• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.826-836
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a set of 16 nutrition education lessons on the eating behaviors and nutrition knowledge of middle school students. The target was a group of 128 boys in the first year of middle school in Changwon, who took the classes from the 29th of August, 2011, to the 17th of February, 2012. The education was performed for 16 weeks using the e-learning textbook, 'Health and nutrition of youth', and a teacher's guidebook developed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The results were summarized as follows. Students demonstrated significant changes in their knowledge about nutrition and in their dietary behavior due to the nutrition education, and the effects were observed to be maintained for one year after education. The average nutrition knowledge score before, immediately after, and 1 year after the education was significantly increased from 13.0 before the education to 18.8 after education (p<0.001), maintaining the score of 18.5 1 year later. The eating-related questions of 'I will practice healthy eating habits in life' and 'Nutrition education is necessary to build healthy eating habits', were given a high score by the students at the last survey conducted one year later. Of course, it is not easy to change the dietary behavior of students through dietary education in schools. Nevertheless, the results of this study demonstrated that such educatcan is necessary since the habits can indeed be changed, as observed in the present study.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.261-271
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for practical HACCP training. A survey was conducted and analysed on 46 contract foodservices: 13 "Appointed" foodservices (appointed by Korean Food & Drug Administration), 17 "Voluntary Applying" foodservices (voluntarily applied HACCP, but not appointed), 16 "Non-applying" foodservices (not applied HACCP). Hygiene knowledge and recognition on job performance levels for HACCP application for 46 dieticians and 361 employees were surveyed. According to the survey, 61.5% of the "Appointed" dieticians took HACCP training from outside the company, 58.8% of "Voluntary Applying" dieticians took in-house HACCP training, and 62.4% of "Non-applying" dieticians have not taken any HACCP training. As for the comparison of hygiene knowledge, total mean of employees (6.38) showed significantly lower average than that of the dieticians (7.82) (p<0.001). From the result for recognition on job performance levels, total mean of dieticians (3.91) indicated generally good performance while employees (3.41) (p<0.001) showed considerably lower recognition. Hygiene knowledge and recognition on job performance levels of both dieticians and employees showed considerably close correlation (p<0.01 or p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.789-797
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• 2009

In order to investigate the effects of frequent eating-out and breakfast skipping of working men on body mass index and nutrients intake status, working male adults aged 20 or over were selected (n = 1883) from the data of 2001 Korea national health and nutrition survey. The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the eating-out frequency(high: once or more daily, low: less than once daily) and breakfast eating or not. Four groups were high eating-out with breakfast eating (n = 609), high eating-out with breakfast skipping (n = 192), low eating-out with breakfast eating (n = 877), and low eating-out with breakfast skipping (n = 205). High eating-out group showed higher body mass index (BMI) than low eating-out group, but the difference of BMI was disappeared when adjusted with age, residence region and family income. However high eating-out group in case of breakfast eating, compared with the low eating-out, showed higher intakes or densities of energy, fat, fat-energy% and higher ratio of energy-fat overintake, and also showed higher mean nutritional adequacy ratio and lower ratio of nutrients intake deficiency. Calcium, iron, vitamin A and C intakes were not affected by eating-out frequency, but were lowered by breakfast skipping. Breakfast skipping also decreased intake frequency of unprocessed cereals and increased those of ramyon and carbonated and alcoholic beverages. From the results frequent eating-out with breakfast eating caused increased intakes of energy and fat, but did not cause BMI increase. Breakfast skipping, but not eating-out, had negative influences on mineral and vitamin intakes. Accordingly good eating-out as well as breakfast eating should be exceedingly emphasized at nutrition education for the working males.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.795-804
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the oral contraceptive pill and periodontal disease in Korean women aged from 19 to 50 years old. Methods: This study selected 1,579 women of childbearing age from 19 to 50 years old from the 5th National Health and Nutrition Survey data analysis(phase 3, 2012) taking the oral examination. The questionnaire consisted of socioeconomic demographic characteristics, health behavior, use of oral contraceptive pills, and periodontal disease. Socioeconomic demographic characteristics included age, marital status, education, monthly income, and vocation. The health behavior included obesity, stress, smoking, subjective oral health status, use of dental floss, tooth brushing, and diabetes mellitus by fasting blood sugar level. Use of oral contraceptive pills was recorded by monthly use and duration. The periodontal disease was documented by yes or no and selected as dependent variable by logistic regression analysis. Results: After revising the taking period of oral contraceptive pill for this study, there was the correlation between the prevalence of periodontal disease and odds ratio(95% CI) 1.288(1.027-1.617). Conclusions: This study will contribute to the direction of policy for an oral contraceptive pill and provide the basic data for counseling for the oral health and the side effects of oral contraceptive pills.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.721-729
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the actual use of interdental care products (ICPs), such as dental floss (DF) and interdental brushes (IDB), among Korean youth, confirm their relevance to periodontal health, and determine the factors that influence the use of each product. Methods: This study included 15,912 young adults aged 19-39 years and data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (2007-2018). The usage rate of ICPs according to the characteristics of the subjects for each cycle of KNHANES was presented. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors affecting the use of ICP. Results: The use rates of DF and IDB gradually increased until the 7th period, reaching 34.8% and 26.8%, respectively. The rate of using more than one ICP also showed a tendency to gradually increase from 25.2% in the 4th period to 50.0% in the 7th period. The use of interdental care products is related to gingivitis and periodontitis. Factors related to the use of ICP were gender, age, education level, frequency of brushing, and dental examination experience. Conclusions: The use of dental floss or interdental toothbrushes was related to periodontal health, but only half of the adults aged 19-39 years used ICP. Therefore, oral health experts should actively encourage the use of DF and IDB in young adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.856-863
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• 2005

