• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2013

Helical Tomotherapy is an innovative means of delivering intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using a device that merges features of a linear accelerator and helical computed tomography (CT) scanner. Hereat, during helical tomotherapy process, megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) image are usually used for guiding the precise set-up of patient before/after treatment delivery. But which would certainly increase the total dose for patients, this study was to investigate the imaging dose of MVCT using the cylindrical "Cheese" phantom on a tomotherapy machine. A set of cylindrical "Cheese" phantom was adopted for scanning with respectively pitch value (1, 2, 3 mm) with same number slice (10 slice), same length (approximately 9 cm) and phantom set-ups on the couch of tomotherapy system. The average MVCT imaging dose were measured using A1SL ion chamber inserted in the phantom with preset geometry. The MVCT scanning average dose for the cylindrical "Cheese" phantom was 2.24 cGy, 1.02 cGy, 0.81 cGy during respectively pitch value (pitch 1, 2, 3 mm) with same number slice (10 slice), and same length's average dose was 2.47 cGy, 1.28 cGy, 0.88 cGy respectively (pitch 1, 2, 3 mm). Two major parameters, the assigned pitch numbers and scanning length, where the most important impacts to the dose variation. The MVCT dose was inversely proportional to the CT pitch value. The results may provide a reliable guidance for proper planning design of the scanning region, which is valuable to help minimize the extra dose to patient. Questionnaires were distributed to Radiology departments at hospitals with 300 sickbeds throughout the Pohang region of North Gyeongsang Province concerning awareness and performance levels of infection control. The investigation included measurements of the pollution levels of imaging equipment and assistive apparatuses in order to prepare a plan for the activation of prevention and management of hospital infections. The survey was designed to question respondents in regards to personal data, infection management prevention education, and infection management guidelines.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.555-559
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• 2012

Manures contain a variety of pathogenic microorganisms that pose a risk to human or animal. On-farm contaminations through contaminated manure were considered likely sources of the pathogen for several outbreak. Pathogenic microorganisms may survive in low numbers during the composting process and subsequently regrow to high levels under favorable conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of temperature on survival of Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus in livestock manure compost. Commercial livestock manure compost (manure 60%, sawdust 40%) was inoculated with S. enterica and S. aureus. Compost was incubated at four different temperatures (10, 25, 35, and $55^{\circ}C$) for 20 weeks. Samples were taken every week during incubation depending on the given conditions. S. enterica persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$, over 140 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 140 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 70 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. S. aureus persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$ and 90 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 70 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 40 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results indicate that S. enterica and S. aureus persisted longer under low temperature condition. S. enterica survived longer than S. aureus at three different temperatures (10, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$). This study will provide useful and practical guidelines to applicators of soil in deciding appropriate handling and time frames for land application of livestock manure compost for sustainable agriculture. Results from these studies provide useful information in identifying manure handling practices to reduce the risk of S. enterica and S. aureus transmission to fresh produce.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.78-91
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• 2018

In order to understand the distributions of organic matter and heavy metal concentrations in the surface sediment of Jaran Bay, we measured the grain size, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in surface sediments collected at 15 stations in this bay in November 2014. The sediment consisted of finer sediment such as mud and clay, with 8.6-9.8Ø($9.3{\pm}0.3$Ø) of mean grain size. The concentrations of TOC and TN in the sediment ranged from 1.51-2.39 % ($1.74{\pm}0.22%$) and 0.20-0.33 % ($0.23{\pm}0.03%$), respectively, and did not show spatial difference. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) ranged from 5-10, indicating that organic matter in the sediment originated from oceanic sources such as animal by-products from fish and shellfish farms. The concentrations of Cr, Fe, and Mn were much higher in the mouth of the bay than in the inner bay, and the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn showed an opposite distribution pattern. Based on the results of the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$), pollutant load index (PLI), and ecological risk index (ERI), the surface sediment in Jaran Bay is not polluted or only slightly polluted with Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, whereas it is moderately to strongly polluted with As. In particular, some regions in the bay were identified as having a considerable risk status, indicating that metal concentration in the sediment could impact benthic organisms. Thus, the systematic management for marine and land sources of organic matter and heavy metals around Jaran Bay is necessary in order to ensure seafood safety and maintain sustainable production on shellfish farms.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2012

