• Title/Summary/Keyword: Korean Bell

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Beat Control Using an Equivalent Ring Model (등가 종 모델을 이용한 맥놀이 조절법)

  • Kim, Seockhyun;Lee, Joonghyeok
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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    • 2012.10a
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    • pp.516-519
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    • 2012
  • This study proposes a method of an equivalent bell model in order to tune the beat period of a Korean bell. In a Korean bell having a slight asymmetry, each circumferential mode splits into a mode pair which has a slight difference in frequency, and the interaction of the mode pair makes a beat in vibration and sound. An equivalent bell model which consists of an axi-symmetric bell and an equivalent point mass, has the same mode property as in a real bell. The equivalent bell model is constructed by the finite element analysis based upon the theory of a revolutionary shell Using the equivalent bell model, the beat period is predicted when the bell thickness is locally decreased to improve the beat property. The predicted result is verified by experiment on a test bell. The proposed method is useful to save the time required for tuning the beat period of a large bell.

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Structural Design of a Large Silla Bell Considering Vibration and Sound (진동과 음향을 고려한 신라대종의 구조설계)

  • Kim, Seock Hyun;Lee, Joong Hyeok;Byeon, Jun Ho
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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    • 2014.10a
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    • pp.604-607
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    • 2014
  • The Seongdeok Divine Bell(nicknamed "Emile Bell") represents the bell of the Silla dynasty. However, ringing it was stopped since 2003 for the safety of the bell. Currently, Kyungju city is performing a project casting a new great bell(tentatively named "Great Bell of Silla") that inherits the beautiful appearance and the sound of the Seongdeok Divine Bell in order to ring a new coming millenium. The new bell is designed to be almost same as the Seongdeok Divine Bell in terms of size, weight and shape as well as its sound. In this study, we investigate the problems occurring in the design of the bell structure and propose the design strategy for the reconstruction of the traditional large bells.

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An Equivalent Bell and Beat Period Control in the Sacred Bell of the Great King Seongdeok (성덕대왕신종의 등가 종과 맥놀이 주기 조절)

  • Lee, Joong-hyeok;Kim, Seock-hyun
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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    • 2013.04a
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    • pp.472-475
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    • 2013
  • This study proposes an equivalent bell model for the Sacred Bell of the Great King Seongdeok An equivalent bell model bas the modal property of the real bell and it consists of an axi-symmetric bell body and a point mass, The bell model is constructed by the finite element analysis based upon the theory of a revolutionary shell. Using the equivalent bell model. the beat period can be controlled by decreasing the thickness of local area. This study aims at showing a beat period control method for a large bell having the similar size to the Sacred Bell of the Great King Seongdeok.

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Is it appropriate to exclude cold exposure from the risk factors of Bell's palsy? (Bell's palsy의 유발인자로서의 한랭 노출에 대한 소고(小考))

  • Jang, In-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.51-54
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    • 2006
  • Objectives : To express an opinion on the controversy about the cold exposure as one of the risk factors of Bell's palsy. Results & Conclusions : It is widely assumed that there is a causal relationship between Bell's palsy and herpes family virus. Regarding cold exposure as one of the risk factors of Bell's palsy, however, some physicians do not accept that cold exposure could be one of the risk factors of Bell's palsy. There is no evidence supporting the hypothesis that the virus causes Bell's palsy, and it has yet to be confirmed. As there are some experimental and clinical reports suggesting that Bell‘s palsy is related to the cold exposure, we cannot exclude the possibility that the cold exposure may be one of the important risk factors of Bell's palsy. It would be necessary to undertake further studies to determine this.

