• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2014

Objectives: Several studies suggest that nocturia may be related to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The mechanism by which OSAS develops nocturia has not been determined. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of nocturia among adults with OSAS and to identify factors that may be predictive in this regard. Methods: Retrospective review of clinical and polysomnographic data obtained from patients evaluated at the sleep clinics of the St. Paul's Hospital between 2009 and 2012. The urinary symptoms were assessed on the basis of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Pathologic nocturia was defined as two or more urination events per night. OSAS was defined as apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ${\geq}5$. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between polysomnographic variables and the presence of pathologic nocturia, while controlling for confounding factor. Results: A total of 161 men >18 years of age (mean age $46.7{\pm}14.1$), who had been referred to a sleep laboratory, were included in the present study. Among these, 27 patients with primary snoring and 134 patients with obstructive sleep apnea were confirmed by polysomnography. Nocturia was found in 53 patients with OSAS (39.6%) and 8 patients with primary snoring (29.6%). The AHI was higher in patients with nocturia than in those without nocturia (p=0.001). OSAS patients with nocturia had higher arousal index (p=0.044), and lower nadir oxyhemoglobin saturation (p=0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that age (${\beta}$=0.227, p=0.003), and AHI (${\beta}$=0.258, p=0.001) were associated with nocturia, and that the presence of pathologic nocturia was predicted by age (OR 1.04 ; p=0.004) and AHI (OR 1.02 ; p=0.001). Conclusion: Nocturia is common among patients with OSAS. The strongest predictors of nocturia are age and AHI in patients with OSAS.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.47-62
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• 2010

Objectives: Colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by colonic mucosal inflammation and chronic relapsing events represents. The purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of pharmacopuncture of anti-inflammatory herbal compound (AiC) applied to the different acupoints in the acute colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) intracolonic injection in rats. Methods: In Male Sprague - Dawley rats, weighing 250~400g, TNBS (5 mg/kg) was infused intrarectally through a silicon rubber catheter into the anus under isoflurane anaesthesia. Acupoints of LI4 (Hapkok), ST25 (Cheonchu), ST36 (Joksamni), and BL25 (Daejangsu) were intramuscularly injected by AiC, respectively (injection volume & times: 0.2 ml / acupoint, twice times on the 2nd & 3rd day). Expressions of cFos protein in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus of solitary tract (Sol), and the 6th lumbar spinal cord (L6 s.c.) were observed at 24 hr after TNBS induced colitis by immunohistochemistry. Results: The expression of c-Fos protein in the L6 s.c., Sol, LC and PAG increased 24 hr after TNBS injection into colorectum as compared to normal and 50% ethanol treated group. AiC to LI4 inhibited the expression of c-Fos protein in Sol and PAG but not L6 s.c. and LC. AiC to ST36 showed significant inhibition the c-Fos expression in L6 s.c., Sol and PAG. AiC to ST25 only showed the effects in L6 s.c. and PAG. AiC to BL25 inhibited significantly the expression of c-Fos protein all over the areas. To investigate whether or not endogenous opioids are involved, intrathecal injection of naltrexone (30ug/30ul) was applied before the 2nd pharmacopuncture treatment 24 hr after TNBS-induced colitis in rat. Naltrexone reversed the inhibition of c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord and brainstem. Conclusions: These data show that pharmacopuncture of Aic potently inhibits signal pathways ascending hypersensitivity of colorectum after TNBS induced colitis and depends on the endogenous opioids according to acupoints.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.92-98
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• 2010

Purpose: To analyze results of treating acromioclavicular injuries using clavicle hook plates. Materials and Methods: Between February 2008 and April 2010, 18 patients with acromioclavicular joint injury treated by clavicle hook plates were reviewed. Using the Rockwood classification, 7 dislocations were classified as type III injuries and 11 as type V injuries. Implant removal was done at least 3 months from initial fixation. Simple X-rays were taken for comparing the state of reduction, and clinical outcomes were evaluated by the Korean Shoulder Scoring System and the American Shoulder Elbow Society score. The average follow-up period was 9 months. Results: On weight bearing X-rays, the average coracoclavicular distance showed a 114% increase compared to the contralateral side at the time of injury. It decreased to 23% by the last follow-up. The mean Korean Shoulder Scoring System and the American Shoulder Elbow Society score were 80 and 74 at the last follow-up. Conclusion: The immediate stability these plates provide allows rapid rehabilitation. Clavicle hook plate fixation for acromioclavicular joint dislocation is considered an effective method for ensuring satisfactory results both radiologically and clinically.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2007

