• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.49-54
• /
• 1976

No reliable basic data were available on the kinetic friction coefficients between grains and frictional surfaces being used in grain handling equipments in Korea. In order to determine appropriate kinetic friction coefficient between three grains (Tongil, Jinheung, barley) and two surfaces at four levels of moisture content of grain, the laboratory tests using the newly designed experimental apparatus and strain gage measuring system were carried out, and the relationship among factors that affect kinetic friction coefficients of grains were analyzed. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1. Kinetic friction coefficient of samples being tested was dependent on surfaces and moisture content of grains . The ranges of them were 0.369-0.512 for Tongil variety , 0.347-0.469 for Jinheung variety, and 0.360-0.502 for barley, respectively. 2. There was a little difference of kinetic friction coefficients between two varieties of rice at the same testing conditions. Because the interaction had been large among treatments , each value of kinetic friction coefficient determined in this study should be used only for the corresponding conditions in this study . 3. Kinetic friction coefficients in creased linearly with increase in moisture content of grains and their regression equations were shown in Table.4. 4. Kinetic friction coefficients on a PVC surfaces was shown a little lower values than on the steel surfaces at various moisture levels, but especially in Jinheung and barley, a big difference was shown.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.689-696
• /
• 2007

Kinetic analysis was important to develope the biological nutrient removal process effectively. In this research, anoxic-anaerobic-aerobic system was operated to investigate kinetic behavior on the nutrient removal reaction. Nitrification and denitrification were important microbiological reactions of nitrogen. The kinetics of organic removal and nitrification reaction have been investigated based on a Monod-type expression involving two growth limiting substrates : TKN for nitrification and COD for organic removal reaction. The kinetic constans and yield coefficients were evaluated for both these reactions. Experiments were conducted to determine the biological kinetic coefficients and the removal efficiencies of COD and TKN at five different MLSS concentrations of 5000, 4200, 3300, 2600, and 1900 mg/L for synthetic wastewater. Mathematical equations were presented to permit complete evaluation of the this system. Kinetic behaviors for the organic removal and nitrification reaction were examined by the determined kinetic coefficient and the assumed operation condition and the predicted model formulae using kinetic approach. The conclusions derived from this experimental research were as follows : 1. Biological kinetic coefficients were Y=0.563, $k_d=0.054(day^{-1})$, $K_S=49.16(mg/L)$, $k=2.045(day^{-1})$ for the removal of COD and $Y_N=0.024$, $k_{dN}=0.0063(day^{-1})$, $K_{SN}=3.21(mg/L)$, $k_N=31.4(day^{-1})$ for the removal of TKN respectively. 2. The predicted kinetic model formulae could determine the predicted concentration of the activated sludge and nitrifier, investigate the distribution rate of input carbon and nitrogen in relation to the solid retention time (SRT).

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.212-223
• /
• 2015

Purpose: Physical properties of Detarium microcarpum seeds were investigated as a function of moisture content to explore the possibility of developing bulk handling and processing equipment. Methods: Seed size, surface area, and 1,000-seed weight were determined by measuring the three principal axes, measuring area on a graph paper, and counting and weighing seeds. Particle and bulk densities were determined using liquid displacement and weight in a measuring cylinder, respectively. Porosity was computed from particle and bulk densities. Roundness and sphericity were measured using shadowgraphs. Angle of repose and static and kinetic coefficients of friction were determined using the vertical cylindrical pipe method, an inclined plane, and a kinetic coefficient of friction apparatus. Results: In the moisture range of 8.2%-28.5% (db), the major, intermediate, and the minor axes increased from 2.95 to 3.21 cm, 1.85 to 2.61 cm, and 0.40 to 1.21 cm, respectively. Surface area, 1,000-seed weight, particle density, porosity, and angle of repose increased from 354.62 to $433.19cm^2$, 3.184 to 3.737 kg, 1060 to $1316kg/m^3$, and 30.0% to 53.1%, respectively, whereas bulk density decreased from 647.6 to $617.2kg/m^3$. Angle of repose increased from $13.9^{\circ}$ to $28.4^{\circ}$. Static and kinetic coefficients of friction varied between 0.096 and 0.638 on different structural surfaces. Conclusions: Arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and equivalent sphere effective diameters determined at the same moisture level were significantly different from each other, with the arithmetic mean diameter being greatest. Surface area, 1,000-seed weight, particle density, porosity, and angle of repose all increased linearly with moisture content. Bulk density decreased linearly with moisture content. The coefficients of friction had linear relationships with moisture content. The highest values of static and kinetic coefficients of friction were observed on galvanized steel and hessian fabric, respectively, whereas the lowest values were observed on fiberglass.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.42-55
• /
• 1999

A mathematical model for biological nutrient removal in a sequencing batch reactor process, which is based on the IAWQ Activated Sludge Model No. 2 with a few modifications, has been developed. Twenty water quality components and twenty three kinetic equations are incorporated in the model. The model is structured in the matrix form based on the law of mass conservation using stoichiometry and kinetic equations. Stoichiometric coefficients and kinetic parameters included in the model equations are chosen from the literature. A multistep predictor-corrector algorithm of variable step-size is adopted for solving the vector nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The simulation for experimental results is conducted to evaluate the validity of the model and to calibrate coefficients and parameters. The simulation using the model well represents the experimental results from laboratory. The mathematical model developed in this study may be utilized for the design and operation of a sequencing batch reactor process under the steady and unsteady-state at various environmental conditions.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.243-249
• /
• 2009

