• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.136-145
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• 2006

The main purpose of the present study was to find the effect of short term creatine loading on repeated bouts of kicking, plasma creatine phosphokinase and anaerobic power in male taekwondo player from high school. Eighteen male were randomly assigned to two groups. They were tested before and after 6 days of placebo($4{\times}5$ glucose d-1, N=9) or Creatine monohydrate loading(consume 0.3g kg-1, N=9). Only creatine loading group were significantly increased of repeated bouts of kicking, plasma creatine phosphokinase and anaerobic power These results suggest that short creatine loading was effective diet protocol in taekwondo player from male high school.

• The Journal of Korean Institute for Practical Engineering Education
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.200-205
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• 2011

This research is first to analyze an electomygram reaction of the lower limbs among the muscles used during a back-round kicking of Taekwondo, second to analyze the relationship between the muscles of the kicking limb and those of the supporting limb, third to compare EMG activity of expert with novice. Measured muscles are as follows; rectus fermoris which control flexion and stretching of femora and knee joints, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis, which control flexion and stretching of legs, and biceps fermoris, which control stretching of femora, bending of knee joints and abduction of the crus. The electomygram reaction of all these selected muscles were analyzed. Three kicks were performed, and electomygram of each of kicks were measured. Then, electomygram reaction of the best kick was used for electomygram analysis.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 2010

The balanced performance of dominant and non-dominant leg is very important to Taekwondo sparring. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether elite Taekwondo athletes would have balanced biomechanical performance and intra-limb coordination in executing different types of Taekwondo kicks. Twelve athletes(more than 10 year practice experience) participated in this study and performed six basic kicks(i.e., the front, roundhouse, side, back, thrashing, and turning-back kick). Results indicated no statistical difference on response time, peak kicking velocity, single limb vertical jump height, and angle-angle plot between dominant leg and non-dominant leg(p>.05). In conclusion, elite Taekwondo athletes had equivalent ability between dominant leg and non-dominant leg in performing Taekwondo kicks. This might be an advantage to elite athletes for Taekwondo sparring because they could use both leg without any restriction.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-27
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate PNF exercise, the athletic performances and the ability of exercise capacity in Taekwondo. Methods : This is a literature study with books and articles, seminar note and books for PNF international course. Results : The PNF exercise was efficient at improving flexibility and muscle strengthening in Taekwondo athletes. Kinematic characters of Yupchagi and Dollyuchagi in Taekwondo were analogous to Lower extremity Flexion-Abduction-Internal Rotation patterns in PNF, and the kinematic character of Apchagi was to analogous to Lower extremity Flexion-Adduction-External Rotation pattern in PNF. Movements of Upper extremities and Lower extremities during kicking were similar to PNF patterns. The PNF is efficient at improving athletic performances and the ability of exercise capacity in Taekwondo. Conclusion : The result of this study showed that PNF patterns and kicking that is one of the basic movement in Taekwondo have many similarities. With that PNF patterns was the training methods to improve flexibility and muscle strengthening, PNF patterns are considered to improve athletic performances and the ability of exercise capacity in Taekwondo.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.36.6-36
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• 2002

$\textbullet$ Human motion consists of continual impact with environment $\textbullet$ External impulse model of kicking motion $\textbullet$ Models of aerodynamic forces $\textbullet$ Analysis of external impulse according to posture $\textbullet$ Simulation of a soccer ball trajectory

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2015

Objective: This study focused on subacute stroke patients who were asked to kick a ball while walking on a treadmill. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a body weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) combined with ball-kicking on muscle strength, balance, and gait. Design: Single blind, randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty stroke patients who volunteered to participate in this study were randomly assigned to either the BWSTT combined with ball-kicking (BWSTT-BK; 10 participants) group or the BWSTT group (10 participants). Participants in the BWSTTBK group performed treadmill walking combined with simultaneous ball-kicking for 30 minutes daily for 5 weeks. Participants from the BWSTT group performed only treadmill walking. The muscular strength, balance, and gait ability were measured before and after the 5-week training. To assess for muscular strength, a digital muscle tester was used to measure hip flexor, knee extensor, and dorsiflexor strength. To assess for balance, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) was used. To assess for gait, the 10 meter walk test (10MWT) and Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) was used. Results: The BWSTT-BK group showed significantly improved muscular strength, balance, and gait according to BBS, TUG, 10MWT, FGA, and digital muscle testing scores compared to the BWSTT group (p<0.05). In addition, within-group comparison showed significant improvement in all variables (p<0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that BWSTT-BK results in more favourable outcomes for stroke patients. Therefore, BWSTT-BK may be useful for the recovery of gait ability of stroke patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.112-118
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to investigate the attributes of ram sexual behaviour under different social conditions. Six intact rams and eight overiectomized ewes were used in this experiment. Ewes were artificially brought into oestrus. All mating traits were recorded every 10 sec during a 1 h mating session under five social conditions viz., ram exposed to single oestrus ewe, ram exposed to single oestrus ewe and audience ram, ram exposed to multiple oestrus ewes, ram exposed to single oestrus ewe with competitor ram and ram exposed to multiple oestrus ewes with competitor ram. Mean intensity of the mating activities during the 1 h mating session under five social conditions was compared. Either vocalization or leg kicking was found to be the predominant teasing activity under all five conditions. Sniffing differed significantly (p<0.05) between different social conditions. Vocalization, leg kicking, and leg kicking with vocalization did not differ significantly (p<0.05) between different social conditions. Mounts/h in the multiple oestrus ewe condition was higher and differed significantly (p<0.05) from other social conditions. Ejaculations/h for the experimental ram was higher when exposed to multiple oestrus ewes in comparison to other social conditions. Mounts/ejaculation was low in the audience ram condition in comparison to the other four social conditions.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.139-152
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• 2004

