• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.1-25
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• 2020

The international community's sanctions against North Korea, triggered by North Korea's nuclear tests and by missile development in the country, are considered the strongest sanctions in history, banning exports of North Korea's major items and limiting imports of machinery and oil products. Accordingly, North Korea's trade volume decreased to the level of collapse after the sanctions, meaning that the sanctions against North Korea were considered to be effective. However, according to this paper, which analyzed the price fluctuations of refined petroleum products in North Korea through the methodology of an event study, the market prices of oil products were only temporarily affected by the sanctions and remained stable over the long run despite the restrictions on the volumes of refined petroleum products introduced. This can be explained by evidence that North Korea has introduced refined oil supplies that are not much different from those before the sanctions through its use of illegal transshipments even after the sanctions. With regard to strategic materials such as refined oil, the North Korean authorities are believed to be desperately avoiding sanctions by, for instance, finding loopholes in the sanctions to meet the minimum level of demand.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.91-111
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• 1999

This study tries to compare the architectural thought of Michel Foucault with that of Manfredo Tafuri in order to make clear the architectural identity as a social institution. In Michel Foucault's case, the archeology of discourse and the geneology of power were central method to understand the history of occidental society since the Renaissance. Four him, architecture is assumed as a mechanism of operation which make the power effectively radiate in th space. He thinks that a new discursive space was arranged since the 18th century in Europe, the architecture played a role to coordinate divers powers. Mafredo Tafuri, architetural historian, depends on the criticism of ideology in search of the relation between the economic system of capitalism and modern architecture and urbanism. He thinks that all architecture is an institution. And any attempt to overthrow the institution, is bound to see itself turned into a positive contribution and into an ideology, So all architectural attempts to conceal the contradiction of capitalism are negated. This different perspective on architecture exposes many points of dispute: historical periodization, disciplinary limit of architecture, understanding of Enlightenment architecture, utopia and heterotopia, etc.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2014

Purpose - The study investigates the history, production methods, market scale, and distribution of the traditional liquors of three countries: South Korean sokokju, Chinese shaoxing-chiew, and Japanese sake. These have similar production methods, being made from rice or cereal, cores of their respective food industries. Research design, data, and methodology - The study investigated the history of the three liquors, liquor classification in the three countries, and production methods. It examined the scale of the traditional liquor market and these countries' distribution structure. Results - Brand cognition of traditional liquors is affected by a focus on wellbeing and LOHAS (lifestyle of health and sustainability). Promotion and marketing strategies along with a high quality image, shelf life of draft liquor, traditional liquor identification systems, and high taxes on traditional liquor, and the need for continuous R&D and training of professionals all impacted the industry. Conclusions - These countries play important roles in world trade, seeking economic integration. By forming a free trade agreement (FTA), their traditional liquors, with a proud history, can be jointly branded in the world market.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.373-378
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• 2002

Among the science and engineering fields in North Korean Academy of Sciences, geology occupies about 10 percent of the total number of departments. An analysis of major geologic research fields in North Korea, based on the number of authors of 2000-200l publications in a representative journal "Geology and Geography", shows the proportions as follows: mineralogy and petrology (31.0%), stratigraphy and paleontology (12.3%), economic geology and geochemistry (11.6%), geophysics and structural geology (14.2%), and applied geology (31.0%). This proportion is similar to that in South Korea in 1960s and shows that geologic research activity in North Korea is concentrated for the purpose of mineral resources exploration. The academic collaboration between South and North Korea in near future should include the researches on the reconstruction of geologic history in Korean peninsula and Northeast Asia and the environmental restoration from mining-related environmental pollution in North Korea. For active academic interchange between South and North Korea, efforts to overcome the academic gap are requisite. Frequent joint symposia, interchange programme of post-doctoral fellows, and cooperative researches on specific topics are recommended for this effort.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제31권
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• pp.7-33
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• 2013

The ultimate goal of women's studies and feminist critics is to improve the understanding on women and recognize women's values. When we examine the Korean women's history on the viewpoint of gender, we can find that the gender role is not fixed. We do not have any proofs that there are any kinds of gaps between women and men in ability and temperament. All of women's identity and subjectivity in status and activities was not insignificant. Especially women's subjectivity in high social standing was superior. The women's activities in economic area were energetically. The productive activities were lively, too. The patrilineal decent is usual in Chana though China is in the same Confucianism cultural area. But patrilineal and matrilineal decent were popular used until the early days in Chosun Dynasty. Only sons can be inherited father's estate in China but it's not in our country. Also the patriarch had the economic power in family in China but the housewives had the power in ours. The feminism has been making efforts for the equality of sexes and the dismantling of the patriarchal sex role for a long time. Every feminist activities included feminist theory and cultural criticism has the goal to increase women's liberty and equality and change the world. This study to understand the historical substance of Korean women is on the way, too.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.291-318
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• 2009

