• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.55-58
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• 2016

Quench Detection System (QDS) is essential to guarantee the stable operation of the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) Poloidal Field (PF) magnet system because the stored energy in the magnet system is very large. For the fast response, voltage-based QDS has been used. Co-wound voltage sensors and balanced bridge circuits were applied to eliminate the inductive voltages generated during the plasma operation. However, as the inductive voltages are hundreds times higher than the quench detection voltage during the pulse-current operation, Central Difference Averaging (CDA) and MIK, where I and K stand for mutual coupling indexes of different circuits, which is an active cancellation of mutually generated voltages have been suggested and studied. In this paper, the CDA and MIK technique were applied to the KSTAR magnet for PF magnet quench detection. The calculated inductive voltages from the MIK and measured voltages from the CDA circuits were compared to eliminate the inductive voltages at result signals.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.288-291
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• 2012

We designed an ultra-wide band-pass filter applicable to microwave reflectometry for KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) and to microwave photonics. The proposed ultra-wide band-pass filter exhibits a metamaterial structure characterized by a wide band, low insertion loss, and high skirt selectivity. The proposed filter is applied to enhance the linearity of reflectometry at the output of a VCO (voltage controlled oscillator). The pass-band of the proposed filter is observed at 18~28 GHz, and the out-of-band rejection is below 20 dB. Further, we constructed an unwrapped negative phase of S(2, 1) to verify the characteristics of the metamaterial. The under- and upper-band at lower limits of the pass-band are left- and right-handed, respectively. The group delay of the filter is less than 0.5 ns.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.240-240
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• 2011

The first neutral beam injector (NBI-1) has been developed for the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) tokamak. A first long pulse ion source (LPIS-1) has been installed on the NBI-1 for an auxiliary heating and current drive of KSTAR core plasmas. Performance of ion and neutral beam extractions in the LPIS-1 was investigated initially on the KSTAR NBI-1 system, prior to the neutral beam injection into the main plasmas. The ion source consists of a JAEA magnetic bucket plasma generator with multi-pole cusp fields and a set of KAERI prototype-III tetrode accelerators with circular apertures. The inner volume of plasma generator and accelerator column in the LPIS-1 is approximately 123 liters. Final design requirements for the ion source were a 120 kV/ 65 A deuterium beam and a 300 s pulse length. The extraction of ion beams was initiated by the formation of arc plasmas in the LPIS-1, called as an arc-beam extraction method. A stable ion beam extraction of LPIS-1 has been achieved up to an 100 kV/42 A for a 4 s pulse length and an 80 kV/25 A for a 14 s pulse length. Optimum beam perveance of 1.21 microperv has been found at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV. Neutralization efficiency has been measured by using a water flow calorimetry (WFC) method of calorimeter and an operation of bending magnet. The full-energy species of ion beams have been detected by using the diagnostic method of optical multichannel analyzer (OMA). An arc efficiency of the LPIS was 0.6~1.1 A/kW depending on the operating conditions of arc discharge.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.413-418
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• 2008

The toroidal field magnet power supply (TF MPS) for the KSTAR was constructed in August, 2007 and started the operation for the commissioning in March, 2008. The main role of the TF MPS is to supply the electric power to the TF magnet of the KSTAR. The water cooling components of the TF MPS are 16 stacks, busbar of 70 meters. For the cooling of the TF MPS, the D I water cooling system was designed and installed. The water cooling system consists of several pumps, heat exchangers, D I water polishing system and so on. The water cooling system for the TF MPS was tested under the 15 kA current charging condition. In this paper be discussed about the system performance and other parameters.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.359-365
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• 2006