Two subjects, an expert and a novice, were carefully selected based upon their foot speed. Three dimensional videography was used in the assessment of roundhouse kicking of the Tae-kwon-Do. The local reference frames were imbedded at the trunk, pelvis, thigh and shank. Anatomical angular displacement at the joints were measured by projecting the upper segment's local axes to the lower segment's local reference planes. The local axes again projected to the global reference frames and absolved each segment's movement. The peaks of the anatomical angular displacement curve assessed as the countermovements and the angular movements of the segments in the global space absolved in light of the occurrence of the countermovements. The expert showed larger and more countermovements than the novice at the all segments. The counterrnovement occured more clearly at the trunk than the hip and knee joint and during the preparative movement phase. These countermovements occurrence were due to either by turning upper or lower segments and controlled by the turning direction and sequence of the two nearby segments. It was revealed that the countermovements of the trunk during the preparative movement phase was the important factor of the power kicking.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-44
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of two different kicks, the drop kick and the punt kick, into the kicking motion, through the kinetic comparative analysis of the kicking motion, which is conducted when one kicks a soccer goal. To grasp kinetic changing factors, which is performed by individual's each body segment, I connected kicking motions, which were analyzed by a two dimension co-ordination, into the personal computer to concrete the digits of it and smoothed by 10Hz. Using the smoothed data, I found a needed kinematical data by inputting an analytical program into the computer. The result of comparative analysis of two kicking motions can be summarized as below. 1. There was not a big difference between the time of the loading phase and the time of the swing phase, which can affect the exact impact and the angle of balls aviation direction. 2. The two kicks were not affected the timing and the velocity of the kicking leg's segment. 3. In the goal kick motion, the maximum velocity timing of the kicking leg's lower segment showed the following orders: the thigh(-0.06sec), the lower leg(-0.05sec), the foot(-0.018sec) in the drop kick, and the thigh(-0.06sec), the lower leg(-0.05sec), the foot(-0.015sec) in the punt kick. It showed that whipping motion increases the velocity of the foot at the time of impact. 4. At the time of impact, there was not a significant difference in the supporting leg's knee and ankle. When one does the punt kick, the subject spreads out his hip joint more at the time of impact. 5. When the impact performed, kicking leg's every segment was similar. Because the height of the ball is higher in the punt kick than in the drop kick, the subject has to stretch the knees more when he kicks a ball, so there is a significant affect on the angle and the distance of the ball's flying. 6. When one performs the drop kick, the stride is 0.02m shorter than the punt kick, and the ratio of height of the drop kick is 0.05 smaller than the punt kick. This difference greatly affects the center of the ball, the supporting leg's location, and the location of the center of gravity with the center of the ball at the time of impact. 7. Right before the moment of the impact, the center of gravity was located from the center of the ball, the height of the drop kick was 0.67m ratio of height was 0.37, and the height of the punt kick was 0.65m ratio of height was 0.36. The drop kick was located more to the back 0.21m ratio of height was 0.12, the punt kick was located more to the back 0.28m ratio of height was 0.16. 8. There was not a significant difference in the absolute angle of incidence and the maximum distance, but the absolute velocity of incidence showed a significant difference. This difference is caused from that whether players have the time to perform of not; the drop kick is used when the players have time to perform, and punt kick is used when the players launch a shifting attack. 9. The surface reaction force of the supporting leg had some relation with the approaching angle. Vertical reaction force (Fz) showed some differences in the two movements(p<0.05). The maximum force of the right and left surface reaction force (Fx) didn't have much differences (p<0.05), but it showed the tendency that the maximum force occurs before the peak force of the front and back surface (Fy) occurs.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

This study analyzed the rear foot angle of the supporting leg and the anatomical rotation angle of the kicking angle in soccer instep kick and drew conclusions as follows. When the supporting leg was landing on the ground, the valgus angle of the ankle joint reached the maximum peak, and plantar flexion was slightly different in the timing of the maximum peak between the two groups. The flexion angle of the rear foot was statistically significantly different between the two groups, and the movement of the crus on the landing of the supporting foot did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups. The crus leaned backward most before the impact, and the side to side gradient of the crus on impact was $22^{\circ}$. The flexion/extension of the hip joint of the kicking leg reached the maximum peak when the supporting foot was landing on the ground, and at the moment, the maximum extension angle of the hip joint was over $30^{\circ}$. The flexion angle of the knee joint of the kicking leg was largest after landing. While the maximum plantar flexion angle and maximum valgus angle of the ankle joint were not significantly different between the two groups, the maximum external rotation angle was significantly different.