• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.259-268
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• 2020

미국 메리놀 외방전교회가 1953년부터 1969년까지 관할한 충북 지역 (청주교구)에 건축한 18개 성당은 다른 카톨릭 외방 전교단체가 건축한 성당과 달리 특정한 건축 양식에 얽매이지 않는다. 청주교구의 최고 위계이자 대표 성당인 청주 내덕동 주교좌성당도 마찬가지이다. 그런데 이 성당은 교구 내 다른 성당과 구별되는 독특한 건축적 특징을 지닌다. 본 연구는 이 특징은 무엇인지, 어떤 방식으로 구현되었는지 살펴보고, 그 기원을 추적하여 미국 메리놀 외방전교회본부(1932)에서 건축 모티브를 가져왔음을 고찰한 후, 일제강점기(1923-1942) 메리놀회 관할 평양교구 주요 성당의 건축적 특징이 그 전례가 되었고 여기에서 파디(James V. Pardy) 주교 및 건축 전문가 박태봉(朴泰鳳)이 가교 역할을 했음을 밝힌다. 이를 바탕으로 내덕동 주교좌성당이 메리놀회의 해방 전후(1922-1969) 성당 건축사 및 한국 근대 성당 건축사에서 가지는 의의를 정리한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 새로 발굴한 건축도면, 사진, 텍스트 등 1차 사료를 주로 활용하는 문헌 연구방법을 취한다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.136-145
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• 1989

This study made a descriptive analysis of the cumulative amount and rate of sports medical care utilization during the 24th Seoul Olympic Games by the participating athletes, officials, etc. The sports medical care utilization was a component of the total medical care use and was basically caused by the prevention and treatment of sports injuries. The analytic data were derived from the Olympic Health Management Information System(OHMIS) of the SLOOC and the Korea Athlete Trainer Association(KATA). These were analyzed according to the quantity of physician visits and the utilization rate, which was the amount of utilization divided by the total number of participating persons. The results were as follows: Firstly, the sports medical care utilization by the persons participating in the Seoul Olympics amounted to 17.9% of the total medical care utilization. The venue medical services utilization accounted for 54.7% of the total physician visits, which was larger than the village medical center's utilization. The number of physician visits per hundred persons during the 2 week period in the venue clinic was 3.03 and that of the village medical center was 2.51, therefore, the total was 5.54. Secondly, athletes accounted for 82.3% and officials 12.2% in the sports medical care utilization by participants. These results were because athletes, who were directly related to the games, called extremely often on the physicians. The utilization rate of sports medical care by athletes was 34.29. Thirdly, the sports medical demand according to type of therapy could be ranked from high to low in the following order: sports massage, thermal therapy, and electrical stimulation treatment, etc. The department of physical therapy in the village medical center was used a great deal. Fourthly, the trend of daily sports medical care utilization by the athletes showed a bell shape centering around the opening day of the Seoul Olympic Games. The utilization rate of athletes was 2.3; however, that of officials was 0.6. Lastly, the sports medical demand was calculated according to the continents, and Central America, Africa and Middle-East Asia proved to have a higher rate of sports medical care utilization than the more powerful and industrialized continent or regions.

• 정보와 통신
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.77-85
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• 1997

