• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.232-241
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• 2003

Mountain Chungyeong, 879m in altitude, is located in the northeast of the middle area in Korea. Around Mt. Chungyeong, many Korean endemic and rare plants are populated, so it is considered a very important biogeographical area where the temperature zones of northern and southern plants are crossed. Because it is close to Seoul, a capital of Korea, it is a common mountain where many tourists visit frequently. Continuous tourist's visit may cause a bad influence on vegetation around the climbing paths. Therefor, weed community around the climbing paths on Mt. Chungyeong, where visitors exert a bad influence directly on its community by coming in and out, was surveyed phytosocialogically. Our surveys have been accomplished from August, 2001 to September, 2002. weed communities formed around the climbing paths on Mt. Chungyeong were divided into several patterns and analysed. They have been divided into 5 communities and 5 subcommunities. Community A: Plantago asiatica community, A-a: Erigeron annuus subcommunity, A-b: Carex. lanceolata subcommunity, B: Pseudostellaria palibiniana community, B-a: Carex siderosticta subcommunity, B-b: Galium trachyspermum subcommunity, C: Pueraria thunbergiana community, D: Lespedeza maximowiczii community, E: Rubus crataegifolius community, F: Oplismenus undulatifolius community, The flora surveyed in these communities was constituted of 47 families, 101 genera, 17 varieties, and 149 species. Wild plants such as Plantago asiatica, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron strigosus, Pueraria thunbergiana, Lespedeza maximowiezii, Rubus crataegifolius, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Artemisia japonica and Lysimachia clethroides were mostly light loving plants and higher resistant plants against the stamping pressure. Our result from the ranking all surveyed areas by the Bray-Curtis ordination method was very similar to the results from phytosocialogical table analysis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.410-426
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• 2017

To identify the flora of the vascular plants in the Anmyeon Island, field surveys were conducted from June, 2015 to August, 2016. Based on the collected specimens, the vascular plants of the Anmyeon Island were summarized as 717 taxa: 119 families, 400 genera, 632 species, 5 subspecies, 73 varieties and 7 formas. Among the 717 identified taxa, 17 rare plants designated by the Koren Forest Service according to the IUCN valuation species were described: 3 taxa of critically endangered species (CR), 1 taxa of endangered species (EN), 6 taxa of least concerned species (LC), 7 taxa of vulnerable species (VU). 99 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants specially designated by Ministry of Environment also were identified. In addition, 6 Korean endemic species such as Forsythia koreana Nakai and Hemerocallis taeanensis S.S.Kang & M.G.Chung, and 91 naturalized plants such as Rumex acetocella L., Amaranthus lividus L. and Diodia teres Walter etc. were described.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.132-144
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• 2015

Yongneup wetland protected area, the only high moor in Korea, is a core area to conserve biodiversity. Even though the Yongneup wetland protected area is relatively small, various plant species are distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area because it includes various habitats showing different environmental gradients. Vascular plants distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area were identified as a total of 376 taxa that is composed of 73 families, 217 genera, 322 species, 3 subspecies, 44 varieties and 7 forms. For endangered plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, 5 species including Trientalis europaea var. arctica, Lilium dauricum, Halenia corniculata, Lychnis wilfordii and Menyanthes trifoliata were found and 34 taxa were confirmed to be distributed only in the mountainous wetland habitats. Regarding naturalized plants, a total of 11 taxa were distributed, but most of them were distributed in the areas where artificial interference has occurred. And in areas inside the wetlands that are relatively well preserved, 2 species of Bidens frondosa and Erigeron annuus were observed. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of Pseudostellaria baekdusanensis M. Kim, which was recently found in Mt. Baekdu and reported as a new species, were identified in the Yongneup wetland protected area. A wetland is a very vulnerable area to drastic environmental changes and damages to its ecosystem could cause the extinction of rare plant species which are distributed only in the wetlands. Therefore, it is mandatory that current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area is evaluated and actions to prevent rapid environmental changes are taken. Fourteen separate investigations were conducted in 2013 and another four in 2014, to evaluate current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area. These investigations have provided us the basic information for future actions of conservation and restoration.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2000

