• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2018

The present paper describes the design of a Solid State Telescope (SST) on board the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute satellite-1 (KASISat-1) consisting of four [TBD] nanosatellites. The SST will measure these radiation belt electrons from a low-Earth polar orbit satellite to study mechanisms related to the spatial resolution of electron precipitation, such as electron microbursts, and those related to the measurement of energy dispersion with a high temporal resolution in the sub-auroral regions. We performed a simulation to determine the sensor design of the SST using GEometry ANd Tracking 4 (GEANT4) simulations and the Bethe formula. The simulation was performed in the range of 100 ~ 400 keV considering that the electron, which is to be detected in the space environment. The SST is based on a silicon barrier detector and consists of two telescopes mounted on a satellite to observe the electrons moving along the geomagnetic field (pitch angle $0^{\circ}$) and the quasi-trapped electrons (pitch angle $90^{\circ}$) during observations. We determined the telescope design of the SST in view of previous measurements and the geometrical factor in the cylindrical geometry of Sullivan (1971). With a high spectral resolution of 16 channels over the 100 keV ~ 400 keV energy range, together with the pitch angle information, the designed SST will answer questions regarding the occurrence of microbursts and the interaction with energetic particles. The KASISat-1 is expected to be launched in the latter half of 2020.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2016

Background: In order to manage the patient exposure dose in X-ray diagnosis, it is preferred to evaluate the entrance skin dose; although there are some evaluations about entrance skin dose, a small number of report has been published for direct measurement of patient. We think that a small-type optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter, named nanoDot, can achieve a direct measurement. For evaluations, the corrections of angular and energy dependences play an important role. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the angular and the energy dependences of nanoDot. Materials and Methods: We used commercially available X-ray diagnostic equipment. For angular dependence measurement, a relative response of every 15 degrees of nanoDot was measured in 40-140 kV X-ray. And for energy dependence measurement, mono-energetic characteristic X-rays were generated using several materials by irradiating the diagnostic X-rays, and the nanoDot was irradiated by the characteristic X-rays. We evaluated the measured response in an energy range of 8.1-75.5 keV. In addition, we performed Monte-Carlo simulation to compare experimental results. Results and Discussion: The experimental results were in good agreement with those of Monte-Carlo simulation. The angular dependence of nanoDot was almost steady with the response of 0 degrees except for 90 and 270 degrees. Furthermore, we found that difference of the response of nanoDot, where the nanoDot was irradiated from the randomly set directions, was estimated to be at most 5%. On the other hand, the response of nanoDot varies with the energy of incident X-rays; slightly increased to 20 keV and gradually decreased to 80 keV. These results are valuable to perform the precise evaluation of entrance skin dose with nanoDot in X-ray diagnosis. Conclusion: The influence of angular dependence and energy dependence in X-ray diagnosis is not so large, and the nanoDot OSL dosimeter is considered to be suitable dosimeter for direct measurement of entrance surface dose of patient.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 2010년도 한국우주과학회보 제19권1호
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• pp.37.5-38
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• 2010

경희대학교 우주탐사학과에서는 우주공간 탐사를 위해 Trio(TRiplet Ionospheric Observatory)-CINEMA(Cubesat for Ions, Neutrals, Electrons and MAgnetic fields)로 명명된 초소형 위성을 개발하고 있다. 과학임무는 지구 저궤도에서 고에너지 입자를 관측하는 것이며, 이를 위해 고에너지 (2~300keV) 입자 검출기와 자기장 측정기가 탑재된다. 저에너지 입자 검출기 시스템인 STEIN(SupraThermal Electrons, Ions, Neutrals)은 $1\times4$ Array의 개선된 실리콘 검출기와 이온, 전자, 중성입자를 분리할 수 있는 정전장 편향기, 그리고 신호를 처리하는 전자회로로 구성되어있다. 설계된 전자회로는 매우 작은 검출기 기판, 아날로그 기판과 디지털 기판으로 이루어져 있고, 475mW 이하의 저 전력으로 동작한다. 또한 2~100keV의 에너지를 1keV이하의 해상도로 30,000event/sec/pixel 까지 관측 할 수 있도록 회로를 설계하였다. 센서로 들어온 입자로 인해 발생한 펄스의 신호는 4개의 아날로그 회로가 담당하게 되는데, Folded cascode amplifier를 배치하여 증폭률을 높인 Charge sensitive amplifier를 통해 신호를 증폭하고, $2{\mu}s$ unipolar gaussian shaping amplifier를 통해 읽기 쉽게 처리된 신호를 상한파고선별기와 하한파고 선별기를 통해 유효 값 여부를 판단하고, 피크 검출기를 통해 피크의 타이밍을 측정한 뒤 신호를 아날로그-디지털 변환 회로를 통하여 8bit의 값으로 나타내어, 입자들의 Spectrum을 측정하게 된다. 크기와 소비전력이 적음에도 검출성능이 우수하기 때문에 이 시스템은 향후 우주탐사 시스템에 있어 매우 중요한 역할을 수행 할 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2000년도 제18회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.170-170
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• 2000