지금까지 access network에서의 xDSL의 위치를 살펴보고 DSL, HDSL, ADSL 및 VDSL을 중심으로 기술 및 최근의 표준화동향을 살펴보았다. ITU의 조사에 따르면 97년 기준으로 전세계 약 8억가구에 copper access line이 연결되어 있고 그중의 70%이상이 가정에 연결되어 있는데 증가추세도 북미의 경우 년3.5%, 서유럽과 태평양연안의 경우 년4.5%의 성장율을 보이고 있어 2000년경에는 10억가구에 다다를 전망이다. 미국은 97년기준 약 1억가구에 1억6000만 copper access line이 연결되어 있는데 Yankee Group이 조사한 바에 따르면 2000년을 기준으로 3백만가구에 ADSL/RADSL/SDSL이 연결되고 관련 revenue는 10억달러에 이를것으로 추산하고 있다. 전세계 xDSL 시장규모를 미국의 5배정도로 보면 2000년경에는 전세계 twist pair의 2%정도에 xDSL이 연결되어 ADSL/RADSL/SDSL 관련 세계시장규모가 50억달러에 이르고 시장성장률은 30%에 이를 것으로 보고 있다. 현재 이러한 xDSL의 표준화작업은 3장에서 언급한 바와 같이 ANSI T1, ETSI에서 주로 주도되고 있으나 ITU-T, IEEE, ADSL Forum, ATM Forum, DAVIC 등 다른 group과 활발한 liasion meeting 을 통해서도 협력안을 마련하려 노력하고 있다. 예를 들어 DAVIC은 long range(1.5Km이상) PMD규격으로 ADSL을, mid range($300m\sim1.5km$) PMD규격으로 VDSL을, short range(300m이하) PMD규격으로 CAP방식의 FTTC를 각각구정하여 xDSL을 수용하고 있다. Microsoft의 CEO인 Bill Gates가 'Bandwidth bottleneck. No question. that's the biggest obstacle.'이라고 천명한 바와 같이 정보사회로의 진전에 있어 bandwidth는 시급히 해결되어야 할 문제이다. 정보사회의 꿈을 실현하고자 1993년부터 시작된 In-formation Infrastructure의 구축노력이 그동안 다양하게 시도되어왔으나 숱한 우여곡절과 실패를 겪은 telco등의 서비스업자들이 이제는 너무 큰 꿈을 쫓기보다는 internet이라는 현실적인 시장에서 xDSL과 cablemodem을 바탕으로 차근차근 새로 시작하고 있다고 생각된다. 그동안 ADSL, Forum을 중심으로한 일부 technology evangelist들은 전세계 8억가구에 깔려있는 copper twist pair를 경제적인 'the last mile solution'으로 활용할 것을 줄기차게 주장해왔다. 그동안 xDSL은 VDSL이라는 차세대 대안을 제시하여 interim solution이라는 울타리를 벗어나는데 성공하였을 뿐만 아니라 IDSL, SDSL, RADSL등의 새로운 고객지향적 xDSL을 개발하여 선택의 폭을 넓혀주었다. xDSL vendor들간의 치열한 경쟁속에서 값싼 xDSL 시스템들이 속속 등장하고 있으며, DSLAM[8]과 같은 switch solution도 제시되어 기존의 copper twist pair를 이용해 값싸게 다양한서비스를 제공해 줄 수 있는 기틀을 마련한 것이 오늘날의 xDSL의 성공요인이라고 생각된다. 일찌기 Bell Atlantic의 CEO Ray Smith가 'Yes. ADSL is an interim solution that will be with us for forty years.'라고 간파한대로 xDSL은 fiber가 좀 더 값싼 해결책이 될 때까지 당분간 access network에서 확고한 자리를 구축할 것으로 보인다. 최근들어 우리나라의 초고속정보통신망도 ADSL 과 VDSL을 바탕으로 FTTH으로 진화하는 전략을 수립한것은 우리의 현실과 세계적인 추세를 반영한 일이라 여겨진다.

• 태양에너지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 1996

본 연구는 수직원통형 빙축열조 내에 상변화물질로서 순수한 물을 $-10^{\circ}C$의 초기 과냉온도로 응고시킨 후, 작동유체의 입구온도를 $7^{\circ}C,\;4^{\circ}C,\;1^{\circ}C$로, 작동유체의 유입방향을 상향과 하향으로 각각 변화시키면서 외향용융시켰을 경우, 시간경과에 따른 축열매질의 온도분포, 상경계면의 형상, 용융율, 용융에너지를 실험적으로 구하여 이를 비교 검토한 것이다. 작동유체의 입구온도가 $7^{\circ}C,\;4^{\circ}C$의 경우에는 작동유체의 유입방향이 상 하향 모두 물의 최대 밀도점인 $4^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 일시적으로 온도가 상승하지 않고 일정 시간동안 정체하는 온도정체구간이 나타났다. 또한, 용융이 진행됨에 따라 물이 축열조의 하부에 적체되고, 이에 따라 하부에서의 용융이 활발히 진행됨으로써 상경계면 형상은 전체적으로 종모양 형태의 곡선을 나타낸다. 작동 유체의 입구온도가 $7^{\circ}C$인 경우, 용융율(Vl/Vtot)과 용융에너지는 작동유체의 유입방향이 상향인 경우가 하향인 경우에서보다 크게 나타난 반면, 작동유체의 입구온도가 $4^{\circ}C,\;1^{\circ}C$인 경우는 $7^{\circ}C$의 경우와는 달리 하향인 경우가 상향인 경우에서보다 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2018년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.13-13
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• 2018

Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus, widely distributed in the environment and a range of different habitats. It includes both plant pathogenic and saprophytic species, which can affect crops in the field or cause post-harvest spoilage of plant fruits and kernels. Numerous Alternaria species cause damage to agricultural products including cereal grains, fruits and vegetables, and are responsible for severe economic losses worldwide. Most Alternaria species have the ability to produce a variety of secondary metabolites, which may play important roles in plant pathology as well as food quality and safety. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN) and altenuene (ALT) are considered the main Alternaria compounds thought to pose a risk to human health. However, food-borne Alternaria species are able to produce many additional metabolites, whose toxicity has been tested incompletely or not tested at all. Both alternariols are mutagenic and their presence in cereal grain has been associated with high levels of human esophageal cancer in China. TeA exerts cytotoxic and phytotoxic properties, and is acutely toxic in different animal species, causing hemorrhages in several organs. The possible involvement of TA in the etiology of onyalai, a human hematological disorder occurring in Africa, has been suggested. Altertoxins (ALXs) have been found to be more potent mutagens and acutely toxic to mice than AOH and AME. Other metabolites, such as TEN, are reported to be phytotoxins, and their toxicity on animals has not been demonstrated up to now. Vegetable foods infected by Alternaria rot are obviously not suitable for consumption. Thus, whole fresh fruits are not believed to contribute significantly with Alternaria toxins to human exposure. However, processed vegetable products may introduce considerable amounts of these toxins to the human diet if decayed or moldy fruit is not removed before processing. The taxonomy of the genus is not well defined yet, which makes it difficult to establish an accurate relationship between the contaminant species and their associated mycotoxins. Great efforts have been made to organize taxa into subgeneric taxonomic levels, especially for the small-spored, food associated species, which are closely related and constitute the most relevant food pathogens from this genus. Several crops of agricultural value are susceptible to infection by different Alternaria species and can contribute to the entry of Alternaria mycotoxins in the food chain. The distribution of Alternaria species was studied in different commodities grown in Argentina. These food populations were characterized through a polyphasic approach, with special interest in their secondary metabolite profiles, to understand their full chemical potential. Alternaria species associated with tomato, bell pepper, blueberry, apples and wheat cultivated in Argentina showed a surprisingly high metabolomic and mycotoxigenic potential. The natural occurrence of Alternaria toxins in these foods was also investigated. The results here presented will provide background for discussion on regulations for Alternaria toxins in foods.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.383-390
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• 1992

