• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.960-968
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• 2003

A bacterial isolate showing a strong endochitosanase activity was isolated from soil and then characterized. The isolate was identified and designated as Bacillus cereus P16, based on morphological and biochemical properties, assimilation tests, cellular fatty acids pattern, along with 16S rRNA gene sequence. The optimized medium for producing extracellular chitosanase in a batch culture contained 1% tryptone, 0.5% chitosan, and 1% NaCl (pH 7.0). Powder chitosan and tryptone served the best as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for the chitosanase production. Chitosanase activity was the highest when culture was completed at $37^{\circ}C$ among various temperatures ($20-42^{\circ}C$) tested in a shaking incubator (200 rpm). The levels of chitosanase activity in the culture fluid were 2.0 U/ml and 3.8 U/ml, respectively, when incubated in a flask for 60 h and in a jar fermenter for 24 h. The culture supernatant showed a strong liquefying activity on the soluble chitosan. The viscosity of 1% chitosan solution, that was incubated with the culture supernatant, was rapidly decreased, suggesting the secretion of endochitosanolytic enzymes by P16. The culture fluid revealed six endo-type chitosanase isozymes, two major (38 and 45 kD), and four minor (54, 65, 82, and 96 kD) forms by staining profile. The crude enzymes were very stable, and full activity was maintained for 4 weeks at $4^{\circ}C\;or\;-20^{\circ}C$ in the culture supernatant, suggesting a highly desirable stability rate for making an industrial application of the crude enzymes. The supernatant also cleaved the insoluble chitosan powder, but the hydrolysis rate was much lower. The enzymic degradation products of chitosan contained $(GlcN)_n$ (n=2-8). The concentration of chitosan in the reaction mixture of the crude enzyme affected the chitooligosaccharides composition of the hydrolysis products. When the higher concentration of chitosan was used, the higher degree of polymerized chitooligosaccharides were produced. By comparison with other commercial chitosanase preparations, P16 was indeed found to be a valuable enzyme source for industrial production of chitooligosaccharides from chitosan.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.621-630
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• 2019

Fertilization is the beginning of a new life that occurs in the female uterine. The female reproductive tract is composed ovary, oviduct, uterine, vagina and cervix, their physiological features are regulated by estrous cycle. Of these, uterine is a main point to establish embryo development and implantation, and intercommunication between embryo and uterine environment is necessary for suitable pregnancy. Endometrium is part of the uterine, its morphology is repetitively changed by hormones, and characteristic of uterine fluid from endometrium is also changed. Recently, massive proteins of endometrium and uterine fluid can be detected according to develop proteomics and bioinformatics and have been accelerated the understanding of the reproductive biology fields. Moreover, the massive protein information is actively studying with deeply studied theory such as sex hormone signal pathway and angiogenesis in mammals. In this paper, we review understanding of endometrium remodeling, uterine gland and fluid during estrous cycle, additionally studies on endometrium and uterine fluid based on proteomics techniques. Lastly, we introduced methods of the protein-protein correlation using bioinformatics tool that interaction with hormone receptors, representative angiogenetic factors and detected proteins using proteomics in endometrium and uterine fluid. This review will be useful to understanding the study on search of new cell mechanism in endometrium and uterine fluid.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the operating characteristics, water balance and chemical properties of compost during the composting with pig slurry on-farm trial. The composting plant with sawdust pile filteration was done in a forced aeration inside a house and equipped with a turning machine moving on a rails. The composting pit was 4.6m wide, 53m long and the maximum height was 2m. A field scale aerobic composting facility was tested the composting efficiency of high moisture pig slurry. The sawdust materials remained 6 months. Pig slurry was added to compost pile every other day during 6 months run. The temperature in compost pile and compost house, and input and output of moisture were measured during composting process. The result are summarized as follows; 1. The temperature of compost was varied in range of at $22.4^{\circ}C{\sim}71.1^{\circ}C$. After turning, the composting temperature decreased to $50^{\circ}C{\sim}36^{\circ}C$ during $3{\sim}5$ hours, and then raised to $64.5^{\circ}C$ 2. The temperature of compost house was maintained $20^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, and relative humidity was varied in range of $50{\sim}99%$. 3. BOD, CODcr and SS of leachate water was reduced 89.5%, 81.2%, 97.5%, respectively. 4. The content of heavy metal in the final compost was lower those of Korea standards. 5. The amount of effluent was 10.2%. Total evaporation during composting Period were 74.8%. The amount of slurry per $1m^3$ sawdust was $3.16m^3$ without treatment of effluent output.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2022

