• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2014

산양유는 단백질 구성과 개별 지방산의 구성이 모유에 가깝기 때문에 우유에 비하여 소화율이 높다. 특히 casein 단백질은 모유의 단백질과 분자구조가 흡사하여 높은 소화 흡수력을 보이므로 설사 또는 복통 등과 같은 소화장애를 일으키지 않는다. 뿐만 아니라 지방산 함량에 있어서도 우유보다 중간사슬지방산이 우유보다 2배정도 많이 들어있어 소화 흡수 시 분해되는 속도가 빠르다. 산양유에는 질 좋은 수용성 유청단백질, 비타민 및 미네랄이 다량 함유되어 있고, 특히 비타민 A, 콜린, 이노시톨의 함량이 높고 흡수율도 양호한 편이다. 산양유에 포함된 유당과 올리고당은 우유보다 모유에 더 가까운 효과를 기대할 수 있다. 유당은 장 내 산성을 증가시켜 유익한 박테리아의 증식을 돕는 한편 장내에서의 칼슘의 흡수를 도와주거나 인(P)과 마그네슘(Mg)의 흡수를 촉진시키는 역할을 담당한다. 또한 올리고당류는 장내유산균의 생육을 돕는 prebiotic 효과를 발휘하여 장내 유익균이 정착하는데 도움을 준다는 실험결과로 판단할 때 실제로 유아에게 정장작용을 기대할 수 있다. 그리고 산양유에 다량 함유된 미네랄 성분 또한 소화 및 흡수를 촉진시키는 역할을 하기 때문에 산양유는 우유 섭취 시 유당불 내증을 호소하던 소비자들도 어렵지 않게 섭취할 수 있다. 이처럼 산양유가 여러 가지 측면에서 우유보다 우수한 식품학적 생리적 특성을 가지고 있음에도 불구하고 국내 산양유가공 산업은 거의 불모지라 해도 과언이 아니다. 게다가 산양유의 정확한 영양학적 가치가 일반 소비자들에게 전달되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 우유보다 그 성분과 조성이 모유와 흡사한 산양유의 식품학적 특성, 안전성 및 기능성에 대한 체계적이며 과학적 연구가 시급히 활성화되어야 할 것이다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2005

국내산 한우, 흑염소, 돼지, 개, 닭 및 마우스 둥을 포함한 각종 동물과 사람환자에서 분리된 MRSA 균주를 포함하여 총 116주의 S. aureus 균주를 확보하여 이들 균주들의 유전학적 다양성을 분석하고자 시도하였다. 이를 위하여 쉽고, 편리하며 많이 활용되고 있는 PCR을 이용하여, 개별 분석기법에 따른 유전학적 특성을 파악하는 것은 물론 활용한 기법들 중에서 유전자수준에서 가장 효율적이며 뛰어난 감별능력을 지닌 기법을 선발하고자 하는데 궁극적인 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해서 통계학적 인 수치에 따라 객관적인 분석방법으로서 Simpson's index of diversity (SID)를 산출하여 성적상호간을 비교 및 평가하였다. 공시한 총 99 주에 대한 4M primer를 이용한 RAPD 성적에 근거하여 산출한 SID 값은 0.915의 양호한 간이 산출되었다. 같은 방법으로 충 98 주에 대한 RA primer를 이용한 RAPD성적을 토대로 산출한 SID 값은 0.874로 확인되었다. 한편 총 107주에 대한 ERIC-PCR을 수행한 종합분석 성적에서 공시균주들은 모두 10종의 유전형(genotype)으로 구분되었고, EM-type 는 14주가 포함되어 가장 대표적 인 유전형으로 분류되었으며, 이 그룹에는 사람유래의 6주가 포함되어 가장 지배적인 유전형으로 확인되었다. 또한 DNA profile에 근거한 덴드로그람을 작성하고 SID간을 산출하였던 바, SDI 0.929의 신뢰도 높은 성적을 산출하였다. 반면에 공시한 총 108주의 S. aureus균주에 대한 종합적인 REP-PCR 성적에서 모두20종의 유전형으로 세분되었고 RB-type은 17주로 가장 많은 균주가 포함되었다. 작성된 덴드로그람 성적에서 산출한 SID 값은 우리의 연구에서 수행한 PCR에 기초한 유전자 분석기법들 중에서는 가장 높은 0.930으로 확인되었다. 결론적으로 RAPD 기법 중에서는 4M primer를 활용한RAPD가 보다 효율적임을 확인할 수 있었고, REP-PCR과 ERIC-PCR의 양자의 성적은 거의 비슷하여 적용했던 PCR분석기법 중에서는 이들 분석기법이 가장 우수한 감별능력을 확보한 분석법으로 최종 선발할 수 있었다.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.103-116
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• 1984

