• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.189-199
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• 2019

The forest management paradigm has recently shifted from focusing on commercial production to focusing on ecosystem management. Accordingly, a natural seedling regeneration method that has a naturally high affinity has attracted much attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship among various environmental factors, lower stratum vegetation, and seedling regeneration in Pinus densiflora forests. The survey site comprised 50 sectors divided using the line transect method, and the survey data were divided into those from wet habitat (19 sites) and dry habitat (31 sites), depending on the soil humidity, and were analyzed separately to show the close relationship between soil humidity and natural seedling regeneration. As a result, the dry habitat exhibited high seedling density (157,419 trees/ha), with the main species being Quercus serrata, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Smilax china, and Pueraria lobata, while wet habitat exhibited low seedling density (57,895 trees/ha), with the main species being Stephanandra incisa, Castanea crenata, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lysimachia barystachys, Aralia elata, and Styrax japonicus. The height and root-collar diameter under wet conditions exhibited faster growth than those under dry conditions. Height growth by the root-collar diameter in dry habitat increased faster than that in wet habitat. It was also confirmed that seedling regeneration in wet habitat exhibited a rapid growth pattern 5 years after germination. These results suggest that the seedlings begin to grow more rapidly after a period of suppression by competition with surrounding plants. Considering an ecosystem or ecological management approach, specific practices, such as bush control and vine clearing in wet habitats, should be more intensively conducted, especially at the beginning of the management operations.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the development of UV protection products using natural materials. The research method is investigation and analyzation of the current status of the domestic and foreign industries, natural material research trends, and patent status of skin care-related sunscreen. As the result of the study, the U.S. market for sunscreen is the largest one, accounting for about 21% of the world, and the Chinese market is rapidly growing. The top four major types of functional cosmetics in Korea are complex functional products, followed by wrinkle improvement, sunscreen and whitening, and both the global and domestic markets continue to grow continuously. Over the past decade, research trends in natural sunscreen materials have shown that Scutellaria baicalensis, Humulus lupulus L., licorice, Finger root, Green tea, lespedeza cuneata extracts are effective, and in addition, they are also effective in photo-aging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, whitening, and wrinkle improvement. The patent registration status is on the rise and the ingredients were secured from plants and seaweeds. As the conclusion of this research, It is expected that natural UV protection material will be able to be used as multi-functional cosmetics material by developing safe and proven natural materials in line with future global trends.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to compare and analyze plant monitoring results of 2012 and 2013 for three artificial wetlands of Binae, Sedo, and Okpo areas in Namhan river, Keum river, and Nakdong river respectively. As the results, the Binae wetland in 2013 shows the same environment with 2012, that is, Willow and Common reed were dominant and the distributed plants in the wetland were Phragmites japonica Steud, Carex dispalta Boott, and Humulus japonicus in lowland of river side. Especially, Humulus japonicus was increased in summer season and Willow was increased in lowland of 초원. In Okpo wetland, Water chestnut was appeared in 2013 which it was not in 2012. Reed distribution was reduced in 2013 comparing to 2012 but Pussy willow distribution was not changed in 2013. In Sedo wetland, Secondary grassland was artificially planted in 2013 and so the colony was changed to Chinese Lespedeza and also most of plant colony was changed to Colt's-tail. Therefore, we can know that wetted transition rather than dried transition will be occurred in the Binae wetland. However, the Okpo wetland has monotonic change and so the transition will be proceeded with long time. The Sedo wetland showed wetted and dried transitions exist together. Therefore, the wetland will be changed to Reeds, Common reed, and Willow colonies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.86-95
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop recycle revegetation methods for the restoration of the steep slopes by using fresh wood chip from construction sites. In general, the fresh wood chips can be used as soil media for the restoration works, because they can increase infiltration of rainfall and give enough porous to breathe and elongate for the root growth as well as economic value. The experiment was carried out to compare the effect of fresh wood chips from different mixing with soil, organic material and macromolecular compound which used for slope restoration works conducted by Hyunwoo green(Ltd.). The main results by monitoring for two years are summarized as follows; 1. The soil media made with low percentage of fresh wood chip covered quickly by herb plants. Especially, the soil mixture Type C (wood chip 20%) showed 80 percent ground coverage within two months after seeding. 2. The soil mixture type E (wood chip 40%) and type F (wood chip 50%) which contains more fresh wood chips than soil type C was under 30 percent ground coverage because wood plants are germinated well. If the restoration works aims at making forest, then the soil type E and F would be recommended than using soil type C. 3. Among the woody plants, Ailanthus alfissima, Pinus rigida, Pinus densiflora, and Albizzia julibrissin showed high percentage of germination rates and vigorous growth. In case of shrubs, Lespedeza cyrtobotria and Indigofera pseudo-tintoria scored high percentage of germination rates. 4. In native plants, Chrysanthemum indicum, Artemisia princeps, Lutos corniculatus and Imperata cylindrica showed high percentage of appearance. In case of introduced herbs, Coreopsis lanceolata, Coreopsis tinctoria and Oenothera oborata grew so vigorously. 5. The soil types which including fresh wood chips over 30-40 percentage showed the most diverse plant composition and the most effective germination rates and growth pattern with woody plants. 6. This works to develop recycle revegetation methods using fresh wood chips need more efforts for monitoring the exact effect of fresh wood chips as the soil media.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.63-88
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• 1990