Volatile and non-volatile metabolite profiles of sugar-immersed raspberry liquid during different storage periods were analyzed and comparative analysis with their general characteristics, antioxidant activity, and sensory quality was evaluated to better understand the effect of the storage period on the quality of ugar-immersed raspberry liquid. During storage, a browning reaction occurred, resulting in a change in color and the production of volatile compounds. At the beginning of storage, sucrose was completely decomposed into fructose and glucose, and the sweetness was rapidly reduced, but the increase in succinic acid increased the sour taste. Most volatile compounds increased with an increase of the storage period, and especially, the contents of citronellol, octanoic acid, and hexanoic acid, which are known as antioxidants, showed the highest content in 10 day-sample, showing the highest antioxidant activity at this time. Although a further study on bacterial profiles and browning reaction during the storage will be needed, the results of this study showed that the quality of sugar-soaked raspberry extract was significantly affected by the storage period and can be used as basic data for commercialization of ugar-immersed raspberry liquid.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2006

The data used in the study were taken from the national dairy genetic evaluation of bulls from 1986 up to 2001. It was conducted to compare the phenotypic performance and genetic merits in terms of production traits, linear traits and selection indexes of four types of dairy semen (TypeⅠ:semen from Korean proven bull, Type Ⅱ:semen from proven bull imported by National Agricultural Cooperative Federation(NACF), Type Ⅲ:semen imported from USA, Type Ⅳ:semen imported from Canada) used in Korea. The result of national dairy genetic evaluation was used to compare genetic merits. Type Ⅲ was superior in the phenotypic performance of milk yield, milk fat and milk protein and was significantly different from Type Ⅰ. Types of semen were not significantly different in fat when semen from bull born after 1991 were compared. Likewise, types of semen were not significantly different in the genetic merit for milk yield, milk fat, milk protein and milk protein %. Moreso, for profit index (MFP) and Korean type production index (KTPI) it was not statistically different. However type Ⅰ was superior in milk fat % and was significantly different from other types. Type Ⅳ was superior in Final Score of conformation test (FS) and Udder Composite Index (UDC) and significantly different from Type Ⅰ. When semen from bull born after 1991 were compared, types of semen were not significantly different in milk yield and milk protein, although type I was superior in milk fat, milk fat %, milk protein % and MFP and was significantly different from others. Moreover type Ⅲ and type Ⅳ was superior in UDC and were significantly different from others.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2010

This study was conducted to clarify effects on the germination, survival rate of seedlings, growth and variation induction of variants in gamma rays irradiated seed of lilac pink (Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus) and nursery spiraea (Caryopteris incana). Seed germination and its germination rate were delayed over 90 Gy for lilac pink and 80 Gy for nursery psiraea. Fifty percent lethal time (LT50) level for lilac pink and nursery psiraea were 150 Gy and 100 Gy, respectively. Lilac pink and nursery psiraea were grown dwarf over 120 Gy treatment. We have produced 17 variants of lilac pink in $M_1$ generation, and selected the promising 4 variants in $M_2$ generation. We have also made 7 variants of nursery psiraea in $M_1$ generation, and selected the favorable 8 variants in $M_2$ generation.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2008

Diagnostic and functional imaging device have been developed independently. The recognition that combining of these two devices can provide better diagnostic outcomes by fusing anatomical and functional images. The representative examples of combining devices would be PET/CT and SPECT/CT. Development and their applications of animal imaging and instrumentation have been very active, as new drug development with advanced imaging device has been increased. The development of advanced imaging device resulted in researching and developing for detector technology and imaging systems. It also contributed to develop a new software, reconstruction algorithm, correction methods for physical factors, image quantitation, computer simulation, kinetic modeling, dosimetry, and correction for motion artifacts. Recently, development of MRI and PET by combining them together was reported. True integration of MRI and PET has been making the progress and their results were reported. The recent status of imaging and instrumentation in nuclear medicine is reported in this paper.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.754-761
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the effect of chitosan-ascorbate (CA) prepared with different molecular weight (223, 746, 1110 and 2025 kDa) on the fermentation and quality of mul-kimchi, and also, the effect of the mul-kimchi juice fermented with 0.1% chitosan-ascorbate prepared with 2025 kDa chitosan (CA2025) on the serum lipids of rae fed with high cholesterol diet (HC). The mul-kimchi fermented in 0.1% CA2025 has lower turbidity, longer shelf-life, higher glucosamine content and SOD activity than those of control and the other treatments. In the animal experiment the HC-CA2025 and HC-2CA2025 groups which were administered 0.5 mL per 100 g body weight of mul-kimchi juice fermented with 0.1% CA2025 and administered the same volume of the juice concentrated 112 per nay fed for 5 week, respectively. The average body weight of the HC-CA2025 and HC-2CA2025 group was lower 6.9% and 8.4% than that of HC control group respectively. Total serum cholesterol contents of these groups were 88.33 and 85.00 mg/uL, which were 17.45% and 20.56% lower than HC control group respectively. While, HDL-cholesterol content of these groups were 7% and 23%, higher the LDL-cholesterol content were 13% and 26% lower than those of HC control group respectively. And also, though the atherogenic index, AST and ALT activities were not reached to normal control group, the values were remarkably lower than those of HC control group. This study indicates the possibility of utility for kimchi industry by adding chitosan-ascorbate, especially CA2025 showing not only quality enhancing and shelf-life prolongation but also improving serum lipids and atherogenic index in rats fed with high cholesterol diet.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2004