유전자 구조 및 유전정보 흐름의 차이로 인하여 고등생물의 유전자를 미생물에 직접 cloning하면 원하는 유전자 산물을 얻지 못하는 경우가 많다. 이것을 극복하기 위해서는 화학적인 방법으로 유전자를 합성하든지, 또는 역제효소를 사용하여 고등생물의 mRNA로부터 유전자를 합성하여 cloning하는 방법을 사용한다. 본 연구에서는 oligo(dT)-cellulose column 방법으로 순수분리한 plasmid pBR322의 Pst I site에 cloning하였다. 우선 AMV reverse transcriptase로 primary cDNA를 합성하고, 알칼리를 처리하여 주형 RNA를 제거했다. 이번에는 이 primary cDNA를 주형으로 Klenow enzyme과 reverse transcriptase를 차례로 처리하여 double stranded DNA를 합성하고, 이 때 5' end 근처에 형성되는 hairpin loop을 Sl nuclease로 제거했다. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase를 사용하여, 합성된 dsDNA에는 poly(dC) track을, Pst I endonuclease를 처리한 plasmid DNA에서는 poly(dG) track을 각각 붙인다음 이들을 서로 annealing시키고 E. coli에 transformation시켜서 크기가 큰 plasmid를 갖는 clone을 cracking 방법으로 일처 선별하였다. 이렇게 선별된 clone을 in 냐셔 hybridization 방법으로 조사하여 globin DNA가 들어간 colony를 이차 선별하고 여러 restriction enzyme으로 잘라보아 globin DNA가 cloning된 것을 확인하였다. 토끼 hemoglobin으로 immunize한 rat (Wistar)에서 뽑은 제일차 혈청과 염소에서 뽑은 제이차 혈청의 antibody를 사용한 radioimmunoassay방법으로, cloning된 globin gene이 대장균내에서 발현되는 지의 여부를 살펴 보았는데, 박테리아의 $\\beta$-lactamase와 토끼의 globin이 결합된 chimeric protein이 대장균 내에서 다량 합성되며, 이 단백질은 토끼 hemoglobin의 antigenic determinant를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 1991

本 試驗은 受精初期段階에서 생쥐卵子 透明帶의 機能을 糾明하고 種特異的인 精子受容體의 存在 및 構造理解를 위한 基礎硏究로서 ICR 생쥐의 透明帶를 免疫原으로 하여 토끼에서 抗透明帶抗體를 生産하고 免疫分析法 및 生物學的 檢査法으로 生産된 抗體가 생쥐 透明帶에 特異性이 있음을 確認한 후 이 抗體가생쥐 未受精卵의 體外受精에 미치는 影響과 또 이 抗體를 생쥐에 受動免疫하였을 때 受精에 미치는 影響을 調査하였던 바 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 處理區로서 抗血淸을, 對照區로서 對照血淸을 卵子培養液에 各各 0.3~10%로 含有한 培養液에서 생쥐의 未受精卵을 2時間 培養한 後 觀察하였을 때 對照區 卵子들의 透明帶가 正常的인 形態를 나타내었던 反面에, 處理區의 卵子들은 모두 透明帶 表面에 뚜렷한 沈澱層을 나타내었다. 이어 對照區와 處理區의 卵子를 0.1% pronase가 含有된 培養液으로 옮긴 후 觀察하였을 때, 對照區 卵子들의 透明帶가 5~7分만에 完全히 融解한 反面에, 處理區에서는 2~3時間까지 殘存하였다. 2. 處理區와 對照區 卵子를 FITC-goat anti-rabbit IgG가 含有된 培養液에서 養液한 후 螢光顯微鏡下에서 觀察하였을 때 對照區에서 對照血淸을 10% 含有한 培養液에서 培養한 일부 卵子들의 透明帶에서 희미한 螢光이 나타났으나 血淸稀釋度가 增加함에 따라 전혀 螢光을 나타내지 않았던 反面에, 處理區에서는 抗血淸이 1 : 1,000으로 含有된 培養液에서 培養한 卵子의 透明帶에서도 강한 螢光이 나타났다. 3. 帶抗體를 抗原으로 하여 間接酵素免疫分析法을 實施하였을 때 抗血淸과 對照血淸이 PBS에 1 : 200까지 稀釋되었을 때의 O.D.價는 별다른 差異를 나타내지 않았으나 血淸의 稀釋度가 增加함에 따라 O.D.價가 有意한 差異를 나타냄으로써 透明帶에 特異性을 갖는 抗體임을 確認할 수 있었다. 4. 抗血淸과 對照血淸이 各各 0.3~10%까지 含有된 培養液으로 생쥐의 未受精卵을 豫備培養한 다음 體外受精을 實施하였을 때의 受精率은 對照區에서 77.7%~87.7%이었던 反面에, 處理區에서는 0~29.8%로서 抗透明帶抗體가 생쥐卵子의 體外受精을 完全히 또는 顯著히 抑制하였다. 그러나 抗血淸과 對照血淸이 各各 2.5~10%까지 含有된 培養液으로 透明帶를 除去한 未受精卵의 體外受精을 하였을 때의 受精率은 處理區와 對照區에서 各各 93.0~98.3% 및 93.3~94.3%로서 受精抑制現象을 나타내지 않았다. 5. 抗血淸과 正常血淸, 그리고 兩 血淸으로부터 protein A-affinity chromatography에 의해 分離한 immunoglubulin G를 各各 생쥐에 受動免疫하였을 때, 對照區로서 對照血淸을 0.1~0.3ml 또는 control IgG를 1~3ml 投與했을 때의 各各의 受精率이 80.4~90.2%, 82.2~94.4%이었던 反面에, 處理區로서 抗血淸을 0.3ml 또는 immune IgG를 3mg 投與한 생쥐에서는 完全한 受精抑制現象이 確認되었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.962-972
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• 2023

