• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.117-124
• /
• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of changes in degrees of freedom of the fingers (i.e., the number of the fingers involved in tasks) on the task performance during force production and releasing task. Method: Eight right-handed young men (age: $29.63{\pm}3.02yr$, height: $1.73{\pm}0.04m$, weight: $70.25{\pm}9.05kg$) participated in this study. The subjects were required to press the transducers with three combinations of fingers, including the index-middle (IM), index-middle-ring (IMR), and index-middle-ring-little (IMRL). During the trials, they were instructed to maintain a steady-state level of both normal and tangential forces within the first 5 sec. After the first 5 sec, the subjects were instructed to release the fingers on the transducers as quickly as possible at a self-selected manner within the next 5 sec, resulting in zero force at the end. Customized MATLAB codes (MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) were written for data analysis. The following variables were quantified: 1) finger force sharing pattern, 2) root mean square error (RMSE) of force to the target force in three axes at the aiming phase, 3) the time duration of the release phase (release time), and 4) the accuracy and precision indexes of the virtual firing position. Results: The RMSE was decreased with the number of fingers increased in both normal and tangential forces at the steady-state phase. The precision index was smaller (more precise) in the IMR condition than in the IM condition, while no significant difference in the accuracy index was observed between the conditions. In addition, no significant difference in release time was found between the conditions. Conclusion: The study provides evidence that the increased number of fingers resulted in better error compensation at the aiming phase and performed a more constant shooting (i.e., smaller precision index). However, the increased number of fingers did not affect the release time, which may influence the consistency of terminal performance. Thus, the number of fingers led to positive results for the current task.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제56권6호
• /
• pp.679-691
• /
• 2012

New series of metal complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) with 4-(p-chlorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)thiosemicarbazide (HCPTS) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic moment, spectra (IR, UV-Vis, $^1H$ NMR, mass and ESR) and thermal studies. The IR data suggest different coordination modes for HCPTS which behaves as a monobasic bidentate with all metal ions except Cu(II) and Zn(II) which acts as a monobasic tridentate. Based on the electronic and magnetic studies, Co(II), Cu(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes have square - planner, Ni(II) has mixed stereochemistry (tetrahedral + square planar), while Zn(II) is tetrahedral. Molar conductance in DMF solution indicates the non-ionic nature of the complexes. The ESR spectra of solid copper(II) complex show $g_{\parallel}$ (2.2221) > $g_{\perp}$ (2.0899) > 2.0023 indicating square-planar structure and the presence of the unpaired electron in the $d_x2_{-y}2$ orbital with significant covalent bond character. The thermal stability and degradation kinetics of the ligand and its metal complexes were studied by TGA and DTA and the kinetic parameters were calculated using Coats-Redfern and Horowitz-Metzger methods. The complexes have more antibacterial activity against some bacteria than the free ligand. However, the ligand has high anticancer activities against HCT116 (human colon carcinoma cell line) and HEPG2 (human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line) compared with its complexes.

• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.269-279
• /
• 2011

This study was analyzed the characteristics on the stability of posture while conducting a through two and half rotation technic of pench$\acute{e}$ in rhythmic gymnastics. Two rhythmical gymnastics player(LKH and SSJ) who is a member of the national team were selected, and for obtain the kinematic and kinetic variables were used a ProReflex MCU 240 infrared camera(Qualisys, Sweden) and a Type9286A force platform(Kistler, Switzerland). The mechanical factors were computed by using Visual3D program and Matlab R2009a. During the landing and rotation phase the results showed following characteristics; 1) In medial-lateral and horizontal displacement of the support foot, LKH showed smaller movement than SSJ, but SSJ showed smaller movement than LKH in swing foot. LKH showed bigger movement in medial-lateral axis of COP and vertical axis of COG, but SSJ showed bigger movement in horizontal axis of COP and medial-lateral axis of COG. 2) SSJ showed bigger maximum horizontal and vertical velocity at P1 and P2 than LKH. 3) In the inclination angle of COP and COG, SSJ showed smaller change than LKH, but within medial-lateral tilt of the shoulder, LKH performed rotation motion in horizontal position than SSJ. There was no differences in each force components during rotation, but on landing phase, the results showed a characteristic that SSJ exerted bigger breaking force and vertical force than LKH.

• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.91-99
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to the kinetic variables effects from the use of arch support inserts on low-arched people. We selected 10 people for the research and separated them into 2 groups, 5 people for the normal arched group and 5 people for the low arched group. Each group wear shoes which have a 3 step convertible arch support (level 0, level 2, level 5) and we measured their foot pressure and 3D motion analysis data. As a result, we found that the mean pressure at the heel of the low arched group was decreased when using the arch supports. The arch support induced the correct grounding area for the foot and dispersion of foot pressure. 3D motion analysis found that as the height of the arch support was increased, the movement of the Y-axis(inversion-eversion) was increased to relieve the shock to the heel. The arch support insert limited the range of motion(ROM) of the Z-axis(abduction-adduction) of the low arched person's ankle joint and prevented ankle injury caused by the excessive eversion when walking. Low arched people are seen to be easily tired due to the ineffective shock absorption of the knees and abnormal walking motion. In order to improve the problems, a 3 step convertible arch support(level 5) insert would improve the low-arched people's walking ability. In other words, the low arched people should be expected to walk as well as normal arched people when they wear shoes with the arch support insert.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.436-440
• /
• 2014

The ${\alpha}$-Effect; Ground state; Transition state; Intramolecular H-bonding; Yukawa-Tsuno plot; Second-order rate constants for aminolysis of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl X-substituted-benzoates (1a-h) have been measured spectrophotometrically in 80 mol % $H_2O/20$ mol % DMSO at $25.0^{\circ}C$. The Br${\emptyset}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl benzoate (1d) with a series of primary amines curves downward, which has been taken as evidence for a stepwise mechanism with a change in rate-determining step (RDS). The Hammett plots for the reactions of 1a-h with hydrazine and glycylglycine are nonlinear while the Yukawa-Tsuno plots exhibit excellent linearity with ${\rho}_X=1.22-1.35$ and ${\gamma}= 0.57-0.59$, indicating that the nonlinear Hammett plots are not due to a change in RDS but are caused by stabilization of substrates possessing an electron-donating group (EDG) through resonance interactions between the EDG and C=O bond of the substrates. The ${\alpha}$-effect exhibited by hydrazine increases as the substituent X changes from a strong EDG to a strong electron-withdrawing group (EWG). It has been concluded that destabilization of hydrazine through the electronic repulsion between the adjacent nonbonding electrons is not solely responsible for the substituent dependent ${\alpha}$-effect but stabilization of the transition state is also a plausible origin of the ${\alpha}$-effect.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제54권5호
• /
• pp.611-620
• /
• 2010

본 연구는 교사의 설명이 학생들로 하여금 과학 내용을 이해하도록 설득한다는 관점에서, 화학 교사 설명의 구조와 내용을 분석하는 것이다. 구체적으로, 화학 수업에서 교사 설명의 논증구조와 개념생태 구성요소는 어떻게 배치되고 상호 연관되는지 탐색하였다. 자료 수집은 고등학교 화학I의 공기 단원인 확산, 보일의 법칙, 샤를의 법칙, 기체분자운동론을 다룬 수업의 촬영과 전사로 이루어졌다. 전사된 수업 전사물은 Toulmin의 논증구조와 개념변화모형의 구인(개념의 지위, 개념생태)을 사용하여 분석되었으며, 교사 설명의 설득적 '구조'와 '내용'에 관해 종합적으로 해석되었다. 연구 결과로 네 가지 설명 담화를 제시하고, 각 설명 담화에 대해 논증구조와 개념변화모형의 구인이 어떻게 배치되고 상호작용하는지 조명하였다. 연구 결과를 토대로 화학 수업에서 교사 설명에 대한 교육적 논의와 시사점이 탐색되었다.

• 센서학회지
• /
• 제8권5호
• /
• pp.388-393
• /
• 1999

회토류 원소인 Eu로 활성화한 $CaSO_4:Eu$ TLD를 제작하였으며, 트랩 매개변수 등의 물리적 특성을 조사하였다. 제작한 $CaSO_4:Eu$ TLD는 활성제 Eu의 농도를 0.5 moi%로 하고, $600^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 동안 열처리하였을 때 최대의 열형광 강도를 나타내었으며, glow 곡선은 2개의 glow peak로 구성되었다. 두 glow peak를 분리하여 초기 상승법, peak 형상법, 가온율법, 최소자승법에 의한 glow 곡선의 fitting 방법 등을 사용하여 glow 곡선을 분석하였다. 두 glow peak의 활성화에너지는 각각 1.00 eV, 1.09 eV이고, 진동수인자는 각각 $7.04{\times}10^{11}\;s^{-1}$과 $5.12{\times}10^{11}\;s^{-1}$였으며, 1.11과, 1.33의 발광차수를 갖는 것으로 평가되었다.

• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to provide kinematic data on the characteristics of spinal disease patients by comparing and analyzing kinematic variables related to foot balance and gait pattern of spinal disease. Method: The subjects of the study included 40 adult men and 60 adult women who visited the hospital in Busan. Patients who were diagnosed with spinal disease by a physician through X-ray examination were selected as subjects for the diagnosis of vertebral disc herniation, spinal stenosis, spinal disease diagnosed with spinal disease and the general public. Left and right foot pressure and contact area were checked by Gaitview pro meter. X-ray photographs were taken with a Zen-2090 mobile fluoroscopy under physicians' direct participation. One-way ANOVA was performed to compare the differences between the kinematic variables and post-hoc was performed by the Duncan method. Results: The difference in contact area between the left foot and the right foot was $115.30{\pm}14.15cm^2$ in the left side and $124.25{\pm}13.65cm^2$ in the left side in the spinal disease patients. The difference in pressure between the left and right side of the spinal disease patients was wider than that of the general people. Especially, the right side of the spinal disease patients showed a larger area of left foot contact than the general population. Conclusion: Spinal disease patients have wider contact area of the left foot than those of the general population. In the case of right spinal disease, the left foot support area is widened due to pain. In the gait, women showed slightly more posterior body center than men, and the upper body muscle imbalance and immobilization due to the spinal disease caused imbalance of the muscles moving to the lower limb, It was analyzed to inhibit movement.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
• /
• 통권50호
• /
• pp.43-73
• /
• 2018

연구는 애니메이션 문화예술교육 중 '오브제(Object)'에 관한 연구이다. 현대 예술에서 오브제의 활용에 관한 연구는 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 큐비즘부터 다다이즘, 초현실주의, 미래파, 팝아트에 이르기까지 오브제는 현대미술과 발걸음을 함께 한다고 해도 과언이 아닐 것이다. 또한 오브제는 키네틱 아트, 비디오 아트, 미디어 아트, 애니메이션 등 '움직임'을 표현하는 영상예술 분야에서도 주목할 만한 가치를 가지고 있다. 그러나 예술작품에 사용되는 오브제의 유형을 분류하고 연구한 사례는 많지 않다. 이에 본 연구자는 초현실주의 담론에서 영향을 받아 6가지 오브제 유형분석 틀을 마련하고 오브제 애니메이션의 '미학적 정서와 창의성 향상의 교육적 측면'을 고찰하는 연구를 진행하였다. 유형분석틀은 드로잉 오브제, 실재(존재)의 오브제, 몰핑 오브제, 표피의 오브제, 대입된 오브제, 아상블라주 오브제로 명명하였고 이 유형을 사례 이미지와 함께 제시하며 분석하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 자료는 문화예술교육에서 비전문가를 대상으로 교육한 오브제 애니메이션 결과물을 중심으로 하였다. 미학적 정서는 프로이드가 말한 생명에 대한 욕구(Eros)를 Attraction(매혹)으로, 죽음에 관한 욕구(Thanatos)를 Uncanny(두려운 낯설음)으로 칭하며 상반된 개념을 토착신앙인 Animism과 연결하여 설명하였다. 다음으로 게슈탈트 심리학자인 카를 던커(Karl Duncker, 1903-1940)가 말한 '기능적 고정성(Functional fixedness)'이란 용어와 관련지어 오브제 애니메이션의 교육적 측면인 '창의성'에 관하여 논하였다. 기능적 고정성 극복이란 사물이 가진 기능적인 측면에만 고착되어 발상의 전환을 하지 못하는 현상이다. 본 연구에서는 '오브제 애니메이션' 문화예술교육을 통해 기능적 고정성을 극복한 사례로 창의성 향상의 교육적 측면을 논하였다. 궁극적으로 본 연구는 오브제 애니메이션의 미학적 정서와 창의성 향상의 교육적 측면을 '오브제 유형 분석'을 통해 고찰하는 것이다. 나아가 '오브제 애니메이션'을 문화예술교육에서 활용할 때 방향성을 제시하는 것에 의의가 있다.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제46권3호
• /
• pp.187-193
• /
• 2002

온도 (10, 15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$)와 압력(1, 200, 500, 1000 bar)변화에 따라 p-치환염화벤조일류 ($p-CH_3$, p-H, $p-NO_2$ )와 6-클로로퀴놀린(6-chloroquinoline)의 반응을 아세토니트릴 용매내에서 전기전도도법에 의하여 속도상수 ($k_2$)를 구하였다. 이로부터 여러활성화파라미터-활성화에너지(Ea, ${\Delta}V^{\neq}$, ${\Delta}H^{\neq}$,${\Delta}S^{\neq}$, ${\Delta}G^{\neq}$) 를 구하였으며 또한 기질의 치환기 효과에 따른 Hammentt 반응상수 p를 구하였다. 속도상수는 온도와 압력 증가에 따라 증가하였으며 친핵체인 6-chloroquinoline과 기질에 전자 받게 치환기 ($p-NO_2$)가 치환된 경우 더욱 증가하였다. 이 때 활성화부피(${\Delta}V^{\neq}$), 활성화엔트로피(${\Delta}S^{\neq}$)는 모두 음의 값으로 나타났으며 모든 압력 조건에 따라서 p는 양의 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 속도론적인 연구 결과 전반적인 반응은 $S_N2$반응메카니즘을 따르며, 압력이 증가함에 따라 결합형성이 진전되어지는 반응 메카니즘으로 진행 됨을 알 수 있었다.