Dietary Variety Score (DVS) or Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) offers a way of comparing eating habits across populations and across countries. This study compared nutrients intakes, food intakes, DVS, and NAR between Korean and US adults using the large national survey data. 4662 Korean adults (men: 2201, women: 2461) aged 20-49 years were selected from the 'Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey,2001' and 4199 US adults (men: 2127, women: 2072) aged 20-49 years were selected from the 'US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES IV,1999-2002)'. The total plant food intakes were high in Korean adults, but the total animal food intakes were high in US adults. Intakes of legumes and nuts, vegetables and mushrooms were higher in Korean than in US adults. On the other hand, intakes of meats, milk and dairy products of US adults were higher than Korean. Beverage intakes were 8 - 10 times higher in US adults than in Korean. The mean DVS of Korean men and women were higher than US men and women. Intakes of fat, calcium and vitamin $B\_{2}$ of US adults were 1.5 - 2 times higher than those of Korean, which could probably related to larger consumption by US adults on milk and dairy product. While the intakes of carbohydrate and vitamin C of the Korean were higher than the US adults, which could presumably related to higher grain and vegetable consumption. Percent energy intakes from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were $64.1\%$, $15.8\%$, and $20.1\%$ for Korean men, $52.4\%$, $15.0\%$, and $32.6\%$ for US men, $65.9\%$, $14.9\%$, $19.2\%$ for Korean women, and $52.1\%$, $14.7\%$, $33.2\%$ for US women respectively, which showed higher $\%$energy from carbohydrate in Korean and higher $\%$energy from fat in US adults. Most nutrient intakes except energy and vitamin C expressed as $\%$RDA were higher in US than in Korean adults. Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of US men and Korean men were both 0.85, while the MAR was 0.81 for Korean women,0.79 for US women. The Korean women's diet showed more diverse and adequate than the US women's diet.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.135-139
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• 2014

A nationwide nutrition survey began when the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) requested assistance from international relief organizations in 1997 due to flooding in 1995-1996, followed by the worsening food shortage peak in 1997. According to reported data for the 15 years since the active intervention and assistance from international societies, the malnutrition and mortality rates of children in the DPRK have improved. However, the prevalence of the stunting reported in the latest 2012 report is 27.9%, which is still a moderate-severe level, and worrisome in terms of international standards. In particular, the prevalence in Ryangangdo, which is regarded as the worst region in the DPRK, is 39.6%, which is a very high level of stunting. To alleviate such regional deviation will be a major task for future assistance. In addition, one cannot emphasize too highly the importance of early nutritional assistance for pregnant women and infants, considering that the recovery from stunted growth is low after two years of age, and the aftereffects would continue for the rest of their lives.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.206-219
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• 2023