Since the start of the KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) project, Instrumentation and Control (I&C) of the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NB-TF) has been striving to answer diverse requests arising from various facets during the project's development and construction phases. Hard-wired electrical circuits have been designed, tested, fabricated, and finally installed to the relevant parts of the system. In relation to the vacuum system I&C, controlling functions for the rotary pumps, a Roots pump, two turbomolecular pumps, and four cryosorption pumps have been constructed. I&C for the ion source operation are the temperature and flow rate signal monitoring, Langmuir probe signal measurements, gradient grid current measurements, and arc detector circuit. For the huge power system to be monitored or safely operated, many temperature measurement functions have also been implemented for the beam line components like the neutralizer, bending magnet, ion dump, and calorimeter. Nearly all of the control and probe signals between the NB test stand and the control room were made to be transmitted through the optical cables. Failures of coolant flow or beam line vacuum pressure were made to be safely blocked from influencing the system by an appropriate interlock circuit that will shut down the extraction voltage application to the system or prevent damages to the vacuum components. Preliminary estimation of the beam power through the calorimetric measurement shows that 87.9% of the total power of the 60kV/18A beam with 200 seconds duration is absorbed by the calorimeter surface. Most of these I&C results would be highly appropriate for the construction of the main NBI facility for the KSTAR national fusion research project.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.53-58
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• 2013

KSTAR in-vessel cryo-pump has been installed in the vacuum vessel top and bottom side with up-down symmetry for the better plasma density control in the D-shape H-mode. The cryogenic helium lines of the in-vessel cryo-pump are located at the vertical positions from the vacuum vessel torus center 2,000 mm. The inductive electrical potential has been optimized to reduce risk of electrical breakdown during plasma disruption. In-vessel cryo-pump consists of three parts of coaxial circular shape components; cryo-panel, thermal shield and particle shield. The cryo-panel is cooled down to below 4.5 K. The cryo-panel and thermal shields were made by Inconel 625 tube for higher mechanical strength. The thermal shields and their cooling tubes were annealed in air environment to improve the thermal radiation emissivity on the surface. Surface of cryo-panel was electro-polished to minimize the thermal radiation heat load. The in-vessel cryo-pump was pre-assembled on a test bed in 180 degree segment base. The leak test was carried out after the thermal shock between room temperature to $LN_2$ one before installing them into vacuum vessel. Two segments were welded together in the vacuum vessel and final leak test was performed after the thermal shock. Commissioning of the in-vessel cryo-pump was carried out using a temporary liquid helium supply system.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.357-363
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• 2004

A prototype long pulse ion source was developed, and the beam extraction experiments of the ion source were carried out at the Neutral Beam Test Stand (NBTS) of the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR). The ion source consists of a magnetic bucket plasma generator, with multi-pole cusp fields, and a set of tetrode accelerators with circular apertures. Design requirements for the ion source were a 120kV/65A deuterium beam and a 300 s pulse length. Arc discharges of the plasma generator were controlled by using the emission-limited mode, in turn controlled by the applied heating voltage of the cathode filaments. Stable and efficient arc plasmas with a maximum arc power of 100 kW were produced using the constant power mode operation of an arc power supply. A maximum ion density of $8.3{\times}10^{11}\;cm^{-3}$ was obtained by using electrostatic probes, and an optimum arc efficiency of 0.46 A/kW was estimated. The accelerating and decelerating voltages were applied repeatedly, using the re-triggering mode operation of the high voltage switches during a beam pulse, when beam disruptions occurred. The decelerating voltage was always applied prior to the accelerating voltage, to suppress effectively the back-streaming electrons produced at the time of an initial beam formation, by the pre-programmed fast-switch control system. A maximum beam power of 0.9 MW (i.e. $70\;kV{\times}12.5\;A$) with hydrogen was measured for a pulse duration of 0.8 s. Optimum beam perveance, deduced from the ratio of the gradient grid current to the total beam current, was $0.7\;{\mu}perv$. Stable beams for a long pulse duration of $5{\sim}10\;s$ were tested at low accelerating voltages.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2003