The natural ecology of our coastal zone has been well preserved because of the designation of Han-Ryea national sea park. However, recently, it is being threatened by the frequent request of district regulation of national park and relaxation of green belt, etc. And also, with the reclamation of the foreshore by the development of industrial complex and tourism resource cultivation on a large scale, development pressure for natural coast is increasing. For that reason, preservation of the ecology, organized management and investigation is needed for the islands which scenery is beautiful and rare animals and plants inhabit. And also, it is worried that major habitats of migrants are diminishing because of the district regulation of national park, relaxation of green belt zone and construction of coastal streets. Therefore. on the basis of the through environmental impact assessment, only the business which are aimed at the preservation and restoration of the natural coast should be admitted and the act of eroding must be restricted.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.10
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• pp.1235-1242
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• 2009

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is routinely conducted in the US for nuclear plants, for the determination of appropriate seismic design levels. These analyses incorporate uncertainties in earthquake characteristics in stable continental regions (where direct observations of large earthquakes are rare), in estimates of rock motions, in site effects on strong shaking, and in the damage potential of seismic shaking for engineered facilities. Performance goals related to the inelastic deformation of individual components, and related to overall seismic core damage frequency, are used to determine design levels. PSHA has the ability to quantify and document the important uncertainties that affect seismic design levels, and future work can be guided toward reducing those uncertainties.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 2009

Gotjawal forest refers to the forest covering the rocky area of "AA Lava" on Jeju Island of South Korea. In this article it is shown that Gotjawal forest is an internationally important wetland under the Ramsar Convention. Gotjawal forest should be regarded as a wetland because it is a subterranean hydrological system, which is classified as wetland under the Ramsar Convention. And Gotjawal forest is an internationally important wetland because it is the representative wetland type of Jeju region with hydrological importance, and because it supports rare species of plants.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-70
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• 2016

Korean temple gardens have very high preservation value as the place reflecting ancestral wisdom in harmony with nature. Not only as a religious place but also as a beautiful landscape place, many people including foreigners are visiting traditional Korean temples. However, current many Korean temple gardens lost their original value and meaning because of the inappropriate planting in traditional places. In this study, for maintaining the representativeness of traditional Korean temple, we researched the current planting status of traditional Korean temple. After the research of 51 traditional Korean temples, a total of 207 species of plants was investigated, and among them 128 species (61.84%) were Korean native plants, 76 species (36.71%) were cultivar plants, 2 species (0.97%) were naturalized plants, and 1 species (0.48%) is introduced plant. Korean red pine (46 temples), sawleaf zelkova (38 temples), and ginkgo (36 temples) were the high rank species among 207 species. Korean rare plants including black-fruit hackberry and Korean fir form 5.3% of total species, and Korean endemic plants including Korean weigela and Korean paulownia form 3.4% of total species in traditional Korean temples. On the other hand, plants that have religious meaning such as lotus, musa, and guelder rose form slightly. There is a higher proportion of traditional Korean plants than religious meaning plants in traditional temple gardens, so that temple gardens are highlighted as historic places. Based on the planting status, maintenance plans were established reflecting characteristics of each spaces: entry space, the precincts of a shrine, and flower stairs. As a result, we suggest that selecting a suitable plant species with regard to the religious meaning of the plant symbolism for newly designing Korean temple gardens.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.2
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• pp.130-149
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• 2017