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Transforming the Wongaksa Bell[Buddhist Bell] to the Bosingak Bell[Court Bell]: An Example of the Debuddhismization during the Joseon Dynasty (원각사종(圓覺寺鐘)에서 보신각종(普信閣鍾)으로 -조선시대 탈불교화의 일례-)

  • Nam Dongsin
    • MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
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    • v.104
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    • pp.102-142
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    • 2023
  • The Bronze Bell of Wongaksa Temple, also known as the Bosingak Bell, was produced in 1468 during the reign of King Sejo for dedication at Wongaksa Temple in the middle of the capital Hanyang in celebration of the tenth anniversary of his accession to the throne. It is currently heavily damaged and cannot be struck. This paper focuses on the man-made damage inflicted on the Bosingak Bell and explores when, why, and by whom the bell was damaged along with the historical significance of this damage. In the first section, the relevant literature is reviewed and the problems concerned, research perspective, and methodology are presented. The history of related theories is investigated focusing on the relationship between Bosingak Bell and Wongaksa Bell. The perspective that Bosingak Bell and Wongaksa Bell are the same is introduced. My discussion will be developed from this perspective. In the second section, the background to King Sejo's construction of Wongaksa Bell is examined. Specifically, the bells commissioned by the kings of the early Joseon era are divided into court bells (jojong) and Buddhist bells (beomjong). They total four court bells and three Buddhist bells. The former are the Jongnu Tower Bell commissioned by King Taejo, Donhwamun Gate Bell by King Taejong, Gwanghwamun Gate Bell by King Sejong, and Sajeongjeon Hall Bell by King Sejo. The latter are the bells of Yongmunsa, Heungcheonsa (or Jeongneungsa) and Wongaksa Temples, all of which were made during the reign of King Sejo. Sejo also made Wongaksa Bell and gave it the meaning that the monarch and the Buddha both wish to enlighten the people through the sound of the bells. In the third section, traces of the man-made damage done to Bosingak Bell are closely examined. By observing the current condition of Bosingak Bell and comparing it with the contemporaneous Heungcheongsa Bell (1462) and Bongseonsa Bell (1469), the components of Bosingak Bell that were damaged can be identified. The damaged parts are again divided into Buddhist elements and non-Buddhist elements. The former includes the reversed lotus petals on the shoulder band, four standing bodhisattvas, and the inscription of the bell composed by Choe Hang. The latter includes lists of chief supervisors (dojejo). I describe the phenomenon of deliberately damaging Buddhist elements on bells as "effacement of Buddhism," meaning Buddhist images and inscriptions are eliminated, and I note the prevailing rejection of Buddhism theory among Neo-Confucianists as its ideological root. The erasure of non-Buddhist images was probably caused by political conflicts such as Yeonsangun's purge in 1504. Since both ideological and political factors played a role in the changes made to Bosingak Bell, the damage was possibly done between the Purge of 1504 and the abdication of Yeonsangun in 1506. Chapter four traces the transformation of the Buddhist bell of Wongaksa Temple into the Bosingak court bell. Finally completed in 1468, the Wongaksa Bell only served its role as a Buddhist bell at related services for a relatively brief period of 36 years (until 1504). Wongaksa Temple was closed down and the bell lost its Buddhist function. In 1536, it was moved from Wongaksa Temple to Namdaemun Gate, where it remained silent for the next 90 years until it was struck again in November 1594. However, after the destruction of the Jongnu Bell in a fire during the Japanese Invasions of Korea (1592-1598), the Buddhist bell from Wongaksa Temple became a court bell. The Wongaksa Temple bell was relocated to Jongnu Tower in 1619, traveling through Myeongdong Pass. From then on, as the official Jongnu Bell (later renamed Bosingak Bell), it was regularly rung at dawn and dusk every day for nearly 300 years until 1908, when Japanese authorities halted the ritual. The transformation of the Wongaksa Bell (a Buddhist bell) to Bosingak Bell (a court bell) means that the voice of the Buddha was changed to the voice of the king. The concept of "effacement of Buddhism," evident in the transformation of Wongaksa Bell to Bosingak Bell, was practiced widely on almost every manifestation of Buddhism throughout the Joseon period. In short, the damage evident in Bosingak Bell underscores the debuddhismization in Korean society during the Joseon Dynasty.