The vegetation of Mt. Joghesan of a provincial park in Cheolanamdo was surveyed over twenty times from July, 1980 to December, 1981. The plants of Mt. Jonghesan consisted of 10 forma, 107 varieties, 597 species, 424 genera and 122 families, and among them were 204 species of esculent plants, 199 species of medicina plants and 30 species of the others oil plants and fiber plants. Evergreen herbs consisted of 12 species, including Coniogramme intermedia, Asplenium sarelii, and Asplenium incisum etc. And Evergreen broad-leaved trees consisted of 22 species, including Thea sinensis, Sasa borealis, and Quercus acuta etc. And evergreen needle-leaved trees consisted of 15 species, including Torreya nacitora, Pinus densiflora, Sciadopitys japonica, and Chamaecyparis obtusa etc. The community of broad-leaved consisted of Quercus spp, Carpinus laxiflora, Sasa borealis, including leading dominant species of Lespedeza maximowiczii, Viburnum erosum, Fraxius rhynchophylla, Viburnum dilatum, Rhus trichocarpa, Zelkova serrata, Miscanthus sinensis, Eragrostis ferrugina, Carex augustinowiczii persicaria filiforme var. neofiliforme, Vicia amoena, Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis, and Aster yomena etc. The vegetation of Seunamsa areas in Mt. Joghesan was favorable but the vegetations of the other areas in the mountain were negligible. The vegetation of Koolmokchi areas which had been much destroyed by forest fires was mostly covered with Quercus spp which are resistant to forest fires. Lindera sericea, Alangium platanifolium var. macrophyllum, Ilex macropoda, Corylopsis coreana, Albizzia julibrssin of old trees, Acer mono, the community of Thea sinensis, Stewartca koreana, Cornus alba, Dryopteris bisstiana, Asplenium incisum, Camptosorus, Lepisorus thunbergianus, gastrodia elata, Cymbidium goeringii, and the community of Persicaria filiforme var. neofiliforme etc. in Mt. Jonhesan are autochthonous flora, and their preservation is required. As the Pinus densiflora forest in Mt. Joghesan which was hewn down by human power has not been restored, Jeopchi areas and Koolmokchi areas in Mt. Joghesan have no Pinnus densiflora trees 700m above the sea level.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.134-147
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• 1979

Mt. Kyeryong(828 meters in height) is located at $36^{\circ}18^{\prime}{\sim}36^{\circ}23^{\prime}$ N.L. and $127^{\circ}10^{\prime}{\sim}127^{\circ}17^{\prime}$ E.L., and also occupies three districts: Gongju-Gun, Nonsan-Gun, Daedeok-Gun. Authors surveyed the flora of the areas ten times from May to October, 1979. Variability of floras is rather high and dominant species are such as Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Lindera erythrocarpa, Carpinus cordata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Strax japonica, Sapium japonicum, Euonymus oxyphyllus, Sorbus alnifolia, Stephanandra incisa, Weigela subsessilis, Rhododendron mutcronulatum, Lespedeza bicolor, Sasa borealis, Celastrus orbiculatus, Arundinella hirta, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascans, and so on. There are 105 families, 355 genera, 679 species. According to the use of floras, they can be classified as follows; 69 familia and 287 species for edible source, 83 familia and 227 species of medicinal, 60 familia and 253 species for forage, 44 familia and 132 species for ornamental and 12 familia and 39 species for timber source.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.69-84
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• 2003

The study was carried out to investigate the flora and community classfication of forest vegetation in Mt. Yumyeong from March. 2002 to October. 2003. As a result of that. the vascular plants were 98 families, 331 genera, 570 species, 1 subspecies, 81 varieties, 4 formae, 2 hybrid, 658 taxa in all. Korean endemic plants were 10 families, 14 genera, 13 species, 2 variaties, 1 hybrid, 16 taxa in all; rare and endangered plants were 9 families, 10 genera, 11 species, 11 taxa in all: naturalized plants were 12 families, 22 genera, 28 species, 28 taxa in all. The forest vegetation was classified into 1 order, 1 alliance, 6 communities; Rhododendro - Quercetalia mongolicae (Kim, 1990) Lindero - Quercion mongolicae (Kim, 1990) A. Carex humiljs var. nana - Pinus densiflora Community B. Oplismenus undulatifoljus - Pinus koraiensis Community C. Fraxinius rhynchophylla - Quercus mongolica Community D. Cornus controversa - Quercus mongolica Community E. Quercus variabilis - Quercus mongolica Commnuty F. Lespedeza bicolor - Quercus mongolica Community.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.3 s.107
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• pp.145-152
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• 2002