The subalpine zone which is vulnerable to climate change could be functioning as a habitat for northern plant species especially in the Korean peninsula. In this study, classification of phytosociological community type and investigation on flora of vascular plants of Daecheongbong area in Mt. Seorak were carried out in order to provide a basic information for an ecological restoration and management of the vegetation through community ecological approach. Vegetation data were collected from 31 of quadrates from May to October, 2016. We analyzed vegetation types with phytosociological method, importance value with Curtis & McIntosh method, CCA using PC-ORD program tool, and flora of vascular plants. As a result, the forest vegetation was classified into Abies nephrolepis community. The community was divided 3 groups such as Pinus pumila group, Rhododendron brachycarpum group and Angelica decursiva group. Therefore, the vegetation had 3 kinds of units. The differential species group, it was classified into total of 7 species group units including Thuja koraiensis and Smilacina bicolor differential species group. The mean importance percentage (MIP) in VU 1 was shown Pinus koraiensis (24.1), A. nephrolepis (23.6) and Betula ermanii (10.5), and in VU 2, it was P. koraiensis (26.2), A. nephrolepis (20.8) and B. ermanii (10.5), and in VU 3, it was P. koraiensis (22.2), A. nephrolepis (16.4), B. ermanii (13.5) in the order, respectively. As for importance values of P. koraiensis and A. nephrolepis representative competition species, were different at each layers. The former (46.7) was higher than the latter (26.1) in tree layer, but the latter was higher than the former in subtree and, shrub and herb layers of VU 1. VU 2 and VU 3 also indicated the same tendency. P. pumila group and A. decursiva group were shown to have positive correlation with altitude and present species, respectively. The designated as the endemic plant was 11 taxa and, as the rare plant 24 taxa and 62.5% of vascular plant was northern plant species. It is necessary to continue further long-term monitoring of 3 vegetation units, IV of main competition species (P. koraiensis and A. nephrolepis) with stratum and main specific species (rare plants and endemic plants) considering vegetation science and, population and community ecology approaches.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.13-34
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• 2023

Many ecologists try to understand plant communities and societies' changing processes by interacting with environmental factors. Plant communities formed in the sidings of streams, which are more dynamic than forest vegetation, are closely related to the disturbance regime of streams. U. pumila, which forms communities at the edges of streams, is distributed over the central and northern regions of the Korean Peninsula. In this study, we intended to explain the regeneration of U. pumila communities in the upstream region of the Namhangang River. Heights from the stream surface to the mid-high points of communities increased when the age class of U. pumila communities increased. On the other hand, the height of U. pumila tended to increase and decrease as the age class increased. The richness (S), evenness (J'), diversity (H'), and maximum diversity (H'max) also showed a tendency to increase and then decrease as the age class increased. On the other hand, the number of stems per individual and density (D) decreased as the age class increased. Seedlings of U. pumila failed to regenerate in the communities at the intermediate or higher stage of the age class. Regeneration of seedlings occurred in the spaces formed by the flooding, which occurred periodically in streams. After regeneration, U. pumila communities grew like a single organism. On the other hand, the plant species consisting of U. pumila communities exhibited a process in which the S and H' increased and then decreased as they developed. In other words, we determined that the changes in the species compositions were associated with changes in each species' environment and community. A space where seeds can regenerate seedlings should be provided for the regeneration of U. pumila communities. In the mid/upstream region of the Namhangang River, where the present study focused, newly formed communities were rare because the space required to regenerate U. pumila ceased to exist. Accordingly, we suggest securing an appropriate space for the regeneration of seedlings to maintain the U. pumila communities in the upstream region of the Namhangang River.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.220-256
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• 2022

The most important thing for conserving plant diversity in an area is to make an overall inventory of the plant species inhabiting the area. In particular, limestone areas are known for their high plant diversity and distribution of specific plants. Despite that, only a few have been designated as protected areas. This study investigated the vascular plants distributed in Goyangsan Mtn. and Munraesan Mtn., located in limestone areas of the central part of the Korean Peninsula. A field survey was conducted eight times from April to October 2021. As a result, we identified a total of 654 taxa comprising 113 families, 357 genera, 592 species, 15 subspecies, 44 varieties, and 3 formulas. They included four endangered wild plant species: Astilboides tabularis, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Cypripedium macranthos, and Epilobium hirsutum. Endemic plants in Korea were identified as 32 taxa. Floristic target plants were identified as 168 taxa, specifically 5 taxa of grade V, 41 taxa of grade IV, and 36 taxa of grade III. The red data plants included 2 taxa as "Endangered (EN)", 7 taxa as "Vulnerable (VU)", and 7 taxa as "Near threatened (NT)". A total of 41 taxa of naturalized plants were identified, and 4 of them were invasive alien plants. The surveyed vicinity of Goyangsan Mtn. and Munraesan Mtn. showed high plant diversity and contained core habitats for distribution of an endangered wild plant, Astilboides tabularis,in the limestone area. Moreover, both mountains contained a small population of Cotoneaster integerrimus. These findings confirm that the area has conservation values. Therefore, we propose to identify areas with high plant diversity and designate them as special protected areas.