• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.373-380
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• 2016

리커트형 데이터가 순서척도임에도 불구하고 많은 연구자들이 구간척도로 간주하여 모수 방법을 적용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 리커트형 데이터를 어떻게 분석하는 것이 적절한지 모의 실험을 통하여 알아본다. 다양한 분포를 갖는 5점 리커트형 표본을 추출하여 위치를 비교하고, 순서척도의 경우 위치비교 보다 응답분포를 살펴보는 것이 더 타당하므로 응답분포 검정을 실시한다. 위치를 비교하는 방법으로는 구간척도로 생각하고 분석하는 모수 방법인 t-검정과 순서척도로 생각하는 비모수 방법인 만- 휘트니검정 (M-W검정)을 적용하고, 응답분포를 검정하기 위해서는 카이제곱 검정과 콜모고로프 - 스미르노프검정 (K-S검정)을 실시한다. 네 가지 방법의 효율성을 비교하기 위하여 제 1종 오류 (Type I error)의 비율과 검정력 (power)을 구한다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.45-57
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• 1998

This study was conducted to derive optimal design floods by Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution for the annual maximum series at ten watersheds along Han, Nagdong, Geum, Yeongsan and Seomjin river systems. Adequacy for the analysis of flood data used in this study was established by the tests of Independence, Homogeneity, detection of Outliers. L-coefficient of variation, L-skewness and L-kurtosis were calculated by L-moment ratio respectively. Parameters were estimated by the Methods of Moments and L-Moments. Design floods obtained by Methods of Moments and L-Moments using different methods for plotting positions in GEV distribution were compared by the Relative Mean Errors(RME) and Relative Absolute Errors(RAE). The results were analyzed and summarized as follows. 1. Adequacy for the analysis of flood data was acknowledged by the tests of Independence, Homogeneity and detection of Outliers. 2. GEV distribution used in this study was found to be more suitable one than Pearson type 3 distribution by the goodness of fit test using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and L-Moment ratios diagram in the applied watersheds. 3. Parameters for GEV distribution were estimated using Methods of Moments and L-Moments. 4. Design floods were calculated by Methods of Moments and L-Moments in GEV distribution. 5. It was found that design floods derived by the method of L-Moments using Weibull plotting position formula in GEV distribution are much closer to those of the observed data in comparison with those obtained by method of moments using different formulas for plotting positions from the viewpoint of Relative Mean Errors and Relative Absolute Errors.

• 천문학회보
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.57.2-57.2
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• 2014

Red active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are supposed to be transitional objects becoming normal AGNs in the galaxy evolution scenario. So far, ~200 red AGNs have been found by very red color in optical through NIR wavelength (e.g., r'-K >5 and J-K>1.3; Urrutia et al. 2009). Here, we compare nuclear activities of the red AGNs to those of normal AGNs to verify the evolutionary phase of the red AGNs. In order to study the nuclear activities of the red AGNs, we use broad emission lines of $P{\beta}$ ($1.28{\mu}m$) of which flux is less suppressed by a factor of 100 than the $H{\beta}$ line in the case of the red AGNs with a color excess of E(B-V)=2 mag. We use 16 red AGNs discovered in previous red AGN surveys by using SDSS, 2MASS, and FIRST (Glikman et al. 2007; Urrutia et al. 2009) at z ~0.7 for which $P{\beta}$ lines are redshifted to the sky window at ${\sim}2.2{\mu}m$. The mean Eddington ratio of the 16 red AGNs is 0.562, and that of the normal AGNs is 0.320, which indicates the red AGNs include more active black hole (BH) than the normal AGNs. To test how significantly the nuclear activities of the red AGNs and the normal AGNs are different, we perform a two-dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S test) on their Eddington ratio distributions. The K-S test shows the maximum deviation between the cumulative distributions, D, is 0.48, and the probability of null hypothesis, p, is even less than 0.001. This result is consistent with a picture of that the red AGNs are in intermediate phase between the stage of merger-driven starburst galaxy and the normal AGN.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.646-655
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of the secondary stroke prevention education program to inhibit the recurrence of the acute ischemic stroke patients, and to maintain and promote knowledge about stroke, self-efficacy and self-care. Method: This study was designed to take a quasi-experimental pre- and post-test with the nonequivalent control group. The experimental group consists of 20 patients and control group consists of 20 patients. The experimental group was applied the secondary stroke prevention education program. In order to verify the effects of the secondary stroke prevention education program, knowledge about stroke, self-efficacy and self-care scale were measured before the intervention and 4 weeks, 12 weeks after discharge. The tools for measuring knowledge about stroke, self-efficacy and self-care are developed by the researcher. The data was analyzed by SPSS win 10.0 program using $x^2-test$, Fisher's Exact Test, t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z, and Repeated Measures ANOVA. Result: There was a statistically significant difference in knowledge about stroke (F=4.021, p=.026), self-efficacy(F=6.096, p=.018), and self-care(F=8.026, p=.007) between the experimental and the control group after intervention. Conclusion: It is considered that the program can be used as an effective nursing intervention in clinical practice.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2013