Purpose: The change of alignment between RGP lens and cornea according to the lens design was investigated by comparing the areas of fluorescein pattern in central and peripheral regions analyzed by astigmatic degree and corneal type when spherical and aspherical RGP lenses fitted in alignment. Methods: The fluorescein patterns of 90 eyes (19-30 years, $25.12{\pm}3.52$) having with-the-rule astigmatism were analyzed after spherical and aspherical RGP lenses fitted in alignment. Then, their fluorescent areas in central and peripheral regions were calculated and compared for the quantitative evaluation. Results: The case showing concordant base curve between spherical and aspherical RGP lenses in alignment fitting was 72% however, the possibility to have same base curves between spherical and aspherical RGP lenses in alignment fitting was to be less in the case of symmetric bowtietyped cornea and high astigmatism. The fluorescent area in peripheral region of aspherical RGP lens in alignment fitting was smaller than it of spherical RGP lens. Peripheral fluorescent areas in both RGP lenses decreased according to the increase of astigmatic degree and peripheral area in symmetric bowtie-typed corea was smaller than round-typed cornea's peripheral area. In the case of same astigmatic degree, peripheral fluorescent area of aspherical RGP lens was smaller in both corneal types. Conclusions: The results above suggest the changing degree in the alignment between RGP lens and cornea can be varied according to lens design, corneal astigmatism and corneal type. Thus, the results obtained from the quantitative analysis of the alignment between lens design and cornea may be used as the basic information about the establishment of guidelines for RGP lens fitting, the development of proper lens design, and different tear volume in partial regions.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of isoprothiolane, diazinon, butachlor, dimethametryn and molinate in Selenastrum capriconurtum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Chlorella vufgaris and Nitzschia palea during an exposure period of 72 hours. The study was carried out in according with the OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No 201 Alga, Growth Inhibition Test. The toxicological responses of isoprothiolane to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea expressed as in individual $ErC_{50}$ (Median Effective Concentration by growth rate) value, were 5.87, 9.91, $18.55 and 38.79\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Diazinone to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and palea expressed as in individual $ErC_{50}$ value, were 10.31, 11.44, >32 and $14.32\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Butachlor to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. plaea expressed as in individual $ErC_{50}$ value, were 0.002, 0.019, 8.67 and $4.94\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Dimethamelryn to S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea expressed as in individual $ErC_{50}$ value, were 0.0071, 0.011, 0.0065 and $0.009\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Molinate to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea expressed as in individual $ErC_{50}$ value, were 0.44, 1.26, 48.84 and $28.52\;mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The sensitivities of five pesticides were different depending on freshwater alga in the order of S. capriconutum > S. subspicatus > C. vulgaris, N. palea. Highly significant correlation (r=0.9677) based on $ErC_{50}$ were found between S. capriconutum and S. subspicatus.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2012

Purpose: Golf is a popular sports activity after total knee arthroplasty in old age patients. We evaluated golf and implant loosening through the radiologic method. We also evaluated correlation of patterns of golf activity and clinical outcome to suggest guidelines to the patients. Materials and Methods: We carried out a retrospective case-control study of 80 patients (80 knees) who underwent TKR between 2005 and 2008, and followed up more than 3 years. We divided patients who played golf after TKR as a study group and who did not participate sports activities as a control group. We calculated the sum of width of radiolucent line in 7 sections around femoral component, 7 sections around tibial components and 5 sections in patella component using American Knee Society Roentgenographic Evaluation and Scoring system respectively. The inclusion criteria, was BMI (body mass index) was between 25 and $30kg/m^2$, and UCLA activity-level rating System score was between 5 and 8. We also got the information of patients' patterns of golf activities such as 1. the interval from surgery to return to golf activity. 2. the frequency of golf activities 3. using spike or cart. We obtained the information from patient's questionnaire and telephone interview. We compared with the VAS (visual analogue scale) respectively. And handicaps and driving distance was evaluated as well. Results: The study group's mean sum of radiologic score was 0.84 mm and 0.69 mm in control group. This is not statistically significant (p=0.22). Too early returning to golf (p=0.01) and left knee replacement (p<0.01) were statistically significant factors affecting clinical outcomes of golf activities after total knee arthroplasty. Conclusion: We concluded that golf activities after total knee arthroplasty is not correlated with radiographic loosening, and we need to give an explanation to the patients about increased pain when returing to golf too early and left side arthroplasties.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.289-306
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• 2001