은퇴한 한국 노인의 주관안녕과 신체건강에 과거 경험한 질병 수, 경제상태 수준, 사회관계 요인들로는 배우자에 대한 만족, 자녀에 대한 만족, 자녀에 대한 기대, 사회적 지원 그리고 개인경험 요인으로는 자존심 욕구의 충족, 종교신앙, 정적정서, 부적정서, 건강행동으로는 음주행동 요인이 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 특히 은퇴 전에 종사하였던 직종의 유형에 따라 현재(T1)의 주관안녕 및 신체건강에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 비교해보고 이러한 요인들이 2년 후(T2)의 주관안녕과 신체건강에도 동일한 영향을 미치는지 종단적인 영향력을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 2003년(T1)과 2005년(T2)의 조사에 모두 참여한 서울과 춘천지역에 거주하는 65세 이상 노인 1,315명의 자료를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 은퇴노인들 (n=735)이 현재 재직 중인 노인들(n=374)에 비하여 2003년과 2005년 모두에서 과거질병 및 종교신앙 수준이 높았으며, 경제상태, 사회지원, 자존욕구충족, 음주행동, 정적정서, 주관안녕 및 신체건강 지각 수준이 낮았다. 한편 재직 중인 노인 집단과 은퇴한 노인 집단의 2003년 주관안녕과 신체건강을 각각 설명해 보고자 12개 요인들을 단계별로 중다회귀 분석을 실시한 결과, 은퇴노인들의 주관안녕은 재직노인들(63.0%)과 달리 결혼만족과 음주행동 요인이 추가되어 8개 요인이 유의하게 설명하였다(70.5%). 은퇴노인들의 신체건강은 재직노인들(33.7%)과 달리 자녀기대와 음주행동 요인이 추가되어 5개 요인이 유의하게 설명하였다(36.4%). 은퇴노인들의 2년 후 주관안녕은 재직노인들(44.7%)과 달리 결혼만족과 신체건강 요인이 추가되어 5개 요인이 유의하게 설명하였으며(41.8%), 신체건강은 결혼만족, 정적정서 및 부적정서 요인이 추가되어 5개 요인이 26.5%를 유의하게 설명하였다. 은퇴노인 집단들의 경우, 직종별로 세분한 중다회귀 분석 결과도 제시하였다. 끝으로 본 연구의 결과를 논의하고 장래 연구를 위한 시사점을 제안하였다.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2018

Understanding the purpose and results of a Korean Envoy's medical bureaucrat (attendant) travel to China. Unlike other Envoy's medical bureaucrats, envoy's trade made profits for those who participated. This article investigates the protocols of a Korean Envoy's medical attendant which include: (1) A prominent family member or high-ranking official does not participate in the Envoy's medical bureaucrat, either himself or his descendants. This denies the general theory that the medicinal material trade helped the economic status of medical officials. (2) Envoy's medical bureaucrat is a high percentage of interpreter bureaucrat in the households of father, mother, and wife. This suggests that the information about the envoy schedule and the benefit of the envoy may have been exposed in advance. This is related to the fact that the interpreter bureaucrat is the center of the envoy trade. (3) In the nineteenth century, envoy's medical bureaucrats were more frequent among close relatives, such as father-son relationship, than in the previous century. This study restored the lineage and purpose to the medical bureaucrat's travel to China, and provides a list of Envoy's medical bureaucrat through historical data, and analyzed the household and previous office. In this regard, it can be seen that some households, which are not dominant medical bureaucracies, have pursued profit through medicinal material trade. However, it is difficult to generalize to the whole of the medical bureaucracy.

• 복식
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• 제65권7호
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• pp.86-100
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• 2015

This study is to investigate the relationships between heel height and macro-economic factors - recession and unemployment; and to analyze the time lags reflecting economic factors on heel height index using U.S. data. The life-history evolution theory was applied to propose the relationships studied. The data for the heel height measurements of women's shoes - pump style only - were obtained from US Vogue fashion editorial sections on spring and fall editions from 1950 to 2014. I divided the heel height by the length of the shoes in order to standardize the data. Total of 1581 samples were used, and heel height data were aggregated to create a yearly average. To explore the relationships between macro-economic factors and heel height, this study used OLS of Stata 13 program. The main findings show that unemployment rates influenced heel height for three years in a positive direction. Furthermore, the effects of unemployment rate from two years ago on the current heel height were very close to being on a significant level.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2017년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.268-269
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• 2017

Apartment building, which has been accompanied by economic growth in Korea, is a home of life and has the value overlapping as housing and assets. The improvement of consumer's eye level and development of related technology and related service development have positive function that enriches society and creates economic wealth. On the other hand, the clash and conflict between stakeholders increase social unrest and waste our competitiveness by economic loss. The term of warranty liability of apartment building is an important issue of defect lawsuits and is only a few quantitative standards. However, in this study, we examined the revision history of the law and ordinances for the reinforced concrete construction. As a result, establishing and revising the relevant standard, there is no definite basis system to support it. To improve this, the efforts to provide the standard for term of warranty liability and quantitative and objective basis to support it should be accompanied continuously.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.143-151
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• 1997

The history of the Palgongsan Fault comprises the growth-fault, the dormant and the strike-slip phases. Dissecting the Palgongsan Granite, the Palgongsan Strike-slip Fault, which is the product of the final phase, sinistrally offset about 5.5 km as shown in the dislocation of the Hasandong Formation. Faulting, sedimentation and igneous activity were inter-related in the early phases of the Palgongsan Fault. Some other faults such as the Dansan Pond Fault and the Hayang Fault have also been discovered, and their some stratigraphic implications and the ages of faulting are discussed. The anomalous development of the Jindong Formation in the study area and the related stratigraphic problems are discussed. It has been confirmed that the Konchonri Formation deposited over the Chaeyaksan Volcanic Formation in spite of the recent doubts on their such stratigraphic relation. The chronological sequence of the volcanisms of the Kyongsang Basin has been summarized.