A magnetic clutch consists of pulley and disk. It delivers and isolates the power needed for the operation of the compressor used in automotive air conditioning system. To improve the performance, efficiency and durability of automotive air conditioning system, appropriate design of pulley, disk and system working parameters(the magnitude of magnetic force, and so on) is necessary. For that goal, it is required to understand the friction characteristics of magnetic clutch for the initial operating time. In this study, friction tests were carried out in order to investigate the effect of sliding velocity on the friction characteristics of magnetic clutch using pin-on-disk type friction and wear tester. For experiments, pulley and disk used in real automotive air conditioning system were considered. Friction experiments were conducted under various sliding velocities, and coefficients of kinetic friction were obtained. Under the experimental conditions considered in this study, the coefficients of kinetic friction increased with the increase of test number(sliding distance) and decreased with the increase of sliding velocity.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.18 no.E3
• /
• pp.165-174
• /
• 2002

A dual -column biofilter system with two different composts was used to investigate the macro-kinetics of dim-ethyl disulfide (DMDS) degradation. The biofilter columns were filled with compost mixtures up to one meter, The gas How rate and DMDS concentration to the biofilters were varied to study their effect on the removal characteris-tics of DMDS. It was found that the biodegradation of DMDS was governed by zero-order reaction -limited macro-kinetics for inlet DMDS concentrations between 10 and 55 ppmv. The overall average zero-order kinetic coeffi-cient for DMDS removal by compost was 0.50 ($\pm$0.1) ppm/sec for both compost mixtures studied. Variations in individual kinetic coefficients were observed due to varying environmental conditions, such as pH and temperature. The kinetic coefficients determined are specific to the system discussed in this work. During high acidity conditions in the filter beds, methyl mercaptan (MM) was observed in the gas samples collected. Appearance of MM was pro-bably due to decreased microbial activity in the lower portions of the biofilter. Considering the neutral pH range required and the presence of methyl mercaptan, it is likely that the microorganisms present in the biofilters used in this research are similar to the T. thioparus (strain E6) species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.24 no.11
• /
• pp.929-934
• /
• 2011

The adsorption kinetic study of ruthenium complex, N3, onto nanoporous titanium dioxide ($TiO_2$) photoanodes has been carried out by measuring dye uptake in-situ. Three simplified kinetic models including a pseudo first-order equation, pseudo second-order equation and intraparticle diffusion equation were chosen to follow the adsorption process. Kinetic parameters, rate constant, equilibrium adsorption capacities and related coefficient coefficients for each kinetic model were calculated and discussed. It was shown that the adsorption kinetics of N3 dye molecules onto porous $TiO_2$ obeys pseudo second-order kinetics with chemisorption being the rate determining step. Additionally the heterogeneous surface and the pore size distribution of porous $TiO_2$ adsorbents were also discussed.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.50 no.7
• /
• pp.1017-1023
• /
• 2018

The measurement and calculation of neutronic parameters in nuclear research reactors has an important influence on control and safety of the nuclear reactor. The power peaking factors, reactivity coefficients and kinetic parameters are the most important neutronic parameter for determining the state of the reactor. The position of the control shim safety rods in the core configuration affects these parameters. The main purpose of this work is to use the MTR_PC package to evaluate the effect of the partially insertion of the control rod on the neutronic parameters at the operating core of the Tehran Research Reactor. The simulation results show that by increasing the insertion of control rods (bank) in the core, the absolute values of power peaking factor, reactivity coefficients and effective delayed neutron fraction increased and only prompt neutron life time decreased. In addition, the results show that the changes of moderator temperature coefficients value versus the control rods positions are very significant. The average value of moderator temperature coefficients increase about 98% in the range of 0-70% insertion of control rods.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.308-313
• /
• 2011

In this study, friction tests were performed in order to investigate the effect of sliding velocity and normal load on the friction characteristics of DLC (a-C:H) and WC/C (a-C:H:W) using a ball-on-disk type friction tester. DLC and WC/C were deposited on AISI 52100 steel balls. Friction tests against carburized SCM 415 Cr-Mo steel disks were carried out under various sliding velocity (0.1, 0.78, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mm/s) and normal load (2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 N) conditions while the relative humidity was 20~40 % R.H. and air temperature was $16{\sim}24^{\circ}C$. As results, kinetic friction coefficients of DLC and WC/C were obtained under each test condition. The results show that the kinetic friction coefficients of DLC and WC/C generally increase with the increase in sliding velocity. And, under the same sliding velocity condition, the kinetic friction coefficients are almost constant regardless of normal load. In addition, the kinetic friction coefficients of DLC are lower than those of WC/C under the same test conditions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.779-789
• /
• 2012

In the kinetic theory of dense fluids the many-particle collision bracket integral is given in terms of a classical collision operator defined in the phase space. To find an algorithm to compute the collision bracket integrals, we revisit the eigenvalue problem of the Liouville operator and re-examine the method previously reported [Chem. Phys. 1977, 20, 93]. Then we apply the notion and concept of the eigenfunctions of the Liouville operator and knowledge acquired in the study of the eigenfunctions to cast collision bracket integrals into more convenient and suitable forms for numerical simulations. One of the alternative forms is given in the form of time correlation function. This form, on a further manipulation, assumes a form reminiscent of the Chapman- Enskog collision bracket integrals, but for dense gases and liquids as well as solids. In the dilute gas limit it would give rise precisely to the Chapman-Enskog collision bracket integrals for two-particle collision. The alternative forms obtained are more readily amenable to numerical simulation methods than the collision bracket integrals expressed in terms of a classical collision operator, which requires solution of classical Lippmann-Schwinger integral equations. This way, the aforementioned kinetic theory of dense fluids is made fully accessible by numerical computation/simulation methods, and the transport coefficients thereof are made computationally as accessible as those in the linear response theory.