• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenolic acid, proanthocyanidin (PAs), and flavonol glycoside contents, as well as the antioxidant activities of pine needle extracts from six species of young pine trees. The extracts were prepared from Section Pinus (Diploxylon): P. densiflora, P. sylvestris, P. pinaster and P. pinea, and Section Strobus (Haploxylon): P. koraiensis and P. strobus. Phenolics were extracted from pine needles with 80% acetone to obtain the soluble free fraction, and insoluble residues were digested with 4 M NaOH to obtain bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions. Phenolics were analyzed by HPLC, and the hydrophilic antioxidant activity was measured using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the soluble free fraction were higher than those of the bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions. The main phenolics were monomers and polymers of PAs in the soluble free fraction, and phenolic acids and flavonol glycosides in bound ethyl acetate fraction. Flavonol glycosides found in different species of pine needles were qualitatively similar within fractions, but composition varied among Pinus sections. High levels of kaempferol arabinoside and an unknown compound were present in all Strobus species. The soluble free fraction had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by bound ethyl acetate and bound water fractions.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.112-117
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• 2008

Pre-infection behavior of Fusarium circinatum on stems of pine species was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. Two-year-old stems of Pinus densiflora and p. rigida were inoculated with the fungal conidial suspension and subjected to $25^{\circ}C$ for up to 16 hr. Most microconidia germinated 12 hr after inoculation on pine stems. Conidia produced germ tubes from either one or both ends of microconidia. Germ tubes grew over the stem surface and appeared to enter host tissues through natural openings on pine stems. Surface cracks in the cork were entrance sites of germ tubes of F. circinatum. In addition, host cell wall cracks were often found at the tip of germ tubes. The cuticle appeared to be eroded either at the tip of germ tubes or around germlings. Germ tubes also produced appressoria-like structures, exhibiting swollen tips of germ tubes on the stem surface. There seems to be no significant differences in the pre-infection behavior of F. circinatum on stems between the two pine species.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.327-333
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• 2003

A mixed forest of pines (Pines densiflora and Pinus rigida) and an oak forest (Quercus mongolica) in Mt. Kwanak in Seoul were limed with 1.5 t/ha and 3 t/ha of dolomite in 1993 and investigated the effects of liming on the chemical changes in the 0-5 cm and 5∼10 cm layers of soil from 1994 to 1995. Soil pH values were greater in the limed plots than in the control plot by the unit of 0.1-0.6 in the pine forest and 0.1∼0.2 in the oak forest. Ca concentrations in the limed plots were greater than those in the control plots in both the pine and oak forests. A considerable increase in Mg concentrations in soil was observed in the limed plots. K and Na concentrations in the limed plots appeared to decrease in both the pine and oak forests two years after liming. Although Al concentrations were greater in the limed plots than in the control plot in the pine forest in 1994, there was a tendency of a decrease in the concentration of this metal in the limed plots in 1995. Mn concentrations also tended to decrease in the limed plots in both the pine and oak forests.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.326-332
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• 2000

In order to investigate the possibility of functional property improvement of meat products, four kinds of pork patties were prepared with water 10% as control, mugwort extract 10%, pine needle extract 10% and fatsia leaf extract 10%, respectively. In case of control moisture content was higher, but crude fat was lower, compared to patties treated with plant extracts. Crude ash content of pine needle extract treatment showed higher level than that of other patties. pH range of patties revealed to 5.92∼5.978. In raw patties Hunter's L-and a-value of control were higher than those of plant extract treatment, and a-value of raw patties showed higher level than that of cooked. Yield, water holding capacity, salt soluble protein extractability and gel strength among patties did not show significant differences. In control patty, fat retention was lower compared to other plant extract treatments, but water soluble protein extractability was higher compared to pine needle. Values such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were not significantly different among the patties. In sensory scores such as aroma, juiciness and palatability, significant differences were not observed among cooked patties, but texture score was higher in the order pine needle, mugwort, fatsia leaf and control.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.866-869
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• 2006

감자 polyphenol oxidase에 대한 솔잎 추출물의 저해효과가 조사 되었다. 솔잎 추출물은 anti-browning agents인 potassium sorbate나 citric acid보다도 더 강한 저해효과 를 나타냈으며 pH 7.0-8.0 사이에서 가장 강력한 저해효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 반응시간이 증가 할수록 감자 polyphenol oxidase 활성은 현저하게 저해 되었으며 솔잎 추출물은 감자 polyphenol oxidase에 대해 비경쟁적인 저해를 하는 것으로 나타났다. 솔잎 추출물은 $100^{\circ}C$ 에서 10분간 열처리시에도 안정 하였으며 pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.0에서 3시간 처리시에도 여전히 감자 polyphenol oxidase 에 대한 저해효과를 보유하고 있어서 산과, 열에 비교적 안정한 물질임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.327-336
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color image of the natural-dyed silk fabrics. The dye was extracted from pine needle by boiling pine needle with ethanol at $78^{\circ}C$ for 3hours and distilled water at $100^{\circ}C$ for 2hours. The 100% silk fabric was dyed of extract in pH 5 at $90-100^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr. As mordants used were compounds of Al, Sn, Fe, and Cr, color image of pine-needle dyed silk fabrics was classified into 5 factors (pure, gentle, sophisticate, comfortable, pastorale) and the factor pure is most important one of those. Most cheerful image in pure factor was from the fabrics dyed with ethanol extract and then, none and Cr mordanting. Dignified image was from the fabrics dyed with ethanol extract and then, Cu or Fe mordanting. In production, products dyed with ethanol extracts was preferred to those dyed with distilled water extracts. Color image and preference of the silk fabrics dyed with pine needles extracted was affected by extraction solvents and mordants.