Objectives: Screen time refers to the time spent using screen media, such as televisions, smartphones, computers, or tablets. Excessive exposure to screen media has been reported to negatively impact young children's health and development, including overweight, short sleep duration, and language delays. This study examined the association of screen time and mealtime media use with dietary behaviors among preschool children. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on parents of children aged three to five years using the online questionnaires of the Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers (NQ-P) and the Dietary Screening Test (DST). Data from 261 children's parents were analyzed. Results: Of the 261 children, 96.9% used screen media, 55.6% used screen media for two hours or more daily, and 30.7% were exposed to screen media during meals. The NQ-P scores were significantly lower in the children with longer screen time and mealtime media use. Children who used screen media for two hours or more and those exposed to screen media during meals consumed kimchi less frequently and confectionery and sugar-sweetened beverages more frequently than children who used less than two hours and were not exposed to screen media during meals. In addition, they were more likely to be picky about food, refuse to eat, and less likely to feed themselves than children with shorter screen time and no mealtime media use. Conclusions: This study reported an association between unhealthy dietary behaviors, feeding difficulties, and screen time and mealtime media use among preschool children. Further research should explore effective strategies for reducing children's screen time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.271-279
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• 1992

In this report, we investigated meal patterns by area, age, profession from the data of the Korean National Nutrition Survey which had been carried out in 1989. The proportion of home prepared meal was about 90% at breakfast and dinner, and 46.3% at lunch. People had meals outside of home mainly at lunch(31.1%), and usually ate restaurant meal(17.7%). The proportion of meal skipped was 7.1% at breakfast, 3.9% at lunch, and 1.2% at dinner. At large city, 10.3% of people skipped breakfast, it was the highest proportion among three areas(large city, small city, and rural area). Also, the proportion of meal outside of homes was the highest among all areas. In rural area, home prepared meal was prevalent for all meals. Among all age groups, people between 20 and 49 ate out most frequently. For people between age 16 and 19, meal skipping was frequent for breakfast and dinner, especially, 20.5% of girl skipped breakfast. At lunch, the proportion of meal skipping was the highest in age higher than 50 groups. Among all professions, people in service job skipped lunch and dinner at the highest proportion. Manager and deskworker skipped breakfast by 12.9% and they ate out at lunch by 82.5%.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.278-293
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the research trend of nutrition for the recent 12 years from 1996 to 2007 by analyzing 734 articles published in the Korean Journal of Community Nutrition. The majority of the articles (61.4%) were classified as survey types in terms of data collection methods. Most of the subjects used in the articles were adults (28.8%), and the subject whose research has been increased at the highest rate was "patients". The most frequent keywords in the title of articles were "nutrient intake" (231times), "food service" (92times), "dietary habits" (69times), and "obesity" (69times). The keywords that have appeared more frequently with the years were "osteoporosis" (450.0%), "menopause" (350.0%) and "dietary attitudes" (208.3%). As for research interests, "nutrient intake" was dominant in the early stage of research while "disease", "dietary habits", "dietary attitudes" and "nutrition education" have increased in recent years. Some of the most common methods of nutrition assessment were "dietary intake" (41.2%), "anthropometric" (34.0%) and "biochemical test" (14.7%). The most common methods of dietary intake were "24-hours recall" (28.6%) and "dietary habits" (23.3%). The results of this study showed some biases in data collection methods, gender of the subjects, and study areas. Moreover, inconsistent terminologies, questionnaire contents, and measures were used for the researches on dietary behaviors, dietary habits, dietary attitudes, which made it difficult to compare their results for each research. Therefore, standardized research methods and terminologies need to be developed regarding dietary practices.