• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.517-526
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• 2019

Background: The root of Panax ginseng, a member of Araliaceae family, has been used as herbal medicine and functional food in Asia for thousands of years. According to Traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng is the most widely used "Qi-invigorating" herbs, which provides tonic and preventive effects by resisting oxidative stress, influencing energy metabolism, and improving mitochondrial function. Very few reports have systematically measured cell mitochondrial bioenergetics after ginseng treatment. Methods: Here, H9C2 cell line, a rat cardiomyoblast, was treated with ginseng extracts having extracted using solvents of different polarity, i.e., water, 50% ethanol, and 90% ethanol, and subsequently, the oxygen consumption rate in healthy and tert-butyl hydroperoxideetreated live cultures was determined by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer. Results: The 90% ethanol extracts of ginseng possessed the strongest antioxidative and tonic activities to mitochondrial respiration and therefore provided the best protective effects to H9C2 cardiomyocytes. By increasing the spare respiratory capacity of stressed H9C2 cells up to three-folds of that of healthy cells, the 90% ethanol extracts of ginseng greatly improved the tolerance of myocardial cells to oxidative damage. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the low polarity extracts of ginseng could be the best extract, as compared with others, in regulating the oxygen consumption rate of cultured cardiomyocytes during mitochondrial respiration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 1982

This studies were conducted to investigate the effect of extraction and evaporating conditions on the free sugar in ginseng extracts. Raw ginseng roots were extracted with water or various concentration of water-ethanol solutions. Then the extracts were evaporated by boiling or vacuum evaporated at 50 $^{\circ}C$ and 70 $^{\circ}C$. The results are as follows Sucrose and maltose contents were 7.95% and 12.8% in water extracts and 19.96%, 0.34-0.93% in 90% ethanol extracts, respectively. On the otherhand, glucose and fructose contents were not affected by the solvents. Evaporating conditions, such as temperature, were rarely effected to the sugar contents.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 1981

This study was aimed at elucidating the composition and color in ginseng extracts during the processing and the long periods of the storage. The types of sugar were determined by using HPLC. In the model study with the fresh ginseng extracts stored at the elevated temperatures between 70-100$^{\circ}C$ for 24-96 hrs, it was shown an overall increase in the concentration of fructose and the overall reduction in the concentrations of sucrose and maltose with increase in the storage temperature and time. The concentration of glucose increased for 24 hrs of storage at all temperatures studied and then decreased with the storage time. Rhamnose in the extracts stored at 80$^{\circ}C$ for 72 hrs was identified and its concentration was increased at the higher storage temperature. The reduction of the concentrations of sugars related to the development of brown color during the processing and the storage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.72-87
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• 1980

Red ginseng tails were extracted with ethanol solutions over a range of concentrations and temperature conditions. Investigations were carried out to study the effects of treatments on yields, soluble solids, saponin and precipitate occured in red ginseng extract beverage during storage. It was found that: (1) Higher concentration of ethanol at low temperature resulted in less yield of crude extract (2) The amount of precipitate in the non-purified extract beverage were less with decrease in ethanol concentration used (3) The treatment for purification of extracts and storage of purified extract at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 6 months had no effect on HPLC chromatogram pattern of saponins (4) The amount of purified extract decreased by purification treatment and more decrease was found as the temperature and concentration of ethanol increased. For Preparation of red ginseng extract beverage, the treatment of extracts with ethanol at low temperature was found to be more effective to minimize precipitation in tile beverage.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.370-381
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• 2018

Background: To enhance the taste and physiological characteristics of Lycii fructus (Gugija) extracts, we investigated the changes in the physiological characteristics of Gugija extracts caused by adding white ginseng (WG) and red ginseng (RG) Methods and Results: Gugija extracts, including 10G10, 10GW-G8 : 2, -G6 : 4, -G4 : 6, -G2 : 8, and -G0 (mixtures made by replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of Gugija with WG), as well as 10G10, 10GR-G8 : 2, -G6 : 4, -G4 : 6, -G2 : 8, and -G0 (mixture made by replacing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of Gugija with RG) were extracted with water at 10 times the respective mixture's volume. The antioxidant activities of Gugija extracts were investigated by assessing their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) activity, nitrite scavenging activity, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. As the amount of WG added increased, the DPPH, and, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP activity of the Gugija extract decreased. The half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) value of 10G10, 10GW-G6 : 4, 10GR-G6 : 4, and 10GR-G0 for DPPH radical scavenging activity were $25.50{\pm}1.04$, $52.06{\pm}1.46$, $16.87{\pm}1.24$, and $9.50{\pm}0.16{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$, respectively. On the other hand, the physiological activity of Gugija extract increased with the addition of increasing amounts of RG. However, ACE inhibitory activity was the highest ($50.25{\pm}2.58%$) in the Gugija 10-fold extract without any added RG. Conclusions: From the above results, we suggest that adding RG to Gugija extracts increase their antioxidant, FRAP, and nitrite scavenging activities.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 1980