Objective: This study determined the effects of dietary treatments and castration on meat quality, fatty acids (FAs) profiles, and volatile compounds in Korean native black goats (KNBG, Capra hircus coreanae), including the relationship between the population of rumen microbiomes and meat FA profiles. Methods: Twenty-four KNBG (48.6±1.4 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments arranged into a 2×2 factorial structure. The factors were dietary forage to concentrate ratio (high forage [HF, 80:20] and low forage [LF, 20:80]), and a castration treatment (castration [CA] vs non-castration [NCA]). Results: Among meat quality traits, the CA group exhibited a higher percentage of crude fat and water holding capacity (p<0.05). The profiles of the saturated fatty acid (SFA) in meat sample derived from CA KNBG showed a significantly lower percentage compared to NCA individuals, due to the lower proportion of C14:0 and C18:0. Feeding a high-forage diet to KNBG increased the formation of C18:1n7, C18:3n3, C20:1n9, C22:4n6 in meat, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profiles (p<0.05). Consequently, the n6:n3 ratio declined (p<0.05). There was an interaction between dietary treatment and castration for formation of C20:5n3 (p<0.05), while C18:1n9, C22:6n3, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and the MUFA:SFA ratio were influenced by both diet and castration (p<0.05). Nine volatile compounds were identified and were strongly influenced by both dietary treatments, castration (p<0.05), and their interaction. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinctly different odor patterns in the NCA goats fed LF diets. Spearman correlation analysis showed a high correlation between rumen bacteria and meat PUFAs. Conclusion: These results suggest the essential effects of the rumen microbial population for the synthesis of meat FAs and volatile compounds in KNBG meat, where dietary intake and castration also contribute substantially.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2022

Subcutaneous abscesses, which occur mainly in goats and sheep, are lymph node abscesses caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection, and are divided into internal, external, and mixed types depending on the type of occurrence. While diagnostic methods for subcutaneous abscesses have been continuously studied, research reports for effective treatment and management of subcutaneous abscesses are inadequate. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the changes in biometric information related to the inflammatory markers of goats induced by subcutaneous abscesses by infection with C. pseudotuberculosis. For this, hematological tests, analysis of inflammatory indicators, and analysis of serum proteins through electrophoresis separation of goats with healthy goats and goats inoculated with C. pseudotuberculosis to induce subcutaneous abscesses were compared and analyzed by date, and the differences and characteristics were identified periodically. As a result, in goats induced with subcutaneous abscesses, anemia findings related to a rapid decrease in red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), and hemoglobin (Hb) were observed, and a significant increase in inflammatory cells expressed in total white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, and monocytes was observed. And the levels of acute phase protein (APP) such as fibrinogen, haptoglobin, and serum amyloid A (SAA) were observed to increase rapidly immediately after infection. In addition, in the results of electrophoretic analysis of serum proteins, it was observed that the levels of α-globulin and β-globulin were significantly increased in goats with subcutaneous abscesses. That is, when looking at these changes, it was found that the systemic inflammatory response of goats was rapidly induced immediately after infection with the C. pseudotuberculosis pathogen. Through this study, it was possible to identify changes in the biomarkers of goats with subcutaneous abscesses, which had not been reported. Furthermore, these analyzed data are thoughts to be of great help in identifying, treating, and managing the goats of subcutaneous abscesses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1562-1570
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• 2014