제주도를 중심으로 한 남해해역 ($123^{\circ}$/30'E-$128^{\circ}$/30'E, $32^{\circ}00N-34^{\circ}$ 30'N)을 대상으로 퇴적토 시료를 1988년 7월 31일부터 8월 10일, 1989년 3월 9일 부텨 3월 13일에 걸쳐 2회 채취하였다. 퇴적토시료는 숙성된 해수와 증류수를 각각 넣은 ZoBell 2216 E 평판배지를 사용하여 해양 세균과 담수 새균을 계수하였고 종속영양 세균분포와 세포외 효소활성을 측정 분석하였다. 종석영양세균의 분포는 하계의 경우 해양 세균과 담수 세균 각각 $0.3{\times}10^{6}~15{\times}10^{6}/cm^{3}$ sediment, $0.3{\times}10^{7}~30{\times}10^{7}/cm^{3}$ sediment, $0.01{\times}10^{6}~19{\times}10^{6}/cm^{3}$ sediment로 나타났다. 1989 년 춘계, sediment 표층 종속영양 세균의 절대값은 정점에 따라 1988 년 하계에 비해 최고 100배 이상으로 상승하였고, 대부분의 정점에서 많은 세균수를 관찰할 수 있었다. 한편 총세균에 대한 담수세균의 비율은 하계보다 춘계에 항승하는 결과를 나타냇다. 퇴적토 함수율은 하계보다 춘계에 낮게 나타났으나 유기물량을 나타내는 회분량은 높음을 알 수 있었다. 즉 춘계에는 하계에 비해 입자가 큰 최적토가 많이 분포되어 있으나 유기물의 유입이 많음을 시사한다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합해 볼때 남해해열 퇴적토 세균군집은 계절에 따라 매우 높은 분포를 보이고 이 요인으로는 육수의 유입으로 인한 영향을 들 수 있다. 또한 춘계에 해수의 혼합으로 무기영양물질 공급이 일어나고 이어 증식한 프랑크톤이 침강하여 퇴적토에 유입되므로써 세포외 효소 활성력이 높은 세균에 의해 고분자물질이 분해되고 이로 인한 영양물질 공급이 세균상승의 원인 중 하나일 것으로 사료된다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2010

Cholinesterase (ChE) is one of the most ubiquitous enzymes and in addition to its well characterized catalytic function, the morphogenetic involvement of ChE has also been demonstrated in neuronal tissues and in non-neuronal tissues such as bone and cartilage. We have previously reported that during mouse tooth development, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is dynamically localized in the dental epithelium and its derivatives whereas butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity is localized in the dental follicles. To test the functional conservation of ChE in tooth morphogenesis among different species, we performed cholinesterase histochemistry following the use of specific inhibitors of developing molar and incisors in the hamster from embryonic day 11 (E11) to postnatal day 1 (P1). In the developing molar in hamster, the localization of ChE activity was found to be very similar to that of the mouse. At the bud stage, no ChE activity was found in the tooth buds, but was first detectable in the dental epithelium and dental follicles at the cap and bell stages. AChE activity was found to be principally localized in the dental epithelium whereas BuChE activity was observed in the dental follicle. In contrast to the ChE activity in the molars, BuChE activity was specifically observed in the secretory ameloblasts of the incisors, whilst no AChE activity was found in the dental epithelium of incisors. The subtype and localization of ChE activity in the dental epithelium of the incisor thus differed from those of the molar in hamster. In addition, these patterns also differed from the ChE activity in the mouse incisor. These results strongly suggest that ChE may play roles in the differentiation of the dental epithelium and dental follicle in hamster, and that morphogenetic subtypes of ChE may be variable among species and tooth types.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

The periodontal ligament(PDL) is a unique tissue that is crucial for tooth function. However, little is known of the molecular mechanisms controlling PDL function. PDL-specific protein;PDLs22 had been previously identified as a novel protein isolated from cultured human PDL fibroblasts using subtraction hybridization between human gingival fibroblasts and PDL fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to examine the expression pattern and tissue localization of PDLs22 protein in embryonic and various postnatal stages of developing mouse using immunohistochemical staining. Embryos (E18) and postnatal (P1, P4, P5, P15, P18) were decapitated and the heads were fixed overnight in a freshly prepared solution of 4% paraformaldehyde. Some specimens were decalcified for $2{\sim}4$ weeks in a solution containing 10% of the disodium salt of ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Next, tissues were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and sectioned serially at $6{\mu}m$ in thickness. Polyclonal antiserum raised against PDLs22 peptides, ISNKYLVKRQSRD, were made. The localization of PDLs22 in tissues was detected by polyclonal antibody against PDLs22 by means of immunohistochemical staining. The results were as follows; 1. Expression of PDLs22 protein was not detected in the tooth germ of bud and cap stage. 2. At the late bell stage and root formation stage, strong expression of PDLs22 protein was observed in developing tooth follicle, osteoblast-like cells, and subodontoblastic cells in the tooth pulp, but not in gingival fibroblasts, ameloblasts and odontoblasts of tooth germ 3. In erupted tooth, PDLs22 protein was intensely expressed in PDL and osteoblast-like cells of alveolar bone, but not in gingival fibroblasts, mature osteocytes and adjacent salivary glands. 4. In the developing alveolar bone and mid-palatal suture, expression of PDLs22 protein was seen in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and osteoblast-like cells of developing mid-palatal suture, but not in mature osteocytes and chondrocytes. These results suggest that PDLs22 protein may play an important role in the differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the bone marrow and PDL cells, which can differentiate into multiple cell types including osteoblasts, cementoblasts, and PDL fibroblasts. However, more researches should be performed to gain a better understanding of the exact function of PDLs22 protein which related to the PDL cell differentiation.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.19-23
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• 2003

