\circ}C$ for 9 days; however, the control seasoning and seasoning with 2% liquid calcium (Ca-2%) showed significant decreases in pH and increases in titratable acidity during storage at $20^{\circ}C$ for 9 days, compared to the seasoning with 4% (Ca-4%) and 8% (Ca-8%) liquid calcium. We also observed that during storage at $20^{\circ}C$, the numbers of total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast were significantly lower in Ca-4% and Ca-8% seasoning compared to the control or Ca-2%. The calcium contents in cooked meat seasoned with the control, Ca-2%, Ca-4%, or Ca-8% were 2.16, 33.47, 54.72, and 58.23 mg/100 g, respectively. Sensory evaluations demonstrated no significant differences in flavor, taste, juiciness, texture, and overall acceptability between the cooked meat samples. These results suggest that soy sauce seasoning supplemented with liquid calcium (2~8%) effectively increases the calcium content in cooked meat without adversely affecting its taste, flavor, and juiciness. Thus, this type of calcium-fortified seasoning may be helpful in combating the lack of calcium in modern diets.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.184-195
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• 2000

It has been believed that cancer is an omnious factor threatening the future and life itself. Patients having the disease experience anxiety, fear, feeling of weakness, depression and feelings of uncertainty and hopelessness. Most cancer patients, however, have expectations of possible recovery and a better future, very different from the patients who feel hopeless. Therefore. hope allows people to respond effectively to the fatal disease they have and prevents them from detoriorating physically and spiritually, positively influencing their survival, response to treatment and sense of security. Studies previously performed showed that hope is positively correlated with social and family supports, self-esteem, spiritual well-being, responsive action, health promotion behavior and quality of life. Thus, the study attempted to provide basic information on nursing cancer patients by investigating their levels of hope and determining predictive factors which influence hope. For the study 200 cancer patients in two university hospitals located in Pusan were sampled as subjects. Data were collected for twenty nine days from Feburary 1, 1999 to March 1. Instrumets for the study included 10 items from the self-esteem scale by Rosenberg (1965), 39 hope measurements by Kim and Lee(1965), 16 of the social support scale by Tae(1986) and 16 of the general characteristics scale, all of which totaled 81 items. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. General characteristics of the investigated based on numbers and percentage. Hope, self-esteem and social support were analyzed using means, minimum, maximum and standard deviation. Relations among the foregoing three factors were analyzed using Pearson' correlation coefficient. Levels of hope in cancer patients were determined using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test. Predictive factors influencing hope were investigated using multiple stepwise regression analysis. Results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. An average level of hope was $185.55{\pm}23.39$ points(96 min. and 234 max.) 2. Levels of hope showed a significant difference among them according to sex (t=-3.69, P=.000), age(F=4.714, P=.000), job(F=3.247, P=.008), monthly income (F=6.113, P=.003), treatment charge (F=3.796, P=.011), supportive resources (F=10.554, P=.000), diagnosis(F=2.287, P=.029), perceived health status(F=22.184, P=.000), level of pain(F=3.334, P=.021), religion (F=4.911, P=.001) and religion's effect in life (F=11.706, P=.000), 3. For the subjects, self-esteem and social support were $38.32{\pm}7.21$(13 min, and 50 max.) and $52.97{\pm}8.49$points(28 min, 80 max.). Concerning social support, average levels of family support and medical support were found $35.95{\pm}6.05$(18 min, and 40 max) and $27.02{\pm}4.99$ points(20 min and 40 max). The hope the cancer patients showed significant correlations with self-esteem (r=.588, P=.000), family support(r=.224, p=.001) and medical support(r=.221, P=.002). 4. The five variables related to hope (self-esteem, religion's effect in life, perceived health status, social support and age) accounted for 54.2 percent of the hope level; especially, self-esteem was the highest at 34.6%. As shown in the above results, predictive factors which most influence hope in cancer patients were self-esteem and religion's effect of life. Therefore, nursing interventions to increase self-esteem should be developed. Regarding religion's effects, studies on spiritual aspects should be carried out in a way that contributes to promotion of hope.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.97-118
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to compare the nurses' perceptions with the women's about the women's needs in premature labor and to find out how to accomplish effective nursing intervention for the women to cope with their crises in premature labor. The objects of this study consisted of 33 hospitalized mothers in post partum because of premature labor, who were delivered of new born, in four university hospitals, a general hospital and a lower general hospital which has a neonatal intensive care unit in Seoul during 17 days(Oct. 4, 1994 to Oct. 20, 1994) and 32 nurses who have worked at delivery rooms in the hospitals above for 6 months or more, accomplishing nursing intervention. The results of this investigation were as follows : 1) General characteristics of women : Their mean age was 29.4 years(SD 4.37) and the mean of their gestational periods 3 days over 34 weeks(SD 2.48). Most of them were the married(93.9%) and held high school degree or more(93.9%). And some of them were the deligious(68.7%), multiparae(59.4%) and had their jobs(21.2%). The also had hospitalized experience due to premature labor(51.5%), experienced in premature delivery(33.3%), the prental care(78.6%), cesearean section(63.6%), and pregnancies less than twice(62.5%). The most mothers were included in 34 weeks and a day to 37 weeks(60.6%). It was also confirmed that most of the sustaining presences in labor were their husbands(81.2%). 2) General characteristics of nurses : Their mean age was 27.6 years(SD 4.50), and their carrier with the service on the average 6 months over 3 years long(SD 3.63). Numbers of them were staff nurses(84.4%), maiden ladies(71.9%), graduated from junior colleges of nursing(71.9%), and had no experiences in delivery(78.1%).Besides, none of them had experiences in premature labor. 3) The whole mean of needs perceived by pregnant women was identified as 3.086 points and the degree of their perception was given much weight in order of interdependence need(3.14), self concept need(3.11), physical physiologic need(3.09), and role function need(2.74). So it was proved that they regarded interdependence need as being the most important need in crises caused premature labor. 4) The whole mean of needs felt by the nurses was 3.092 points and the degree of their feelings was given much weigh in order of physical physiologic need(3.22), self concept need(3.15), interdependence need(3.06) and role function need(2.75). So it was ascertained that they felt physical physiologic need the most important, differing from the women in it. 5) There were few differences on the degrees of the perceptions that the nurses and the women showed on each of the four parts. 6) On each part of the questionnaires, it was examined that the women felt the need for the fetus to be the most important generally while the nurses perceived the need with the women to be more important than that. 7) The primiparae(40.6%) felt role function need be more important than multiparae(59.4%) (p<0.05), and the women from universities and above(39.4%) perceived self concept need to be more important than those holding the high school degrees and below(60.6%). (p<0.05) 8) The nurses having experience in delivery(21.9%) perceived interdependence need and role function need to be more important than important than those having no experiences(78.1%). (p<0.05) So far most of the nurses have concentrated their efforts on nursing for safety for the women in premature labor hospitalized in delivery rooms. But the women are not satisfied with just it because of having perceived the need for the fetus more important above all. In nursing for the future, therefore, every nurse caring for the women should offer them all the informations that they will want for their fetuses to adapt them to the crises effectively, understanding such their needs and making most of honest and simple terms for them, I insist. Through this study, I'm sure that inquiring into the need of women in premature labor minetely will show the way of more effective nursing interventions in clinic. And I suggest that the various kinds of studies about the more objects be done for the generalization of the results of this study in the future.