SOME IDENTITIES INVOLVING THE DEGENERATE BELL-CARLITZ POLYNOMIALS ARISING FROM DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

  • SEO, JONG JIN;RYOO, CHEON SEOUNG
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • v.38 no.5_6
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    • pp.427-438
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    • 2020
  • In this paper we define a new degenerate Bell-Carlitz polynomials. It also derives the differential equations that occur in the generating function of the degenerate Bell-Carlitz polynomials. We establish some new identities for the degenerate Bell-Carlitz polynomials. Finally, we perform a survey of the distribution of zeros of the degenerate Bell-Carlitz polynomials.

An Experimental Study on the Influence of the Internal Cavity and Gap on the Bell Acoustics (내부 공동과 간극이 종 음향에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험적 연구)

  • Jeong, Won-Tae;Kang, Yeon-June;Kim, Seock-Hyun
    • Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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    • v.20 no.9
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    • pp.822-827
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    • 2010
  • In this study, it is experimentally investigated how bell acoustics are influenced by the internal cavity of the bell and the gap between the bell bottom and the floor. Acoustic transmission function and natural frequency of a test bell are measured and analysed. Experimental study is conducted to evaluated how the resonance effect influences the bell sound and how the bell sound is different according to the striking condition and the measurement direction. Acoustic resonance frequency of the cavity-gap system is predicted by boundary element analysis using SYSNOIS and the validity of the predicted result is verified by experiment. The result of the study could be applied to determine the optimal gap size which makes the bell sound strong and long.

Vibration and sound of Silla Great Bell (신라대종의 진동과 음향)

  • Kim, Seockhyun;Lee, Joong Hyeok;Byeon, Jun Ho
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.186-193
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    • 2017
  • Silla Great Bell was manufactured in order to ring for the new millennium in succession to King Seongdeok Divine Bell. This study investigates how Silla Great Bell is similar to King Seongdeok Divine Bell in respect of structure and sound. First, design and manufacturing processes are introduced and dimensions of the two bells are compared and the similarity is estimated. Three main characteristics of the sound of a Korean bell are magnificent and harmonic striking sound, dynamic beat, and long lasting hum tone. These three features are compared and objectively estimated using physical parameters. The purpose of the study is to provide useful information to manufacture Korean bell which has beautiful appearance and excellent sound.

Genetic Polymorphism of Interleukin 10 Gene and Sasang Constitution in Bell's Palsy Patients

  • Kim, Jong-Won;Seo, Jung-Chul;Jung, Tae-Young
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.515-519
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    • 2005
  • We hypothesized that the IL10 gene is important candidate in the development of Bell's palsy and specific genotypic and allelic variations should be associated with Bell's palsy in the Korean population. In this study, we assessed the SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) of IL10 in patients with Bell's palsy. 62 patients with Bell's palsy were selected from the subjects who visited for the Bell's palsy service of the department of acupuncture & moxibustion, college of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University from May 2002 to May 2003. Pyrosequencing was performed for genetic analyses. There was no statistically significant genotypic distribution difference between control and Bell's palsy group And there was not statistically significant allelic frequency difference between control and Bell's palsy group. In this study the IL10 genotypemight not be the risk factor of Bell's palsy patients in Korean. studies will be necessary for the exact genetic markers. Establishment of more systemic approach and high quality of prospective cohorts will be necessary for the good prediction of genetic markers.

Study on Propagated Crack and Stress Level of Boshinkak Bell(No.2 Trensure) ((보물(寶物) 제2호(濟2號)) 보신각종(普信閣鐘)의 전파(傳播)크랙 및 응력(應力)레벨에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Yum, Yung-Ha
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.9-23
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    • 1985
  • Boshin-Kak Bell, which is one of the largest bells, is located at Chong-Ro Square in the center of Seoul. The bell has been struct early morning and late evening for time-report since the 14th century in Lee Era. Therefore Boshin-Kak Bell has been an intimate old friend of Seoul citizen more than 500 years. Unfortunately, motal large cracks were found inside this bell in the horizontal and vertical directions in 1979. The present paper has investigated the propagated bell-crack by ultrasonic flaw detecting method, and the stress level, bell vibration and weight measurement by electric wire resistance strain gauge method. The results indicate that they are useful for further study of Korean bell by nondestructive test.

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