In order to study the effect of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) components on acetic acid fermentation, ginseng extracts, sucrose, total can de saponins were added to the basal niedium respectively and surface culture was carried out at 30$^{\circ}C$. Lag ime, total acidity of the fermentation broth inhibitors and the degrees of inhibition were determined in tile course of fermentation . 1. Acetic acid fermentation was not inhibited by the addition of less than 1.93% of sucrose but the degree of inhibition was increased slightly by the addition of sucrose more than that. 2. Ginseng extract inhibited acetic acid fermentation slightly, and the degree of inhibition was similar to that of sucrose. Lag time was about 72 hours when a 20% of ginseng extract was added to the basal medium while that of the control was 22hours. 3. The free saponins inhibited acetic acid fermentation considerably, and the degree of inhibition of the saponins was about 400 folds of that of ginseng extracts. An increase of total acidity of the broth which contained 2.905% of the saponins was not observed even after one month. 4. It was presumed that some other components except saponins and sucrose in ginseng extracts counter the inbition effect of saponins on acetic acid fermentation

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 1998

For the search of new antineoplastic agents from natural resources, two hudred and one kinds of oriental medicinal drugs were extracted with petroleum ether/ether(1:1), ethyl acetate and methyl alcohol, successively and their cytotoxicities were evaluated against A549 (human lung carcinoma) and SK-OV-3 (human ovary adenocarcinoma) cell lines. Among them, thirty kinds of ether extracts, forty-one kinds of ethyl acetate extracts and nine kinds of methanol extracts showed significant cytotoxic activities (above 70% inhibition) against A549 cell lines at a concentration of $40\;{\mu}g/ml$. And also, twenty-four kinds of ether extracts, thirty-one kinds of ethyl acetate extracts and six kinds of methanol extracts showed significant cytotoxic activities against SK-OV-3 cell lines at the same concentration.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2019

During tumor progression various immunosuppressive cells are recruited to a tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are particularly abundant in TME. Based on their function, macrophages are categorized into two phenotypes: tumoricidal M1 and tumor-supportive M2. Generally, TAMs closely resemble M2-macrophages and lead to tumor growth. However, their phenotype can be changed by immune activator from M2 to M1 and thus promote tumor immunotherapy. Ginseng extracts are well known for its anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects from numerous reported studies. However, the mechanism of their effects is still not clear. Recently, some studies suggested that ginseng extracts induced immune activation as well as anti-tumor activities by a repolarization of activated macrophage from M2 phenotype to M1 phenotype. But, further verification about the mechanism as to how ginseng extracts can stimulate the immune response is still needed. In this study, we investigated whether ginseng extracts can alter the phenotype from M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages in mice by using a radiolabeled liposome. And we also evaluated the potential of radiolabeled liposome as a nuclear imaging agent to monitor the transition of phenotype of TAMs. In conclusion, the ginseng extracts seem to change the phenotype of macrophages from M2 to M1 like as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.324-328
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• 2008

One hundred-eighty extracts of soil collected from ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) fields were subjected to lettuce germination test, electrolyte leakage, cell viability and antioxidant enzyme activity test. Regardless of various cultivation periods, there was no significant difference in soil pH, the content of organic matter and available phosphate in ginseng fields. Based on lettuce seed germination test, six soil extracts showing inhibition of germination and/or seedling growth were selected for further study. Selected soil extracts markedly inhibited cell viability of ginseng cultured cells but leakage of electrolytes were not affected by the treatment. Enzyme activity of superoxide dimutase in ginseng cultured cells was not affected by the treatment with the soil extracts. However, those of peroxidase and catalase were significantly inhibited by the treatment with soil extracts which showed inhibition of lettuce seed germination and seedling growth.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.133-134
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• 1983

Some metallic ions such as copper, manganese, iron, zinc and cadmium in ginseng extract, originated from white ginseng, were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The extracts were prepared with water, 35% ethanol, 50% ethanol or 75% ethanol solution followed by filtration or centrifugation. Greater amounts of metallic ions were found in the solution filtrated by filter paper (Toyo No. 5A) or by filter cloth than in that of centrifugation. The residual amount of metallic ions in the extract decreased with increasing concentration of ethanol. The percentages of each metallic ion in ginseng extracts on the basis of original amount of metallic ions were as follows: Cu, 10.4-31.9%, Fe,5.1-19.0%, Mn,3.0-12.2% Zn,7.4-12.0%, Cd,5.9-11.8%.