• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2020

The study of the modern age period folk house is still insufficient in the Korean folk house study. The study subject had a tendency towards mainly on the plan in the field of the traditional folk house which had been studied relatively lively. We were going to grasp the formation and the actual situation of the folk house in this paper targeting at Yeosu city where the folk houses were left relatively a lot. Specifically, we examined it how the composition and dimensions of timber framework changed according to period. The division of period from before 1910 to the 1960s classified it at 4 periods on the basis of the sociocultural change. However, as a result of investigation analysis, the change of the composition and dimensions of timber framework was classified at 3 periods not 4 periods. The division of 3 periods is "traditional era", "modern age 1", and "modern age 2" not "traditional era", "modern age", and "contemporary age". The folk house group came as a common name for folk house without doing the division of period until now. There is a meaning in that this paper subdivided the period of the folk house group by the change of the timber framework technology. The timber framework is the effective index to investigate the actual condition because the change is difficult after building. Therefore, we examined it including the dimensions as well as the composition of timber framework in this paper comprehensively and systematically.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.47-62
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain the formation and character of presbyterian missionary architecture in Andong area from 1900 to 1945, which we may call "the modem architecture of Korea". I have surveyed and analyzed the 26 buildings. and so, the major findings of this study are as follows. Firstly, the phase of building is 1) buy the existing Korean traditional building and lot-a thatch roofed house. 2) modify the existing Korean traditional building-a thatch and tile roofed hose. 3) build the Korean style building-a thatch and tile roofed building. 4) build the Western style Building-a timber structured and zinc roofed building. 5) build the Western style Building- a masonry structured and zinc(or tile)roofed building. Secondly, the character of building is 1) In the Korean traditional building, the missionaries change the function for their purpose-office, church, school, hospital. they modify the existing Korean timber frame construction by introducing the material-brick, plaster, glass, Japanese style timber etc .. they live in the Korean existing residential area. 2) In the Western style building, the missionaries build the house according to their life style. they build the timber structured building-church, and the masonry (brick or stone)structured building such as a house, church, school and dormitory, and hospital. their building located on the hill depart from the existing Korean residential area.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.148-154
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• 2013

Han-ok (the Korean traditional house) is famous for its beauty and healthful aspects. However, its construction cost is too high because of the manual process of parts such as rafter, timber, etc. These days, many people want to build a modernized Korean traditional house at a low cost. In order to do so, the rafter machining process is required to be automatized using a CNC machine. It is also observed that, generally the timber does not have a uniform shape. Therefore, it is also needed to examine the timber shape before starting its processing. This paper presents the concept design of the rafter processing CNC machine, and a 3D laser scanning system. The laser scanner is developed to acquire 3D details of the timber shape. Furthermore, the results of simulated experiments are presented to investigate surface roughness during the machining process of the timber. Since cutting parameters largely influence on surface roughness and cusps formation, it is needed to achieve optimal machining parameters. Several experiments were carried out changing cutting parameters such as cutting tool diameter, feed-rate, and spindle speed.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.89-100
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• 2014

Energy consumption statistics in 2005 from the Korea Energy Management Corporation show that building energy usage was about 24.2% of total domestic energy consumption, and 64% of total building energy usage was consumed by residential buildings. Thus, about 10% of total domestic energy consumption is due to the heating of residential buildings. Building energy can be calculated by the configuration of the building envelope and the rate of infiltration (the volume of the infiltration of outdoor air and the leakage of indoor air), and by doing so, the annual energy usage for heating and cooling. Therefore, air-tightness is an important factor in building energy conservation. This investigate air infiltration and various factors that decrease it in timber frame buildings and suggest ways to improve air-tightness for several structural types. Timber frame buildings can be classified into light frame, post and beam, and log house. Post and beam includes Han-ok (a Korean traditional building). Six light frame buildings, three post and beam buildings, one Korean traditional Han-ok and a log house were selected as specimens. Blower door tests were performed following ASTM E779-03. The light frame buildings showed the highest air-tightness, followed by post and beam structures, and last, log houses.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.876-883
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• 2015

국립산림과학원에서는 한옥의 전통건축기술을 바탕으로 한국형 기둥-보 목조주택인 ?그린 프로젝트를 2006년부터 진행해오고 있다. 최근에는 에너지 절약 기술요소를 적용하여 건물의 에너지성능을 개선하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 강화된 단열기준에 따른 기둥-보 목조벽체의 단열상세를 제시하고 그에 따른 건물 에너지 절감 효과를 평가하고자 하였다. 건물외피의 열관류율은 현행법 수준과 저에너지주택인 패시브하우스 수준인 두 단계로 나누었으며 건물에너지 성능을 평가하기 위하여 건물의 기밀성능은 국내 신축 목조주택 수준인 $3.0h^{-1}$과 패시브하우스 수준이 $0.6h^{-1}$ 두 단계로 나누어 열관류율과 기밀성능의 조합에 따라 4가지 경우에 대한 건물에너지 성능 평가가 이루어졌다. 대상건물은 서울에 위치하였으며 에너지 성능은 상용 건물에너지성능 평가 프로그램인 CE3가 사용되었다. 강화된 열관류율에 따라 시뮬레이션을 진행한 결과 연간 난방에너지 요구량은 $14kWh/(m^2{\cdot}a)$ 절감효과를 나타냈다.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2010