Synthetic polymers such as polyimide, polycarbonate, and poly(methyl methacrylate) are long chain molecules which consist of carbon, hydrogen, and heteroatom linked together chemically. Recently, polymer surface can be modified by using a high energy ion beam process. High energy ions are introduced into polymer structure with high velocity and provide a high degree of chemical bonding between molecular chains. In high energy beam process the modified polymers have the highly crosslinked three-dimensionally connected rigid network structure and they showed significant improvements in electrical conductivity, in hardness and in resistance to wear and chemicals. Polyimide films (Kapton, types HN) with thickness of 50~100${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ were used for investigations. They were treated with two different surface modification techniques: Plasma Source Ion Implantation (PSII) and conventional Ion Implantation. Polyimide films were implanted with different ion species such as Ar+, N+, C+, He+, and O+ with dose from 1 x 1015 to 1 x 1017 ions/cm2. Ion energy was varied from 10keV to 60keV for PSII experiment. Polyimide samples were also implanted with 1 MeV hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen ions with a dose of 1x1015ions/cm2. This work provides the possibility for inducing conductivity in polyimide films by ion beam bombardment in the keloelectronvolt to megaelectronvolt energy range. The electrical properties of implanted polyimide were determined by four-point probe measurement. Depending on ion energy, doses, and ion type, the surface resistivity of the film is reduced by several orders of magnitude. Ion bombarded layers were characterized by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), XPS, and SEM.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.731-737
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• 2019

In this study, a new measurement method based on voltage transients in CdZnTe detectors response to low energy photon irradiations is applied to measure the electron mobility (${\mu}_e$) and electron mobility-lifetime product $({\mu}{\tau})_e$ in a CdZnTe detector. In the proposed method, the pulse rise times are derived from low energy photon response to 59.5 keV($^{241}Am$), 88 keV($^{109}Cd$) and 122 keV($^{57}Co$) ${\gamma}-rays$ for the irradiation of the cathode surface at each detector for different bias voltages. The electron $({\mu}{\tau})_e$ product was then determined by measuring the variation in the photopeak amplitude as a function of bias voltage at a given photon energy using a pulse-height analyzer. The $({\mu}{\tau})_e$ values were found to be $(9.6{\pm}1.4){\times}10^{-3}cm^2V^{-1}$ for $1000mm^3$, $(8.4{\pm}1.6){\times}10^{-3}cm^2V^{-1}$ for $1687.5mm^3$ and $(7.6{\pm}1.1){\times}10^{-3}cm^2V^{-1}$ for $2250mm^3$ CdZnTe detectors. Those results were then compared with the literature $({\mu}{\tau})_e$ values for CdZnTe detectors. The present results indicate that, the electron mobility ${\mu}_e$ and electron $({\mu}{\tau})_e$ values in CdZnTe detectors can be measured easily by applying voltage transients response to low energy photons, utilizing a fast signal acquisition and data reduction and evaluation.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2019