Objectives : Depression disturbs the individual life from the loss of productivity to suicide. Furthermore the whole society is also influenced by depression in social and economic areas. Many scientific treatment methods are known to be effective in depression. But in reality more than half of patients with depression prefer self help treatment rather than medically based treatment. For the patients with mild depression and primary physicians, it is reasonable to provide the evidence based self care including self help or alternative treatment. This study is supported by the Korean Health 21 R&D Project for the Depression Center to establish the Korean treatment guideline for depression. Methods : The members of Depression Center including the authors attended the workshops where the methods of evidence based medicine such as literature search, quality evaluation of the articles, making the level of evidence were educated. The professional librarians helped the authors for get the searched articles. Among the total of 354 abstracts of systemic review and 300 abstracts of random controlled trials, 3 systemic reviews and 2 random controlled trials were the main structure of evaluation. Result : Among the 37 self care methods known to be effective for depression, 11 kinds of methods were worth of evaluation. The first step for the self care of mild depression is to use St. John's wort, exercise, bibliotherapy, and light therapy in depression during winter season. Acupuncture, negative ion therapy, massage, relaxation technique are known to be efective with evidence. Music therapy, hypnotherapy, and aromatherapy are known to be effective but until now the evidences is insufficient and further evaluations are needed. Conclusion : Among 11 listed self-care methods, several methods need more evidence especially in Korean situation. Exercise is the most recommendable evidence based self care method in Korea nowadays. St. John's wort is effective with evidence, but it is not the OTC drug in Korea, so it is not recommendable now. For the bibliotherapy, there is no book such as "Feeling Good" in Korea. Only the introductory book about depression is available. Publishing the self help book based upon cognitive behavioral approach or psychodynamic approach is needed. Light therapy is practiced in a few clinics, but not self-help style. Exposure to the sunlight is recommended in the level of commen sense. These self care methods are for the mild patient. Moderate to severe patients with depression should seek the professional treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1996

Objective : The authors investigated family environemtn of ADHD referred to child psychiatric clinics. Method : Seventy two patients were grouped into pure ADHD and comorbid ADHD. Patient's lither and mother conducted the Korean Form of the Family Environment Scale(K-FES). And then, scores were compared with that of 77 normal controls. Results : Among subscales of K-FES, expressiveness, achievement orientation and organization were scored significantly lower in ADHD mothers' reporting than ADHD fathers' And only organization subscale was scored significantly lower in ADHD fathers' reporting than controls' In post hoc comparison, subscales of expressiveness, moral-religious emphasis and organization were significantly lower in mothers' reporting of pure ADHD and comorbid ADHD than of controls, and only organization subscale was significantly lower in fathers' reporting of comorbid ADHD than of controls. Conclusion : Parents of ADHD patients agreed that their families were not well organized, and each perceived somewhat differently on the family environment. Further study is needed to eludicate whether specific family environment causes ADHD or is caused by behavior of ADITD patients.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.647-651
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• 2010

The advantages of the $CO_2$ laser are offset by the delay in laser wound healing secondary to thermal damage. To minimize the undesirable thermal damage of the $CO_2$ laser, investigators have developed technical advances in the delivery system of the laser energy. This study compared tissue healing of the continuous and the pulsed modes $CO_2$ laser wounds in an animal surgery model. Five healthy Landrace and Yorkshire mixed breeds of both genders were used (45-51 kg, 4-6 months old, three males and two females). A full thickness wound of skin ($2{\times}2{\times}2cm^2$) was made over on the each pig's both sides of dorsal midline at 0, 7, 14, and 18 days. The wounds created at 18, 14, 7 and 0 days were named post-wounding day (PWD) 3, 7, 14 and 21, respectively. In each pig, one wound (left side) was treated pulsed $CO_2$ laser and the other wound (right side) was treated continuous wave $CO_2$ laser. Each wound was closed with two interrupted suture of 3-0 sutures. At 21 days after initial wounding, each wound was taken for histological evaluations. The degrees of reepithelialization were performed more prominently in the pulsed mode group than in the continuous mode group. The degrees of granulation were greater significantly in pulsed mode group than those in the continuous mode on PWD 3 (p < 0.05). The degrees of fibroblasts in the pulsed mode group were greater significantly in comparison to those in the continuous mode group on PWD 7, (p < 0.05). In conclusion, reepithelialization, granulation and fibroblasts in the pulsed mode group were greater markedly in comparison to those in the continuous mode group. It was considered that pulsed mode $CO_2$ laser was more suitable for the skin incision than the continuous mode $CO_2$ laser.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.283-296
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• 2012