Modernization of cities and housing in Malaysia is a reflection of the history of the establishment of colonial trading ports for worldwide maritime trade and exchange. In cosmopolitan cities, new housing typology appeared from the influence of various ethnic immigrants and with the fusion of traditional Malay housing characteristics. This study is to focus on classifying the housing typologies of Malaysia which were formed through the modernization process of cities. The typologies of modern housing in Malaysia can be classified into two categories. The first category is the 'transformation of traditional housing'. The representative typology of this group is the ubiquitous shophouse. The shophouse was originally brought in by the Chinese immigrants from the south coast of China and transformed into the Malaysian urbanscape. The other typology is a detached-house known as the bungalo, which was the housing style combining the Malay traditional timber house and European palazzo. The second category is the 'modern urban housing typology'. Modern urbanization after the independence from the British in 1957 required the maximum utilization of land. To accommodate new social and economic needs, the new typologies were developed in the form of medium-density terrace houses (row houses) and high-density apartment. In the suburban areas, the British terrace house was adopted and developed into unique Malaysian terrace house and semi-detached house based on the British system of land sub division. In premium area of the city, luxurious housing type in the form of high-end condominium is one of the popular housing for upper middle-class and high-class society.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.123-133
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• 2013

This paper presents experimental and numerical tests on a recently developed timber column concealed base joint. This joint was designed to replace the wood-wood connection found in the post-and-beam structure of Hanok, the traditional Korean timber house. The use of metallic connectors provides an increased ductility and energy dissipation for a better performance under reversed loading, especially seismic. In this study, we investigate the performance of the joint under pseudo-static reversed cyclic moment loading through the study of its ductility and energy dissipation. We first perform experimental tests. Results show that the failure occurs in the metallic connector itself because of stress concentrations, while no brittle fracture of wood occur. Subsequent numerical simulations using a refined finite element model confirm these conclusions. Then, using a practical modification of the joint configuration with limited visual impact, we improve the ductility and energy dissipation of the joint while retaining a same level of rotational strength as the originally designed configuration. We conclude that the joint has a satisfying behavior under reversed moment loading for use in earthquake resistant timber structure in low to moderate seismicity areas like Korea.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.444-451
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• 2013

In this paper, experimental results were presented on the moment resistance of a concealed timber post base joint aimed at replacing in a modern design introduced lately the wood to wood joints used in the traditional Korean timber house - Hanok. Preliminary results showed that the original configuration of the joint offers a limited moment resistance and a low ductility and energy dissipation. In an attempt to mitigate those limitations without undergoing major changes in the connector, three new configurations were proposed and investigated. Motivated by the wish to prevent the early failure in welds, a first approach consists in directly bolting the connector's upper plate to lower the stress on the weak welds. Alternatively, another approach focused on increasing the strength of these welds by extending their length to the full width of the metal wings. Finally, a third configuration investigated the effect of those two approaches combined. In conclusion, reinforcing the welds found out to be the best option among the presented ones. As a result, this connector considered to show proper ability for use in earthquake-resistant structures with suited lateral-resistant structural elements.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.7-22
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• 2002

Architectural style is said to be product reflecting political, social and cultural condition. Especially, in colony, architectural style is strongly related to political condition or policy. After colonization in 1910, public buildings with western historical architectural style in Japanese version were widely built by Japanese colonial government in Korea. And in the late 1920s, modernism style in architecture became dominant in Korea as like other countries. In this situation, curious buildings in strange architectural styles came out. One example is railroad station buildings with traditional Korean architectural style and timber house station having a steep roof which is widely used in North Europe such as Alps area with good sights and mountains. Generally, the colonizer says that colonization is the only way to save the colony at crisis defined by colonizer and they insist that they can help the colony modernize. To justify colonization, the colonizer attributes the colonization to the characteristics of the nation and stagnation of the traditional culture etc.. Accordingly, the colonizer tries to depreciate colony's traditional value and culture. In case of colony which has similar cultural background historically (in this case, economical exploitation is less important than other Asian colony by European power), this depreciation of traditional value and culture in Korea was done more strongly than others. At this time, we should understand special relation between Korea and Japan historically. Even though, colony's locality is adopted by the colonizer in public fields, which is based on political purpose or exotic taste etc.. In early days of Japanese ruling period, Japan never use the Korean traditional facts in public. Therefore there is no use of Korean traditional architectural style in public field. In late 1920s, some railroad station buildings were constructed in new styles without precedence in modern Korea. One is railroad station buildings in Korean traditional architectural style, the other is railroad station buildings in timber house stations having a steep roof which is different form western historical architectural style. It was mystery that Japan had constructed railroad stations in Korean traditional style which Japan had tried to destroy together with Western style railroad station buildings. This paper is made to solve the mystery why the colonizer(Japan) constructed entirely different types of railroad stations at the same time in the late 1920s and 1930s. The key point to solve this mystery is tourism. In this paper, to solve this mystery, I try to use terminology' 'Colonial Tourism' in architecture why colonial power had constructed railroad stations with colony's traditional architectural style and Western style having a steep roof which can be seen north European region.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2008년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.151-155
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• 2008

Modernization of cities and housing in Malaysia is the history of the establishment of international trading ports due to worldwide maritime trade and exchange. In cosmopolitan cities, new housing typology appeared from the influence of various ethnic immigrants and with the fusion of traditional Malaysian housing characteristics. This study is focus on classifying the representative housing typology of Malaysia produced through the Modernizaiton of cities. Through reference review and field study, Malaysian Modern housing can be classified into 2 categories. The first one is the transformation of traditional housing. Representative typology is shophouse. Shophouses were imported from the South Coast of China and transformed into Malaysian urban housing. And the other typology is bugalow. Bugalow is the result of the fusion of traditional timber house and Western palazzo. Secondly is urban housing typology. Modern urbanization required maximum utilization of land and new typologies in the form of multi-story apartments, flats and terrace house were developed to accomodate new needs. In the sub-urban areas, the English terrace houses typology was adopted which is based on the British system of land sub-division. And nowdays luxurious housing typology, condominium is one of the popular housing for medium and high society.