This paper seeks to know a out the 'University and College Archives', which are to be established under the provision of 'the Law on the Management of the Institutions', and briefly mention the relation with the library, looking into the concept and backgrounds of archives. The enactment of the law became the ground to establish but there is no practical guidelines on the structure, formation, management, and contents of archives, even worse, people do not know well what the archives is. Therefore, I think so know about academic archives should start understanding basic concept, meaning, and necessities of the archives. In Europe, university archives have been established from 1830s, after the other archives had been established. In America, universities, which had been grown owe to the rapid economic development and the increasing of high educated people, began to establish their archives as a way to invest to improve their being and promote continuing growth. This is to prove their being and value in the society by collecting and preserving records and documents produced in the development of universities. Therefore, university archives can be said that it is the receiving agency for the producers of the university records, researching functional purpose, contents of university records, and relation with other institutions or records. This is the very difference from university libraries as collecting agencies. Nevertheless, university libraries and archives can help each other to activate their functions and improve their positions in universities through cooperating for the policy of digital records preserving and approaching them because the tendency of informationization forces universities to stand on various information resources to serve for routine university works. Each institutions of universities needs archival records due to various reasons. It is especially necessary to preserve and manage archival records to prove the confidence of records.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.151-162
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to uncover the standard and procedure of the review for the online game to export to China and try to find a plan how to solve a problem such as regulation for the online game imported into China depending on a protective policy for homemade game. The literatures related to the policy of China online game industry and the present condition of the wholistic restriction are reviewed and the standard and procedure of the review of China online game which is veiled was able to find definitely by using the case study on Korean company which was a great success as localization in China. As a result of this study, we found that the key factor on the review standard of China online game is the anti-social personality, such as 'the overthrow of Chinese socialist system', 'the territorial issue as the eviction of Hong Kong or the acknowledgment of Taiwan government', 'independence problem of the minorities', and 'damage to property as national treasure', et cetera. While the review of the homemade game in China takes about a month through just two steps in review process on online game, that of foreign game is required over at least three months through four steps in it. Moreover, it is difficult for foreign games to obtain the license due to total amount regulation for online game by 'General Administration of Press and Publication of the People's the Republic of China'. In the case of the joint-venture company, it is most important to the smooth communication between Korean company and Chinese company in order to overcome these strong regulation for online game review in China. Furthermore, as Chinese company in outward appearance it is need to be positioned absolutely in Chinese marketplace. The definite positioning strategy enables foreign companies to avoid the strong regulation about the foreign game in China. To understand, finally, deeply politics, society, and culture presented in Chinese ethics textbook permits the foreign companies to predict the exact standard of the review for online game. Therefore, this study is concluded with key implications to sustain guidelines on the deliberation for foreign companies which want to export online game to China to improve the predictability and accountableness about the review of the online game in China.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.89-117
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• 2018