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is usually a disease of premature infants, but occasionally it affects the term neonate. Twenty-five infants with NEC were treated at Asan Medical Center between January 2000 and December 2002, and 13 of them were term infants. In each case, the diagnosis of NEC was established by a clinical illness fulfilling the Bell's stage II or III NEC as modified by Walsh or by surgical findings. There were six males and seven females. The birth weight was from 1,960 to 3,700 g. The age at diagnosis was from 1 to 40 days. Four patients had congenital heart disease: one of who had hypothyroidism and cleft palate. Abdominal distension was present in all, and bloody stools in four. One patient had history of hypoglycemia, three had Rota viral infection. Eight patients had leucopoenia (<$5.0{\times}10^9/L$), seven had thrombocytopenia (<$100{\times}10^9/L$), and three severe thrombocytopenia (<$50{\times}10^9/L$). Laparotomy was required in 10 of the 13 patients. Indications for operation in the acute phase were failure to respond to aggressive medical therapy in five, and perforation in three patients. There were two late phase operations for intestinal stricture and fistula. There were no operative complications. Ten of thirteen patients survived (76.9%). Two patients died of septic complication. There was a delayed death due to heart failure. There was a significant difference in survival according to platelet count ($50{\times}10^9/L$) (p<0.05). Congenital heart disease and Rota viral infection are associated with NEC in term infants and thrombocytopenia and leucopoenia may be surgical indications.

• Composites Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.42-53
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• 2000

차세대 항공기소재로 관심을 가지고 있는 Al 7075/CFRP 적층 복합재인 CARALL(CARbon ALuminum Laminates)하이브리드 복합소재 제조를 위한 중요조건중의 하나인 Al 표면처리조건과 경화방법에 대해 조사하였다. 항공기용 Al 전처리 중 대표적인 것으로 증기탈지, 크롬산 양극산화 피막처리, 황산-중크롬산 나트륨 에칭처리 및 인산 양극산화 피막처리공정이 있다. 본 실험에서는 상기 전처리 공정을 모두 항공 규격에 준해서 실시하여 Lap shear 및 Bell peel strength를 비교함으로써 효과적인 접착강도를 나타내는 표면처리 공정을 찾아내고, 시편의 자연표면상태를 그대로 관찰할 수 있는 AFM(Atomic Force Microscope)장비를 이용하여 각 전처리 시편의 표면형상을 측정함으로써 표면형상과 접착강도와의 상관관계를 고찰 하였다. 그리고 Al 표면처리와 별도로 Al과 접착제 및 탄소섬유 프리프레그를 동시에 경화시키는 방법과 탄소섬유 프리프레그를 미리 경화시킨후 다시 Al과 탄소섬유 라미네이트를 접착필름을 이용하여 재 접착시키는 이차 경화법을 적용하여 상호 접착강도 및 물성을 비교하였다. 또한 이차경화법에서의 오토클레이브 압력 변화와 DMA(Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) 장비를 이용한 접착필름의 유리전이온도($T_g$) 측정을 통해 효과적인 공정압력 및 접착내구성 유지에 필요한 최소 경화시간을 파악하였다. 상기 결과로부터 정밀 치수관리가 필요하며 고접착강도, 내구성 항공기 부품을 제작하기 위한 알루미늄 표면처리 공정과 복합재 경화공정 조건을 제시하고자 하였다.