• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.852-869
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• 1997

This study was conducted to develop and evaluate the reliability and the validity of a questionnaire in order to determine the applicability as a screening tool for estimating environmental exposure and health effects related to air pollution. The questionnaire was developed with adopting some items of others such as ISAAC or ATS-DLD. And then we performed test-retest to 89 middle school students and their mothers at interval of three months. Cohen's Kappa values, weighted Kappa values, Spearman's correlation coefficients, and Pearson's correlation coefficients for each item were computed as reliability coefficients. The validity coefficients and validity coefficient bounds were also obtained by simply using these reliability coefficients. As results, Kappa ranged broadly from 0.10 to 0.61 of the items 'diet', $0.52\sim0.79$ of the environmental tobacco smoke, $0.39\sim0.44$ of the functional categories of surrounding environment, and $0.39\sim0.44$ of the using transportation systems; these items were regarded as confounding factors. For items related to health outcomes, Kappa ranged from -0.02 to 0.37 in the respiratory system of past medical history, and from 0.11 to 0.55 in the current health status. But Kappa of the others were over 0.60. In conclusion, if some items can be corrected or modified, the questionnaire developed in this study can be used as a tool for evaluating environmental exposure and health effects associated with air pollution.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.743-750
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• 2016

Recently, usage of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) has increased in agricultural part. This study was conducted to classify onion and garlic using supervised classification of a fixed-wing UAV (Model : Ebee) images for evaluation of possibility about estimation of onion and garlic cultivation area using UAV images. Aerial images were obtained 11~12 times from study sites in Changryeng-gun and Hapcheon-gun during farming season from 2015 to 2016. The result for accuracy in onion and garlic image classification by R-G-B and R-G-NIR images showed highest Kappa coefficients for the maximum likelihood method. The result for accuracy in onion and garlic classification showed high Kappa coefficients of 0.75~0.97 from DOY 105 to DOY 141, implying that UAV images could be used to estimate onion and garlic cultivation area.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2012

Objectives This study aimed to assessing the performance of Sasang constitutional analysis Tool (SCAT) for Chinese as one of method to diagnose Sasang Constitution and evaluating the possibility of applying SCAT to foreign people. Methods This cross-sectional study was approved by IRB (Independent Review Board) at J Hospital in Yanbian. Informed consent to take part in the study was obtained from each of the participants. The performance of SCAT was assessed through Kappa coefficient and the concordance rate between SCAT and expert diagnosis. Results The concordance rate between SCAT and expert was 61.1% in total and the Kappa was 0.408. When the constitutional probability increased, the concordance rate and Kappa showed a increasing tendency. The concordance rate of Chosun race was 62.1% and others 60.7%. Conclusions SCAT, as Sasang constitutional diagnostic supporting system, may help the expert to diagnose Sasang constitution in Yanbian region.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.24-33
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• 2008

In this study, flow and creation and dissipation of vorticity around rectangular floating breakwater is investigated both experimentally and numerically. The PIV system(Particle image velocimetry) is employed to obtain the velocity field in the vorticity of rectangular structure. The numerical model, combined with ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model and the VOF method based on RANS equation, is used to analyze the turbulence structure. In the results of this study, the vorticity is found around conner of rectangular structure at all time domain, and creation and dissipation of vorticity are closely related to wave period. Separation points of phase of vortex due to flow separation for longer period waves are faster then for shorter period waves.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.271-284
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• 1998

This paper uses the numerical simulation to investigate the interference effect of 3-D turbulent flow around two high rise buildings in proximity at the different relative heights, gaps, and wind velocities. The computer program used to carry out the simulation is based on the control volume method and the SIMPLEST algorithm. The ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ model was used to simulate turbulence effects. Since the contracted flow between two adjacent buildings enhances the strength of vortex shedding from the object building, the pressure coefficient on each side wall of the object building is generally increased by the presence of apposed building. The effect is increased as the relative height or the gap between the two buildings decreases. The velocity on the vertical center line between two buildings is about 1.4 to 1.5 times the upstream wind velocity.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.116-123
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• 2016