The Korean companies are intensifying competition with not only domestic companies but also foreign companies in globalization. In this environment, it is essential activities not only for large companies but also Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to get and develop the core competency. Particularly, SMEs that are inferior to resources of various aspects, such as financial resources etc., can make innovation through effective R&D investment. And then, SMEs can occupy a competency and can be survive at the environment. Conventionally, the method of "self-development" by using only the internal resources of the company has been dominant. Recently, however, R&D method through cooperation, also called "Open Innovation", is emerging. Especially SMEs are relatively short of available internal resources. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize technology and resources through cooperation with external companies(such as joint development or contract development etc.) rather than self-development R&D. In this context, we confirmed the effect of SMEs' factors on sales in Korea. Specifically, the factors that SMEs hold are classified as 'Technical characteristic', 'Company competency', and 'R&D activity' and analyzed how they influence the sales achieved as a result of R&D. The analysis was based on a two-year statistical survey conducted by the Korean government. In addition, we confirmed the influence of the factors on the sales according to the R&D method(Self-Development vs. Open Innovation), and also observed the influence change in 29 industrial categories. The results of the study are summarized as follows: First, regression analysis shows that twelve factors of SMEs have a significant effect on sales. Specifically, 15 factors included in the analysis, 12 factors excluding 3 factors were found to have significant influence. In the technical characteristic, 'imitation period' and 'product life cycle' of the technology were confirmed. In the company competency, 'R&D led person', 'researcher number', 'intellectual property registration status', 'number of R&D attempts', and 'ratio of success to trial' were confirmed. The R&D activity was found to have a significant impact on all included factors. Second, the influence of factors on the R&D method was confirmed, and the change was confirmed in four factors. In addition, these factors were found that have different effects on sales according to the R&D method. Specifically, 'researcher number', 'number of R&D attempts', 'performance compensation system', and 'R&D investment' were found to have significant moderate effects. In other words, the moderating effect of open innovation was confirmed for four factors. Third, on the industrial classification, it is confirmed that different factors have a significant influence on each industrial classification. At this point, it was confirmed that at least one factor, up to nine factors had a significant effect on the sales according to the industrial classification. Furthermore, different moderate effects have been confirmed in the industrial classification and R&D method. In the moderate effect, up to eight significant moderate effects were confirmed according to the industrial classification. In particular, 'R&D investment' and 'performance compensation system' were confirmed to be the most common moderating effect by each 12 times and 11 times in all industrial classification. This study provides the following suggestions: First, it is necessary for SMEs to determine the R&D method in consideration of the characteristics of the technology to be R&D as well as the enterprise competency and the R&D activity. In addition, there is a need to identify and concentrate on the factors that increase sales in R&D decisions, which are mainly affected by the industry classification to which the company belongs. Second, governments that support SMEs' R&D need to provide guidelines that are fit to their situation. It is necessary to differentiate the support for the company considering various factors such as technology and R&D purpose for their effective budget execution. Finally, based on the results of this study, we urge the need to reconsider the effectiveness of existing SME support policies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.16-24
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• 2015

This study quantified storage and annual uptake of carbon for riparian greenspaces established in watersheds of four major rivers in South Korea and explored desirable strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces. Greenspace structure and planting technique in the 40 study sites sampled were represented by single-layered planting of small trees in low density, with stem diameter at breast height of $6.9{\pm}0.2cm$ and planting density of $10.4{\pm}0.8trees/100m^2$ on average. Storage and annual uptake of carbon per unit area by planted trees averaged $8.2{\pm}0.5t/ha$ and $1.7{\pm}0.1t/ha/yr$, respectively, increasing as planting density got higher. Mean organic matter and carbon storage in soils were $1.4{\pm}0.1%$ and $26.4{\pm}1.5t/ha$, respectively. Planted trees and soils per ha stored the amount of carbon emitted from gasoline consumption of about 61 kL, and the trees per ha annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of about 3 kL. These carbon reduction effects are associated with tree growth over five years to fewer than 10 years after planting, and predicted to become much greater as the planted trees grow. This study simulated changes in annual carbon uptake by tree growth over future 30 years for typical planting models selected as different from the planting technique in the study sites. The simulation revealed that cumulative annual carbon uptake for a multilayered and grouped ecological planting model with both larger tree size and higher planting density was approximately 1.9 times greater 10 years after planting and 1.5 times greater 30 years after than that in the study sites. Strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces suggest multilayered and grouped planting mixed with relatively large trees, middle/high density planting of native species mixed with fast-growing trees, and securing the soil environment favorable for normal growth of planting tree species. The research findings are expected to be useful as practical guidelines to improve the role of a carbon uptake source, in addition to water quality conservation and wildlife inhabitation, in implementing riparian greenspace projects under the beginning stage.