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory skin disease and regarded as a prototype of T-cell mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Poly-${\gamma}$-glutamic acid (PGA) is a biodegradable polymer that is produced by Bacillus subtilis. This study was performed to assess the effects of PGA in a canine model of ACD. ACD was induced on the back of dogs induced by sensitization and repeated application by 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene (DNCB). Topical treatment of PGA was applied once a day for 12 days and skin biophysical parameters including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, skin pH, skin thickness and erythema index, were measured every two days during experimental periods. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the antiinflammatory effect. In skin biophysical parameters, TEWL, skin hydration, skin thickness and erythema index were significantly increased, with a maximum increase appeared on day 2 (p < 0.05). On the other hand, skin pH was significantly decreased, with a maximum decrease appeared on day 2 (p < 0.01). After the completion of PGA treatment, skin biophysical parameters were significantly reached those of baseline in a time-dependent manner (p < 0.05). In histopathology, marked increases of epidermal thicknesses were induced after DNCB challenge with numerous inflammatory cell infiltrations and edematous changes, decreases of connective tissue occupied regions in dermis. In addition, marked increases of cytokine - tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$)-immunoreactivities in the dermis and of apoptotic markers - caspase-3 and PARP-immunoreactivities in the epidermis were observed in DNCB-PBS control as compared with intact control, respectively (p < 0.01). It means, the ACD and related apoptotic changes were induced by DNCB in the present study. However, these ACD induced by DNCB and related apoptosis in epidermis were significantly inhibited by treatment of PGA treated skin, the decreases of infiltrated inflammatory cells and related decreases of pro-inflammatory cytokine immunoreactivities were also observed (p < 0.01). Based on these findings, PGA may have anti-inflammatory and alleviatory effects in the allergic contact dermatitis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.294-301
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• 2003

This study was performed to compare the effects of hydrocolloid(Duoderm$\circledR$, HC in this study) and hydrogel (Nu-Gel$\circledR$, HG in this study) occlusive dressing materials on degree of exudate, wound contraction, epithelialization, and healing of full-thickness skin wound in dogs. Three wounds measuring 2${\times}$2 cm in size were created bilaterally(6 wounds/dog) on the dorsolateral aspect of the trunk of 12 dogs. In each dog, the wounds were treated with HC, HG, and normal saline, respectively. For a 4 week period, the wounds were evaluated gross aspects and histopathological aspects. There were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups in percentage of wound contraction, percentage of epithelialization, and percentage of wound total healing during the first week. Significant differences were first detected on day 14. On day l4(P < 0.01) and 21 (P < 0.05), mean percentage of epithelialization of HG-treated wound was significantly greater than those in HC- and normal saline-treated wound. Mean percentage of wound contraction of HG-treated wound was significantly greater than that in HC- and control wounds on day 21(P< 0.05). On day 21, mean percentage of wound healing of HG-treated wound was significantly greater than that in HC- and control wounds(P < 0.02). On day 1, 4, and 7 after wound creation, although severe infiltration of PMN (polymorphonuclear leukocyte) cells in HC- and control wounds were observed in the subcutis and moderate infiltration of PMN cells in HG-treated wound were observed in the subcutis, we did not detect significant differences. On day 14 after wounding creation, in the wounds treated with HG dressing, epithelial cells were found over the surface, and edema further decreased in the tissue under the wounds, and the granulation tissue was replaced with collagen fibers. On day 21 after wound creation, in HG-treated wound compared with other experimental material-treated wounds, regenerated epidermis covered most of the wound surface, and the granulation tissue was more replaced with collagen fibers than that on day 14. Overall results indicated that the use of hydrogel dressing materials(Nu-Gel$\circledR$) as hydrocolloid dressing (Duoderm$\circledR$) materials and normal saline treatment on full-thickness skin wounds in dogs increased the rate of healing at repair stage.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.286-293
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• 2003