• Mycobiology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.37-40
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• 2002

The susceptibility of radiata pine sapwood to fungal attack and the ability of selected fungicides to control colonization of sapstain and mold fungi on green radiata pine sapwood were evaluated. Radiata pine sapwood was highly susceptible to fungal staining, suggesting that prompt application of fungicides after sawing is essential for preventing fungal colonization. The ability of commercial fungicides to prevent fungal discoloration on radiata pine sapwood was assessed using an accelerated 6-week test on small samples in the laboratory, and in field tests using bulk-piled boards exposed outdoors for 6 weeks during summer rainy season. In laboratory tests, Hylite extra provided excellent protection against fungal discoloration even at the lowest concentrations. Hylite clear, Britewood S, and NP-1 Plus provided good short-term protection(2 to 4 weeks), but higher chemical loadings were, required for long-term protection(6 weeks). Woodguard produced little or no protection over the test periods. In field tests, Kathon 893 provided markedly superior protection at the concentration of 0.5 percent or higher. NP-1 Plus provided relatively good protection at all concentrations evaluated. Hylite extra was effective only for short-term protection(2 to 4 weeks) at all concentrations tested, but higher solution strengths were needed for longterm protection.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2007

천연 향미물질로서 솔잎을 이용한 닭고기 양념육의 제조 후 $4^{\circ}C$ 저장 동안 품질변화에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 솔잎 처리군은 뒷맛이 깔끔하고 은은한 솔잎향의 풍미를 생성함으로써 일반적으로 대조군 보다 높게 등급 되었다. pH는 저장 6일 후 처리군과 대조군 사이에 유의적 차이가 없었다. 그러나 육즙유출 율은 저장 24시간 후 처리군과 대조군 사이에 유의적 차이를 나타내었다. 미생물학적 변화를 관찰한 결과는 Staphylococcus aureus의 양성반응을 나타내었으며, 위생적 닭고기의 생산기술의 적용 또는 양념육 제조과정에서의 교차오염(cross-contamination)을 예방할 수 있는 기술의 연구가 요구되었다. 솔잎처리군의 육색변화를 분석한 결과는 0.5-1.3% 솔잎 처리군의 Hunter color $L^*$가는 저장 6일 후 대조군과 유의적 차이(p>0.05)가 없었다. 저장 6일 후 0.8-1.3% 솔잎 처리군의 Hunter color $a^*$가는 0.5% 솔잎 처리군과 대조군에 대하여 유의적 차이(p<0.05)를 나타내었다. Hunter color $b^*$가는 저장 6일 후 처리군 사이에 유의적 차이가 없었으나(p>0.05), 처리군은 대조군 보다 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2005

Extracts of pine needles (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) have diverse physiological and pharmacological actions. In this study we show that pine needle extract alters pacemaker currents in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) by modulating ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels and that this effect is mediated by prostaglandins. In whole cell patches at $30^{\circ}C$, ICC generated spontaneous pacemaker potentials in the current clamp mode (I = 0), and inward currents (pacemaker currents) in the voltage clamp mode at a holding potential of -70 mV. Pine needle extract hyperpolarized the membrane potential, and in voltage clamp mode decreased both the frequency and amplitude of the pacemaker currents, and increased the resting currents in the outward direction. It also inhibited the pacemaker currents in a dose-dependent manner. Because the effects of pine needle extract on pacemaker currents were the same as those of pinacidil (an ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channel opener) we tested the effect of glibenclamide (an ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels blocker) on ICC exposed to pine needle extract. The effects of pine needle extract on pacemaker currents were blocked by glibenclamide. To see whether production of prostaglandins (PGs) is involved in the inhibitory effect of pine needle extract on pacemaker currents, we tested the effects of naproxen, a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) inhibitor, and AH6809, a prostaglandin EP1 and EP2 receptor antagonist. Naproxen and AH6809 blocked the inhibitory effects of pine needle extract on ICC. These results indicate that pine needle extract inhibits the pacemaker currents of ICC by activating ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels via the production of PGs.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2021

잣은 우리나라 대표적인 견과류 임산물이자 수익형 작물이다. 그러나 잣송이는 사람이 직접 나무 위로 올라가 수확하기 때문에 위험성이 높다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 로봇 또는 UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle)를 이용한 잣송이 수확이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 UAV를 이용한 잣송이 수확을 위해 UAV 항공 영상에서 딥러닝(deep learning) 기반의 잣송이 검출 기법을 제안한다. 이를 위해, UAV를 이용하여 실제 잣나무 숲에서 동영상을 촬영했으며, 적은 수의 데이터 보완을 위해 데이터 증강기법을 사용했다. 3D 검출을 위한 데이터로는 Unity3D을 이용하여 가상 잣송이 및 가상환경을 3D 모델링 하였으며 라벨링은 좌표계의 3차원 변환법을 이용해 구축했다. 잣 분포 영역 검출, 잣 객체에 대한 2D 및 3D 검출을 위한 딥러닝 알고리즘은 DeepLabV3, YOLOv4, CenterNet을 각각 이용하였다. 실험 결과, 잣송이 분포 영역 검출률은 82.15%, 2D 검출률은 86.93%, 3D 검출률은 59.45%이었다.