The effects of Lactobacillus mucosae (L. mucosae), a potential direct fed microbial previously isolated from the rumen of Korean native goat, on the rumen fermentation profile of brewers grain were evaluated. Fermentation was conducted in serum bottles each containing 1% dry matter (DM) of the test substrate and either no L. mucosae (control), 1% 24 h broth culture of L. mucosae (T1), or 1% inoculation with the cell-free culture supernatant (T2). Each serum bottle was filled anaerobically with 100 mL of buffered rumen fluid and sealed prior to incubation for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h from which fermentation parameters were monitored and the microbial diversity was evaluated. The results revealed that T1 had higher total gas production (65.00 mL) than the control (61.33 mL) and T2 (62.00 mL) (p<0.05) at 48 h. Consequently, T1 had significantly lower pH values (p<0.05) than the other groups at 48 h. Ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and acetate:propionate ratio were higher in T1 and T2 than the control, but T1 and T2 were comparable for these parameters. Total methane ($CH_4$) production and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) were highest in T1. The percent DM and organic matter digestibilities were comparable between all groups at all times of incubation. The total bacterial population was significantly higher in T1 (p<0.05) at 24 h, but then decreased to levels comparable to the control and T2 at 48 h. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile of the total bacterial 16s rRNA showed higher similarity between T1 and T2 at 24 h and between the control and T1 at 48 h. Overall, these results suggest that addition of L. mucosae and cell-free supernatant during the in vitro fermentation of dried brewers grain increases the VFA production, but has no effect on digestibility. The addition of L. mucosae can also increase the total bacterial population, but has no significant effect on the total microbial diversity. However, inoculation of the bacterium may increase $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ in vitro.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 1977

Nutrition counselors in Korea often encounter difficulty in their attempt to change village women's attitudes regarding food taboos which are counter to good eating habits. There are a great many food superstitions which are not due to religious influence, but seem to be related to shape and composition of food. Many expectant mothers superstitiously avoid eating certain foods for fear that they may cause mental or physical abnormality in their babies. As was shown in a previous survey (Mo, 1966)of villages in all provinces except Jeju Island, such superstitions were common among pregnant and lactating mothers. Many food taboos and superstitions based on non-scientific and irrational ideas do exist even in modern society, and are a major obstacle to nutritionally adequate food consumption. A study of food taboos among women of Jeju Island was undertaken from November to December of 1976, these results to be compared as well with those of the previous study. There were 73 items found to be prohibited during pregnancy. Of these, 48.7% were of the deaf group, 17.4% fish, 5.5% eggs, 4.7% cereal, and only 2.2% fruit. Of 252% women respondents, 111 (45% ) abstained from eating chicken, duck, and shark because of the belief that they would cause their babies to be born with gooseflesh or shark skin. Many of them avoided rabbit meat for fear that their babies might be born with harelip. It was also feared that a baby would become disfigured if his mother ate duck, goat, dog meat, chicken or duck eggs, or soup made of bones. A common superstition was that highly spiced or salty foods would cause the fetus to be hairless. Squid and octopus were believed to cause babies to have weak bones, or none at all. Most of these food taboos were associated with fears concerning Physical structure and appearance of unborn babies. Other taboos were associated with fear of undesirable behavioral characteristics. For example, some mothers thought that a baby would pinch or bite the mother's breast during the weaning period, if crab meat were eaten during pregnancy. Unevenly sliced rice cake, loach, snake meat and eel were also believed to cause a baby to be ill-tempered. The findings of this study are remarkably similar to those of the previous study conducted by the authour in 1966. Most of the same food taboos, based on non-scientific and irrational reasons, were found on Jeju Island as on the peninsula, and thor were similarly wide-spread. The results of correlational analysis show that the most significant factors related to prevalence of food taboos, are level of education and religious background. Number of food taboos is correlated with level of education. Also, food taboos are least freqent among the Christian woman. Proper nutrition education should he undertaken in order to encourage intake of protein-rich food, particularly during pregnancy when nutritional needs of mother and fetus are great.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1996