연구의 목적은 대한민국 주요 3개 포털사이트의 응답패킷 분포를 연구하는 것이다. 대상은 Naver, Daum, Nate 등 포털사이트의 대표페이지이며, 실험기간은 2010년 5월 19일에서 2012년 11월 7일까지이며, 실험횟수는 4,642회 실시하였다. 분포 형태는 응답패킷의 양이 많은 Naver, Nate는 양봉분포를 이루고 있으며, Daum은 오른쪽 꼬리가 긴 분포를 이루고 있다. 분포가 동일한가에 대한 검정은 카이제곱 검정, 이표본 콜모고로프-스미르노프 검정을 통하여 3개 포털의 분포가 유의수준 1%하에서 다르다는 사실을 밝혔다. 상대도수와 백분위 수의 비교를 통해 응답패킷의 분포를 비교하였다. 그 결과 응답패킷의 분포가 Naver가 가장 큰 값을 가졌으며, 다음은 Nate이었으며, Daum은 가장 작은 값을 가졌다. 응답속도를 높이기 위해서는 네트워크 속도를 높이는 것과 병행하여 페이지를 가볍게 만들어야 한다. 본 논문은 포털들이 페이지를 가볍게 만들게 하는 경쟁을 활성화하는데 기여하기를 기대한다.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제7권2호통권25호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2007

국내의 경우 매년 발생하는 홍수에 대해서는 많은 분석과 대비를 하고 있지만, 겨울철 폭설에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 기상청 산하 52개 관측지점의 30년 이상의 최심신적설량 자료를 수집하고 각 지점별 적설량의 최적분포형을 결정하여 확률적설량을 산정하였으며, 지역별 확률적설량의 분포를 파악하기 쉽게 재현기간별 확률적설량도를 작성 제시하였다. 지점별 최심신적설량의 적정분포형으로는 2모수 gamma분포가 우세하였고, 과거 주요폭설기록의 재현기간은 약 500년 내외를 보인 2005년, 재현기간 약 200년 정도를 보인 2004년의 확률적 규모를 볼 때 설하중에 대한 설계기준의 확립이 긴요하다. 우리나라의 확률적설량은 남부지방인 영 호남 지역 보다 중부지방으로 올라 갈수록 증가하고 있으며, 특히 태백산맥과 소백산맥을 경계로 서쪽과 동쪽의 편차가 뚜렷한 차이를 보이고 있다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.78-87
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of an educational program on pregnancy and delivery including pregnancy related knowledge, newborn care knowledge, and postpartum care self-efficacy for married immigrant women. Methods: A nonequivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used. The educational program was developed by though an educational need assessment of married immigrant women and an expert opinion. The program was provided for 3 weeks, once a week for two hours. The data were analyzed with SPSS program using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, $X^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, and t-test. Results: The program significantly improved pregnancy related knowledge, newborn care knowledge, and postpartum care self-efficacy for the married immigrant women who participated in the program compared to the women who did not. Conclusion: The results indicate that the educational program has an affirmative effect on pregnancy related knowledge, knowledge of newborn care, and postpartum care self-efficacy in these women. It is suggested, therefore, that the educational program be used to every married immigrant woman at the public health centers or delivery clinics help them to adjust to the childbearing and childrearing experience and this will ultimately enhance the quality of family life of married immigrant women in Korea.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.401-408
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a lower extremity exercise program on muscle strength and flexibility in women with knee osteoarthritis. Method: This study was conducted using a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 35 women with knee osteoarthritis. The experimental group performed the lower extremity exercise program, which was an adapted BeHaS exercise program developed by Kim(2006). It consisted of approximately 65-130 minutes per one session, two days a week, for twelve weeks. Lower extremity muscle strength was measured by the Seated Leg Press Machine (TY-H2217, made in Korea), back muscle strength by back muscle strength scale (TKK 5402, made in Japan) and flexibility, by Sit and Reach tester (01285, U.S.A). Data were gathered from September 2005 to March 2006. Frequency, $X^2$ test and t-test were used to analyze the data. SPSS Win 11.0 was used to assist analysis. For normal distribution of data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was done. Results: There were statistical differences in the mean strength of both legs together, strength in leg with more pain(p=.044; p=.046), sit and standing time (p=.007), and back strength (p=.021). Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that a lower extremity exercise program can help improve lower extremity muscle strength in women with osteoarthritis.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2017

The rebound hammer test and the measurement of ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV) have been widely used for the physical properties & condition evaluation of reinforced & prestressed concrete structures for a long time, but the acoustoelastic effects by the prestressing in the prestressed concrete structures on the rebound number and ultrasonic pulse velocity have not been studied clearly. Therefore, this study investigated the data distribution of the rebound numbers and ultrasonic pulse velocities in reinforced and prestressed concrete slabs of $3000{\times}3000mm$ with a thickness of 250 mm. Also, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test was done in order to identify statistical consistency and reliability. The statistical analysis results show that the rebound number and ultrasonic pulse velocities increased about 1.9% and 2.5%, respectively when prestressing was applied. As expected, the UPV shows better statistical reliability and potential for in situ evaluation than the RB because the RB are more sensitive to testing posture, surface condition, temperature and humidity so on. The experimental data in this study can be used for the condition assessment of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures by the rebound number and ultrasonic pulse velocity.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.236-243
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• 2006

Purposes: This experimental study was designed to verify the effect of inhalation of essential oils on body weight, feed intake, food efficiency rate and serum leptin. Methods: The subjects of this study were 90 growing SD rats(46 males and 44 females). They were allocated into one of four groups, the Fennel group, Patchouli group, Bergamot group and control group. The experimental treatment was the inhalation of aromatherapy essential oils which was applied two times a day for 10 minutes each during 8 weeks. To evaluate the effects, body weight, feed intake, food efficiency rate and serum leptin were measured before and after the treatment. The collected data was analyzed by repeated measures of Kolmogorov-smirnov test and Normal Q-Q plot for nomality, Kruskal Wallis test and $X^2-test$ for experimental effects with the SPSS program. Results: The food efficiency rate was significantly lower in the Patchouli group and Fennel group than in the Bergamot group and control group(P=.000). No significant group effects were found for SD rat's body weight, feeding amount and serum leptin. Conclusion: In conclusion, these findings indicate that the inhalation of essential oils could be effective in lowering the food efficiency rate rather than the feed intake.