A 120kV/70A high voltage switch has been installed at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute(KAERI) in Taejon to supply power with Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research(KSTAR) Neutral Beam Injection(NBI) system. NBI system requires fast cutoff of the flower supply voltage for protection of the grid when arc detected and fast turn-on the voltage for sustaining the beam current. Therefore the high voltage switch and arc current detection circuit are important part of the NBI power supply. There are much need for high voltage solid state switches in NBI system and a broad area of applications. This switch consisted of 100 series connected MOSFETs and adopted the proposed simple and reliable gate drive circuit without bias supply. Various results taken during the commissioning phase with a 100kW resistive load and NBI source arc shown. This paper presents the detailed design of 120kV/70A high voltage MOSFETs switch and simple gate drive circuit. Problems with the high voltage switch and gate driver during thefabrication and test and solutions are also presented.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2012

In this article, we designed a wide bandpass filter in order to apply microwave reflectometry for KSTAR. The proposed wide bandpass filter consists of a metamaterial structure which is to get a wide band, a lower insertion loss, and a high skirt. This is applied to VCO's output to enhance the linearity. A pass band is 18-28 GHz and the out of pass band is stopped over 20 dB. To confirm of the metamaterial, we suggest a dispersion diagram. The proposed filter in lower band and upper band of pass band is respectively a left handed and right handed characteristics. A group delay is below 0.5 ns.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.205-205
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• 2012

Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) 장치는 국내 유일의 초전도 자석을 이용한 핵융합 연구 장치로서 초고온의 플라즈마를 생성하여 차세대 에너지원인 핵융합 에너지를 획득하는 것을 목표로 두고 있다. 플라즈마를 생성부터 유지하기 위해서는 수소 동위원소를 토카막 내부로 공급해 주어야 하는데 이러한 수소동위원소를 "연료"라 부르며, 이 연료를 토카막 내부로 공급해 주는 시스템을 연료주입 시스템(Fueling System)이라고 한다. KSTAR에서는 토카막 내부로 고속의 연료 주입이 필요하고 정밀한 양의 연료를 공급하는 밸브를 사용하여야 하며, 이러한 밸브를 제어 할 수 있는 제어기를 필요로 한다. 위의 사항에 적합한 피에조 밸브(Piezoelectric Valve)는 2 msec 이내의 개폐시간과 500 Torr ${\ell}$/s 이상의 유량을 흘려줄 수 있는 피에조 밸브로 압전소자에 가해지는 전압(0~250 V)에 따라 변위의 양에 비례하여 연료가 진공용기 내로 유입된다. 압전소자의 변위는 최대 140 ${\mu}m$로 최적화되어 있어야 하며, 정전용량(Capacitance)는 30~40 nF이어야 한다. 또한 소자에 힘(Force)를 가해 최대 7 N으로 136 ${\mu}m$의 변위를 가진 소자를 사용해야 한다. 피에조 밸브의 특성으로는 아날로그 신호로 작동이 되어야 하며, 유량신호를 피드백하여 밸브의 구동 전압을 정밀하게 제어 되어야 한다. 피드백 제어를 위해 압력센서는 XCS-190 Series를 사용하여 낮은 유량에서도 민감하게 반응하도록 제작하였으며, 고전압이 유기 되었을 때 제어기를 보호하기 위한 정션박스를 설치하였다. 밸브 제어기는 피에조 밸브의 개방 속도를 높이기 위해 밸브 구동 전압을 순간적으로 높이는 POP 전압을 생성하는 기능과 유량 신호를 피드백해서 밸브 구동 전압을 정밀 제어 하는 기능을 가지고 있다. 제어장치는 아날로그 및 디지털 제어회로의 전원용 +15 V DC와 밸브 구동용 +250 V DC 출력용의 전원 공급 장치(Power supply unit), 펄스 및 트리거 신호를 생성하는 Master Programmer unit), Pop 전압과 피드백의 중요한 기능을 수행하는 Valve controller unit로 제작 되었다. 피에조 밸브와 제어기는 상호 작용하여 동작을 원활히 할 수 있도록 특성 실험을 진행하여야 하며, 진공상태에서 Lack의 유무를 확인하여야 한다. 현재 개발 제작된 밸브의 진공누설시험 및 특성실험을 진행하고 있으며, KSTAR 5차 캠페인에 적용할 계획이다.