Background: As neutron fields are always accompanied by gamma rays, it is essential to distinguish neutrons from gamma rays in the detection of neutrons. Neutrons and gamma rays can be separated by pulse shape discrimination (PSD) methods. Recently, we performed characterization of a stilbene scintillator detector and an EJ-301 liquid scintillator detector with a high-speed digitizer DT5730 and investigated optimized PSD variables for both detectors. This study is for providing a basis for developing fast neutron/gamma-ray dual-particle imager. Materials and Methods: We conducted PSD experiments using stilbene scintillator and EJ-301 liquid scintillator and evaluated neutron and gamma ray discriminability of each PSD method with a $^{137}Cs$ gamma source and a $^{252}Cf$ neutron source. We implemented digital signal processing techniques to apply two PSD methods - the charge comparison (CC) method and the constant time discrimination (CTD) method - to distinguish neutrons from gamma rays. We tried to find optimized PSD variables giving the best discriminability in a given experimental condition. Results and Discussion: For the stilbene scintillator detector, the charge comparison method and the constant time discrimination method both delivered the PSD FOM values of 1.7. For the EJ-301 liquid scintillator detector, both PSD methods delivered the PSD FOM values of 1.79. With the same PSD variables, PSD performance was excellent in $300{\pm}100keVee$, $500{\pm}100keVee$, and $700{\pm}100keVee$ energy regions. This result shows that we can achieve an effective discrimination of neutrons from gamma rays using these scintillator detector systems. Conclusion: We applied both PSD methods to a stilbene and a liquid scintillator and optimized the PSD performance represented by FOM values. We observed a good separation performance of both scintillators combined with a high-speed digitizer and digital PSD. These results will provide reference values for the dual-particle imager we are developing, which can image both fast neutrons and gamma rays simultaneously.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.1734-1741
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• 2023

This work presents the synthesis and preparation of a new glass system described by the equation of (70-x) B₂O₃-5TeO₂ -20SrCO₃-5ZnO -xBi₂O₃, x = 0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 mol. %, using the melt quenching technique at a melting temperature of 1100 ℃. The photon-shielding characteristics mainly the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of the prepared glass samples were evaluated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation N-particle transport code (MCNP-5) at gamma-ray energy extended from 59 keV to 1408 keV emitted by the radioisotopes Am-241, Ba-133, Cs-137, Co-60, Na-22, and Eu-152. Furthermore, we observed that the Bi₂O₃ content of the glasses had a significantly stronger impact on the LAC at 59 and 356 keV. The study of the lead equivalent thickness shows that the performance of fabricated glass sample with 15 mol.% of Bi₂O₃ is four times less than the performance of pure lead at low gamma photon energy while it is enhanced and became two times lower the perforce of pure lead at high energy. Therefore, the fabricated glasses special sample with 15 mol.% of Bi₂O₃ has good shielding properties in low, intermediate, and high energy intervals.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.1763-1774
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• 2023

In this study, a series of flexible neutron/gamma shielding composites are fabricated through the doping of Gd₂O₃ into the matrix of SEBS with (M_Gd2O3: M_SEBS) % from 5% to 100%. Neutron transmittance test shows an exponential attenuation with the increase of areal density of Gd, in which the transmittance T ranges from 59.1440% to 35.3026%, with standard deviation less than 2.2743%, mass attenuation coefficient 𝜇_m from 0.3194 cm²/g to 0.4999 cm²/g, and half value layer-HVL value from 2.4530 mm to 1.1313 mm. Shielding efficiency of the Gd₂O₃/SEBS composites is basically improved in comparison with that of B₄C/SEBS. The transmittance T, mass/linear attenuation coefficient 𝜇_m and 𝜇, HVL and effective atomic number Z_eff for the shielding of γ rays (39 keV, 59 keV and 122 keV) are measured and calculated with XCOM as well as MCX programs. Finally, plots of the three dimensional relationships between transmittance, doping amount and thickness are provided to the guidance for engineering shielding design. In summary, the Gd₂O₃/SEBS composite is proved to be an effective flexible neutron/low energy γ rays shielding material, which could be of potential applications in the field of nuclear technology and nuclear engineering.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.129-129
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• 2022