We have extended our previous work that cross-linking CD4 molecules using specific MAb induced antigen nonspecific, MHC unrestricted killing of virally infected target cells by CD$4^+$We have extended our previous work that cross-linking CD$4^+$ molecules using specific MAb induced antigen nonspecific, MHC unrestricted killing of virally infected target cells by CD$4^+$ T cells. The killing activity of antibody activated CD$4^+$T cells was completely blocked by herbimycin A, a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, but not by bisindolylamaleimide, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. Herbimycin A treated human or bovine peripheral blood CD$4^+$T cells lacked PTK activity and failed to kill virally infected target cells even after cross-linking of CD4 molecules. The CD$4^+$cross-linking failed to induce effector cell proliferation or the transcription of TNF${\beta}$ Upregulation of TNF${\beta}$ was induced by incubating the antibody activated effector cells with BHV-1 infected D17 target cells for 10 h. Anti-TNF${\beta}$ antibody partially abolished (13-44%) the direct effector cell-mediated antiviral cytotoxicity. However, this antibody neutralized 70 to 100% of antiviral activity of effector and target cell culture supernatants against BHV-1 infected D17 cells. The inhibition level of the antiviral activity by the antibody was dependent on the effector and target cell ratio. These results support the hypothesis that increased p$56^ICK enzyme activity in effector cells transduces a signal critical for effector cell recognition of viral glycoproteins expressed on the target cells. Following target cell recognition, lytic cytokines known to participate in target cell killing were produced. A better understanding of the killing activity displayed by CD$4^+$T lymphocytes following surface receptor cross-linking will provide insight into the mechanisms of cytotoxic activity directed toward virally-infected cells.T cells. The killing activity of antibody activated CD$4^+$T cells was completely blocked by herbimycin A, a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, but not by bisindolylamaleimide, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. Herbimycin A treated human or bovine peripheral blood CD4T cells lacked PTK activity and failed to kill virally infected target cells even after cross-linking of CD4molecules. The CD4 cross-linking failed to induce effector cell proliferation or the transcription of TNF$\beta$. Upregulation of TNF$\beta$ was induced by incubating the antibody activated effector cells with BHV-1 infected D17 target cells for 10 h. Anti-TNF$\beta$ antibody partially abolished (13-44%) the direct effector cell-mediated antiviral cytotoxicity. However, this antibody neutralized 70 to 100% of antiviral activity of effector and target cell culture supernatants against BHV-1 infected D17 cells. The inhibition level of the antiviral activity by the antibody was dependent on the effector and target cell ratio. These results support the hypothesis that increased $56^ICK enzyme activity in effector cells transduces a signal critical for effector cell recognition of viral glycoproteins expressed on the target cells. Following target cell recognition, lytic cytokines known to participate in target cell killing were produced. A better understanding of the killing activity displayed by CD$4^+$T lymphocytes following surface receptor cross-linking will provide insight into the mechanisms of cytotoxic activity directed toward virally-infected cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.587-594
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• 2021

By 2050, 70% more food will be needed to fulfill the demands of a growing population. Among the solutions, cultured meat or clean meat is presented as a sustainable alternative for consumers. Scientists have begun to leverage knowledge and tools accumulated in the fields of stem cell and tissue engineering in efforts aimed at the development of cell-based meat. Cultured meat has to recreate the complex structure of livestock muscles with a few cells. Cells start to divide after they are cultured in a culture medium, which provides nutrients, hormones, and growth factors. An initial problem with this type of culture is the serum used, as in vitro meat aims to be slaughter free. Thus, it is contradictory to use a medium made from the blood of dead calves. The serum is expensive and affects to a large extent the production cost of the meat. A positive aspect related to the safety of cultured meat is that it is not produced from animals raised in confined spaces and slaughtered in inhumane conditions. Thus, the risk of an outbreak is eliminated, and there is no need for vaccinations and animal welfare issues. The production of cultured meat is presented as environmentally friendly, as it is supposed to produce less greenhouse gas, consume less water, and use less land in comparison to conventional meat production.