This study was performed to develop questionnaire of cold-heat pattern identification(PI) based on usual symptoms for general people, and we analyzed reliability of the questionnaire. We reviewed cold-heat PI questionnaire of advanced research and selected twenty-three items through three time experts meeting. Three hundred and fifty nine healthy subjects were joined in this study. As a results, Cronbach's α of cold-heat PI questionnaire was 0.79 and 0.83. According to the factor analysis about fifteen-chosen cold-heat PI questionnaires, each cold-heat consisted of two factors and each Convergence was 56.46% and 65.93%. Intra-class Correlation Coefficient was 0.67-0.83. Based on the median of samples of primary source, we classified subjects into four category as Cold, Heat, No Cold-Heat, and Cold-heat complex. We examined agreement of diagnosis and coefficient of kappa, and agreement rate of diagnosis was 64.2%, and coefficient of kappa was 0.51. Based on research result, we expect that validity study about questionnaire of cold-heat PI based on usual symptoms will be continued, and hope to be used as subsidiary diagnosis in clinical practice.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.201-211
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• 2014

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-rater absolute reliability and the concurrent validity of the Tinetti-gait scale that was translated into Korean for chronic stroke patients. METHODS: Fifty-two patients with post-stroke participated in this study. Inter-rater reliability was analyzed by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ($ICC_{3,1}$) and Kappa coefficient, and absolute reliability was analyzed by the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), and the Minimal Detectable Change (MDC). Concurrent validity was analyzed by correlating between the Tinetti-gait scale and physical functions. The physical functions were measured by using the Dynamic Gait Index(DGI), 10m walking test(10WT), One Leg Standing Test of affected/non-affected side(OLST), Sit to Stand test(STS), (Fugl Meyer assessment of Lower Extremity(FM-LE). RESULTS: The inter-rater reliability of the Tinetti-gait scale was high; $ICC_{(3,1)}=.91$ (95% CI=.85~.95) (very reliable), the range of Kappa coefficient were .73~.92 (substantial~good). The inter-rater agreement of the each item in Tinetti-gait scale ranged from .74 to .92 (95 % CI=.59~.95) (reliable~very reliable). The SEM and MDC were .56 and 1.55, respectively. In the results of concurrent validity, there were moderate positive correlation between Tinetti-gait scale and DGI (r=.78), 10WT (r=.74), OLST (r=.65~.73), FM-LE (r=67). And there was moderate negative correlation between Tinetti-gait scale and STS (r=-79) (p<.01). CONCLUSION: The Tinetti-gait scale(Korean version) was a reliable and valid tool to measure gait ability in patients with chronic stroke. Thus, it could be a useful tool for examining a gait ability of post-stroke patients. Further study should be conducted to investigate the usability to predict fall risk of post-stroke patients of the Tinetti-gait scale.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 1996

This study examined the patterns of nutrient intakes measured by 1-, 3-, 7-day recalls and records as well as food frequency questionnaire among 59 females volunteers enrolled in the university in Seoul, Korea. Over a 4 month period, a modified Willett food frequency questionnaire was administered once, and a 24-hour dietary recall was conducted 12 times and a weighted dietary record 14 times. From these 12 recalls and 14 records, 1-, 3-, 7-day data were randomly selected. For energy and 11 nutrients, group mean intakes derived from food frequency questionnaire were higher than from recalls and records. Group mean intakes from recalls and records showed little differences depending on days of dietary studies and dietary methods. Measures of agreement were calculated by weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient values calculated for quintile categories while comparing to the results of 26 days recalls and records. Weighted kappa values ranged from 0.11 for riboflavin to 0.36 for vitamin C for and 1-day recall, and from 0.21 for iron to 0.31 for energy for the 1-day record. Weighted kappa values were increased as the number of days of dietary studies increased (0.34-0.57 for the 3-day recalls, 0.27-0.50 for the 3-day records, 0.50-0.68 for the 7-day recalls, and 0.50-0.65 for the 7-day records). Weighted kappa values for food frequency questionnaire were higher than the 1-day data, but lower than the 3-and-7day data(0.34 for energy, 0.31 for iron and 0.22 for vitamin C). Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.21 for vitamin A to 0.57 for calcium. The degrees of agreement by different methods and days of dietary study are lower in our study compared to agreement by different methods and days of dietary study are lower in our study compared to those in previously published studies for Western populations, partly due to the differences of data analysis methods as well as of dietary patterns between those samples and ours.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.377-382
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• 2015