국내에서 발생하는 토양침식(soil erosion)은 주로 강우에 의해 발생하며, 이로 인해 농경지 유실, 탁수 발생, 하천 통수능 저하 등 여러 수문학적·환경적 문제가 발생한다. 따라서 유역 내 토양침식 위험지역을 선별하고, 해당 지역의 토양유실 및 유사의 발생량을 산정하는 것은 토양보전 대책 수립 시에 중요한 지표로 활용된다. 침식-유사유출의 물리적 과정은 크게 '강우에 의한 토양 분리(detachment by raindrop)'와 '지표류에 의한 토양 분리(detachment by overlandflow)'로 나눌 수 있으며, 그중 강우에 의한 토양 분리는 수침식(water erosion)의 첫 번째 과정 중 하나로 강우 시 낙하하는 강우 입자들이 갖는 운동에너지가 지표면을 타격할 때 토양체로부터 토양입자가 분리되는 과정이다. 따라서 강우에 의한 토양분리량 산정을 위해서는 강우 운동에너지(rainfall kinetic energy, KE)의 정확한 계산이 요구된다. 그러나 기후 및 지리적 특성 등 여러 조건에 따라 강우 운동에너지는 지역마다 다르게 나타나며, 이로 인해 강우 운동에너지 추정이 매우 어려운 실정이다. 따라서 강우 운동에너지 추정은 주로 강우강도(rainfall intensity, I)와의 관계를 이용한 함수식을 활용한다. 본 연구에서는 대상 지역인 상주지역에 광학우적계(disdrometer)를 설치하여 2020년 6월부터 2021년 12월까지 관측된 37개의 강우 사상에 대하여 KE-I의 관계를 분석하고, 이를 통해 강우 운동에너지식을 도출하였다. 또한, 기존에 국외 및 국내에서 제시된 선형(linear), 멱함수(power-law function), 지수함수(exponential function) 형태의 강우 운동에너지 공식과 본 연구에서 산정된 KE를 비교하였다. 그 결과 비체적 강우 운동에너지에서 Sanchez-Moreno et al. (2012)가 제안한 멱함수 형태의 공식이, 비시간 강우 운동에너지에서 Kinnel (1981)이 제안한 지수함수 형태의 공식이 각각 강우 운동에너지 추정에 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.163-173
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• 1998

핵의학 단층촬영기를 이용하여 몸 안에서 일어나는 신진대사, 혈류량 공급, 생화학적 변화, 또는 뇌에서의 도파민 운반체, 수용체 등의 영상을 획득한 후 정량화할 수 있다면 환자의 조기진단뿐만 아니라 치료계획을 세우고 치료경과 등을 객관적으로 측정하는데 매우 유용할 것이다. 그러나 물리적 요소들인 감쇠, 산란, 부분용적 효과, 노이즈, 그리고 재구성 알고리즘 등은 SPECT 의 디자인에 관계없이 영상의 정성적 또는 정량적 결과에 영향을 미친다. 본 논문에서는 뇌 촬영용 단일 결정 SPECT와 뇌 모형 팬텀을 이용하여 물리적 요소들 중 특히 감쇠와 산란의 영향을 정량화하고 보정 방법에 따른 결과를 정량 분석하였다. 산란 보정은 주 에너지 창 140keV$\pm$10% (126～154 keV)와 산란에너지 창 119keV$\pm$6% (112～126keV)를 이용하여 데이터를 획득한 후 산란 에너지 창의 100%를 빼주는 방법을 적용하였다. 영상 재구성은 차단주파수 0.95cycles/cm와 차수 10을 적용한 저역통과 Butterworth 여과기로 여과하여 여과후 역투사 방법으로 재구성하였다. 감쇠 상수는 산란 보정을 하지 않은 경우와 한 경우에 따라 각각 0.12cycles/cm 와 0.15cycles/cm 를 적용하여 뇌 내에서의 균일한 감쇠계수로 가정하고 Chang 방법에 의하여 감쇠에 대한 보정을 하였다. 정량분석을 위해 기저핵이 뚜렷이 보이는 3개의 단층면을 선택하여 기저핵과 그 외 뇌 영역에 관심영역을 구하였다. 산란보정을 하지 않았을 때 감쇠보정을 한 후의 ROI 값은 감쇠 보정전 ROI 값에 비해 기저핵 2.20배 배후 방사능 2.10배였다. 반면에 감쇠보정 후와 감쇠보정 전의 기저핵과 배후방사능의 비율은 매우 비슷했다. 산란보정을 한 후 감쇠보정을 한 ROI 값은 감쇠보정 전 ROI 값과 비교할 때 기저핵 2.69 배 배후 방사능 2.64 배로 뇌 영상의 절대적 정량적 분석을 위해서는 반드시 감쇠 보정이 필요한 것을 보여준다. 기저핵과 배후 방사능의 참값 비율이 6.58, 4.68, 1.86 일 때 산란 보정과 감쇠보정을 한 경우는 참값의 76%, 80%, 82%로 측정하였고 감쇠보정을 하지 않은 경우는 75%, 81%, 81%로 측정하였다. 참값의 비율이 낮을수록 참값에 가깝게 측정하였으나 산란과 감쇠보정을 한 경우에도 참값에 비해 약 20% 의 과소평가를 볼 수 있었다. 이는 본 논문에서 자세히 다루지 않은 부분용적 효과와 재구성 알고리즘 그리고 위에서 적용한 대략적인 감쇠와 산란보정 방법의 원인으로 사료되며 앞으로 더욱 연구되어야 할 분야이다.