There are many advantages when using IIF and DNA probe methods over anaerobic culture method in that they are time-and effort-saving, more precise and more sensitive. Furthermore, in IIF and DNA probe methods, the detection is possible only with small amount of bacteria, the quantitative analysis is possible, and the cell viability is not necessary. The purpose of this study is to observe the incidence of P.endodontalis by carrying out anaerobic culture, IIF and colony lift using DNA probe method respectively, and to compare these 3 methods in terms of effectiveness and sensitivity in order to identify the most effective detection method. 30 teeth with at least one clinical symptoms, with single canal, and with pulp necrosis were sampled. For sampling bacteria, access cavity was prepared after disinfecting tooth and its surroundings. Then the paper point was inserted up to the periapical area, leave there for a while, and finally it was placed into PRAS Ringer's sol. and PBS sol. In anaerobic culture method, P.endodontalis was identified by biochemical tests after subculturing black and brown colonies which were produced after 7 days of incubation on BAP and Brucella BAP in anaerobic chamber. To identify P.endodontalis in IIF method, species-specific polyclonal rabbit-antisera of P.endodontalis(ATCC 35406) was reacted with sampled PBS sol. dispensed onto glass slide, and then P.endodontalis was examined by phase contrast microscopy after incubating with Goat anti-rabbit lgG conjugated to Fluorescein isothiocyanate. For colony lift using DNA probe method, membranes were laid over colonies on the surface of BAP and were hybridized with cloned DNA probe of P.endodontalis. The existence of P.endodontalis was then identified by the methods of chemiluminescent detection and color metric detection. Black colony was found in 11 teeth out of 30 teeth and P.endodontalis was detected in 6 teeth (20 %) by anaerobic culture method, 16 teeth (53 %) by IIF method, and 7 teeth (23 %) by DNA probe method. IIF method is significantly better in detecting P.endodontalis than DNA probe method and anaerobic culture method. There was no significant differences between DNA probe method and anaerobic culture method. There was significant correlation between the formation of black colony and the existence of P.endodontalis. The probability of detecting P.endodontalis when black colony being present is 2.89 times higher than when not being present. There was significant relationship between the foul odor of clinical symptoms and P.endodontalis. The sensitivity of existing P.endodontalis when foul odor being present was 93.75 %, while the specificity of not existing P.endodontalis when foul odor not being present was 28.57 %. These results suggested that the probes of P.endodontalis will be used to decide the method and prognosis in endodontic treatments.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1606-1612
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• 2008

Interleukin (IL)-32 is a recently identified proinflammatory cytokine that is one of the IL-18 inducible genes, and plays an important role in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We produced antibodies against IL-32 and studied the expression of IL-32 in human stomach cancer. We detected IL-32 secreted from K-562 cells which were stably transfected with IL-32 and in the sera of stomach cancer patients by a sandwich ELISA using a monoclonal antibody KU32-52 and a polyclonal antibody. In order to optimize a sandwich immunoassay, recombinant IL-32a was added, followed by the addition of a biotinylated KU32-52 into microtiter plate wells precoated with a goat anti-IL-32 antibody. The bound biotinylated KU32-52 was probed with a streptavidin conjugated to HRP. This sandwich ELISA was highly specific and had a minimal detection limit of 80 pg/ml (mean${\pm}$SD of zero calibrator) and measuring up to 3,000 pg/ml. This ELISA showed no cross-reaction with other cytokines such as hIL-1$\alpha$, hIL-1$\beta$, hIL-2, hIL-6, hIL-8, hIL-10, hIL-18, and hTNF-$\alpha$. Intra-assay coefficients of variation were 18.5% to 4.6% (n=10), and inter-assay coefficients were 23% to 9% (n=10). The average IL-32 level in the sera of 16 stomach cancer patients (189 pg/ml) was higher than that of 12 healthy control men (109 pg/ml). Our results indicate that serum IL-32 level can be detected by using an established ELISA, and that this immunoassay and mAb KU32-09 specific for immunohistochemistry can be used in the detection of expressed and secreted IL-32 in stomach cancer patients.