본 연구는 노인 64명을 대상으로 Qraycam을 이용한 이미지로 치면세균막 지수를 측정하여 착색 검사와의 신뢰도를 평가하고자 하였으며, 수집된 자료를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 측정 방법, 측정 부위, 지수유형별에 따른 치면세균막 지수의 각 측정값 사이에 높은 일치도가 나타났다. 측정 방법에 따른 전치부 순면의 Quigley-Hein index와 PCR의 평균은 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 측정 부위에 따른 Quigley-Hein index와 PCR의 평균은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.001). Qraycam 검사와 착색 검사의 지수유형별 kappa계수를 확인한 결과 kappa값의 평균은 Quigley-Hein index 0.90, PCR 0.84로 전체적으로 높은 일치도를 보였다. Qraycam과 착색 검사의 전치부 순면 및 전체 치아를 Quigley-Hein index와 PCR로 측정하였을 때, 변수 간 ICC는 1에 가까운 결과를 보였다. 본 연구 결과 측정방법, 측정 부위, 지수유형별에 따른 치면세균막 지수의 일치도 평가에서 모든 측정값의 일치도가 높게 나타났다. 따라서 Qraycam은 치면세균막 검사 시 screening 도구로서 충분한 신뢰도가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제35권6_1호
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• pp.999-1009
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• 2019

북극항로의 개척 가능성과 정확한 기후 예측 모델의 필요성에 의해 북극해 고해상도 해빙 지도의 중요성이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 기존의 북극 해빙 지도는 제작에 사용된 위성 영상 취득 센서의 특성에 따른 데이터의 취득과 공간해상도 등에서 그 활용도가 제한된다. 본 연구에서는 Sentinel-1 A/B SAR 위성자료로부터 고해상도 해빙 지도를 생성하기 위한 딥러닝 기반의 해빙 분류 알고리즘을 연구하였다. 북극해 Ice Chart를 기반으로 전문가 판독에 의해 Open Water, First Year Ice, Multi Year Ice의 세 클래스로 구성된 훈련자료를 구축하였으며, Convolutional Neural Network 기반의 두 가지 딥러닝 모델(Simple CNN, Resnet50)과 입사각 및 thermal noise가 보정된 HV 밴드를 포함하는 다섯 가지 입력 밴드 조합을 이용하여 총 10가지 케이스의 해빙 분류를 실시하였다. 이 케이스들에 대하여 Ground Truth Point를 사용하여 정확도를 비교하고, 가장 높은 정확도가 나온 케이스에 대해 confusion matrix 및 Cohen의 kappa 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 전통적으로 분류를 위해 많이 활용되어 온 Maximum Likelihood Classifier 기법을 이용한 분류결과에 대해서도 같은 비교를 하였다. 그 결과 Convolution 층 2개, Max Pooling 층 2개를 가진 구조의 Convolutional Neural Network에 [HV, 입사각] 밴드를 넣은 딥러닝 알고리즘의 분류 결과가 96.66%의 가장 높은 분류 정확도를 보였으며, Cohen의 kappa 계수는 0.9499로 나타나 딥러닝에 의한 해빙 분류는 비교적 높은 분류 결과를 보였다. 또한 모든 딥러닝 케이스는 Maximum Likelihood Classifier 기법에 비해 높은 분류 정확도를 보였다.