Saussurea chabyoungsanica was recorded in new species by Lim Hyoung Tak in 1997. In order to understand the entity of new species, we investigated the new distribution sites, vegetation structure and soil environmental factors. Additionally discovered distribution sites of S. chabyoungsanica were Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung, Mt. Duckhang, and Sukgaejae, which were located on ridge of the Taebaek Mountains. Those sites are typical limestone zones of Korea and among them Sukgaejae belongs to lower great limestone area and Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung and Mt. Duckhang belong to upper great limestone area. According to the result of phytosociological study, plant communities of S. chabyoungsanica were classified by 1 Community group, 4 Communities and 2 Subcommunities; Carex humilis var. nana-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community group in wide sense Quercus mongolica Community group, Lespedeza maximowiczii-Saussurea chabyounsanica Community, Galium kinuta-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Salvia chanryonica-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Zabelia coreana-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community. Environmental factor analysis of habitat showed that the distribution site of S. chabyoungsanica was ridge of North aspect and displayed pH $7{\sim}8$ typical of limestone. Soil moisture content was high, whereas organic matter content was low. Considering its high occurrence in sites of $1{\sim}10cm$ in soil depth, and of $30{\sim}45%$ in relative light intensity, major distribution sites were outcrops and boundaries between shrubland and forest. After community division by vegetation structure in habitat of S. chabyoungsanica, we investigated characters of soil environment by community. As a result of PCA analysis of soil sample by community, it was possible to divide community by characters of soil environmental factor. The cumulative value of contribution rate represented in second dimension space was 73% and the major factors for that value were soil texture, organic matter content and field capacity.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.3 s.107
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• pp.153-161
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• 2002

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation of the Mt. Naeyeon with phytosociological analysis of ZM school and to explain ordination of communities with CCA. The research sites were located between the northern part of Pohang-si area and the southern part of Yeongdeok-gun area. The 70 plots consisted of 253 species were investigated. The forest vegetation was classified into Quercus mongolica community, Q. variabilis community, Pinus densiflora community, Carpinus laxiflora community and Zelkova serrata community. Q. mongolica community was divided into 2 groups such as Rhododendron schlippenbachii group and Euonymus oxyphyllus group and Q. variabilis community was divided into 3 groups such as Syneilesis palmata group, Lespedeza$\times$tomentilia group and Tilia mandshurica group, and Z. serrata community was divided into 2 groups such as Carpinus cordata group and Diospyros lotus group. According to the results of CCA ordination, Q. mongolica community showed high positive correlation to altitude and topography, whereas it showed negative correlation to bare rock. But Z. serrata community showed the opposite tendency to Q. mongolica community, Altitude was considered as the most important factor among 5 environmental variables in the correlation with axes.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.550-554
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to screen the testosterone-like activities of eight oriental medicines with an in vitro testosterone compound detection (TCD) system. Distilled water and 80% ethanol, both at 80℃, were used to obtain extracts from Cervus nippon temminck (Nokgaksang), Cynanchum wilfordii (Baeksuo), Lespedeza cuneata (Yagwanmun), Panax ginseng (Hongsam), Smilax china (Toryeong), Taraxacum platycarpum (Mindlre), Tribulus terresteis (Namgase), and Trigonella foenum-graecum (Horopa), and extracts at concentrations of 5, 50, and 500 ㎍/ml were assessed using the TCD system. The testosterone-like activities of the 80% ethanol extracts were seen to increase with concentration and ranged from 0.9 to 5.0 times higher than those of the negative control; Horopa and Yagwanmun exhibited superior testosterone-like activities, followed by Mindlre and Hongsam at the same concentration. Toryeong and Namgase, on the other hand, showed low activity with Nokgaksang and Baeksuo exhibiting very low levels. Compared with the activities of the positive control (5α-DHT), the 80% ethanol extracts of Horopa and Yagwanmun at a concentration of 500 ㎍/ml showed higher testosterone-like activities than 10^-8 M 5α-DHT. The water extracts showed lower activity levels than the ethanol samples, and the change of activity with concentration was also lower. It was confirmed that the 80% ethanol extracts of Horopa, Yagwanmun, and Mindlre etc. enhance the transcription efficiency of testosterone-related genes and may therefore be useful in developing health food or medicinal treatments for the improvement of male menopausal symptoms.