The cardiopulmonary and antagonistic effects of atipamezole, to medetomidine (30 ug/kg, IM)-tiletamine/zolazepam (10 mg/kg, IV) were determined. Twelve healthy mongrel dogs ,(4.00$\pm$0.53 kg, mean$\pm$SD) were randomly assigned to the four experimental groups (control, A30; atipamezole 30 ug/kg, A60; atipamezole 60 ug/kg, A150; atipamezole 150 ug/kg) with 3 dogs in each group. Atropine (0.03 mg/kg, IM), medetomidine, and tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ) were injected 10 minute intervals. Atipamezole was injected intravenously 15 minutes after TZ injection. Mean arousal time (MAT) was 52.50$\pm$4.98, 43.06$\pm$2.60, 32.83$\pm$8.13, and 14.36$\pm$1.60 minutes in control, A30, A60, and Al50 groups respectively. In Al50 group, MAT was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). but mean walking time (MWT) was similar to that in control group. In recovery period, the higher doses of atimapezole, the rougher recovery including head rocking, hypersalivation, and muscle twitching. Five of twelve dogs vomited within 5 minutes after medetomidine injection. In Control group, heart rate significantly decreased in all recording stages except 15 minutes after TZ injection, 10 minutes after medetomidine injection in all groups, and 40 minutes after atipamezole injection in A30 group (P < 0.05). In Al50 group, atipamezole reversed the respiratory depression induced by medetomidine. Arterial blood pressure was significantly decreased 10minutes after medetomidine injection and 15 minutes after TZ injection in almost dogs in this study (P < 0.05). From 10 minutes after atipamezole injection to arousal time, arterial blood pressure was progressively increased in A60 and A150 group. Any value of blood gas analysis and CBC, and serum chemistry values were not significantly changed except pH of Al50 at 10 minutes after medetomidine injection. As shown in present study, atipamezole(150 ug/kg) is considered to exert a useful reversal effect in dogs anesthetized with medetomidine-tiletamine/zolazepam combination.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.382-388
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with pregnancy following 3 synchronization protocols in dairy cows. Data were collected on 1,952 cows from 22 dairy farms, including synchronization protocols ($PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ + estradiol benzoate [PG+EB], Ovsynch, and CIDR-ovsynch), cow parity, body condition score (BCS), and dates of previous calving, insemination and conception. The odds ratio (OR) for pregnancy were analyzed by logistic regression using the LOGISTIC procedure in SAS. The analysis revealed that farm (p = 0.005), cow parity (p = 0.0001), BCS (p < 0.005), and AI season (p < 0.05) significantly affected and calving to AI interval tended to affect (p < 0.1) the probability for pregnancy. Although synchronization protocols did not affect the probability for pregnancy (p > 0.05), cow parity and synchronization protocols showed a significant interaction (p < 0.005); the OR (0.60) was significantly lower (p < 0.0001) for multiparous cows compared to primiparous cows using PG+EB, whereas the OR (1.44) tended to be higher (p < 0.1) for multiparous cows compared to primiparous cows using the Ovsynch, and the probability for pregnancy did not differ between multiparous and primiparous cows using the CIDR-ovsynch (p > 0.05). Cows with BCS ${\geq}$ 3.00 were more likely pregnant (OR: 1.41) compared with cows having BCS ${\leq}$ 2.75, whereas cows inseminated during summer had a lower OR (0.73) compared with those inseminated during spring. Cows with a calving to AI interval > 150 days were more likely to be pregnant (OR: 1.20) compared with cows with a calving to AI interval ${\leq}$ 150 days. In conclusion, the OR for pregnancy following synchronization protocols in dairy cows was affected by farm, parity, BCS, calving to AI interval of the cow, and AI season, and there was a significant interaction between cow parity and synchronization protocols; the OR for pregnancy was lower for multiparous cows compared with primiparous cows using the PG+EB protocol.