• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.97-116
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate how syntaction and pragmatic constraints influence the sentential representation and memory accessibility. In order to seperate the syntactic constraints from the pragmatic constraint from the pragmatic constraints,the syntactic role of constituent in the sentence (subject or object) and the order of mention(first or second) were manipulted.After each sentence was presented by RSVP procedure,the probe recognition time was measured to investigate memory accessibility.In Experiment 1,in which SOA interval was 255ms,it was found that the subject of a sentece were more accessible than the object and participants first in a sentence were more accessible than participants mentioned later.However, in Experiment 2,in which SOA interval was 1540ms,it was found that participants mentioned first in a sentence were more accessible than participants mentioned later while there was no significant difference between the subject and object of a sentece.These results suggest that the syntactic and pragmatic constraints have an independent effect on the initial senential representation at the early stage of constructing representation,but as time passes only the pragmatic constraints influence sentential representation.These results also support a theoretical position which assumes that sentential representation is constructed through the process of convergent statisfaction of multiple constraints.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.496-500
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• 2005

To develop functional food material using Rhodiola dumulosa(RD), the biological activities such as antioxidation, antiproliferation in the cancer cells and immuno-activity in macrophage cells were investigated with hexane, ethylacetate, n-butanol, methanol and water fractions of RD 80% methanol extract. Hydrogen-donating activities of hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, methanol and water fraction were 28.30, 53.21, 35.48, 42.64 and 21.14%, respectively, at a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/mL$, and the activity of ethyl acetate fraction was similar to as that of BHT. After treated for 48 hrs, the ethyl acetate fraction decreased the proliferation of the A549 and SW480 cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentration of 10, 50, and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$, the activities were higher than other fractions. Morphology of cells treated with the ethyl acetate fraction for 48 hr at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ was distorted with shrank cell mass, and the cell number was lower than that of control cells the macrophage cells treated. The methanol fraction was significantly induced NO production compared with untreated control cells at above 10 ${\mu}g/mL$ concentration. These results indicate that RD would be used the functional food material.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.44-57
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• 2020

A dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) traffic information system is a detection system for a section of road using communication between roadside equipment and on-board High-Pass units to collect road traffic information and provide reliable traffic information to drivers. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport announced that a DSRC system must be supported to pass the performance evaluation of an intelligent transportation system (ITS), and the performance evaluation for DSRC systems installed in expressways and national highways is started. Currently, DSRC traffic information systems are only managed for maintenance and functional-monitoring purposes, which means that detailed criteria for the operation of a DSRC traffic information system, such as communication range, the direction of the antenna, and the power of the radio wave, etc., need to be established. In this paper, the criteria of the performance evaluation of a DSRC traffic information system are presented for different road types and road environments. The proposed performance evaluation criteria included the communication range and communication power of roadside equipment. In addition, installation criteria, such as the direction of the antenna, and the height and angle of the installed system, are presented for different road types and road environments. The criteria presented were evaluated for DSRC roadside equipment and documented to improve system maintenance and quality control of the communication system.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.43-47
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• 2004

Two different sensors (here, KOMPSAT and RADARSAT) are considered for ship detection, and are used to delineate the detection performance for their data The experiments are set for coastal regions of Mokpo Port and Ulsan Port and field experiments on board pilot boat are conducted to collect in situ ship validation information such as ship type and length This paper introduce mainly the experiment result of ship detection by both RADARSAT SAR imagery and land-based RADAR data, operated by the local Authority of South Korean, so called vessel traffic system (VTS) radar. Fine imagery of Ulsan Port was acquired on June 19, 2004 and in-situ data such as wind speed and direction, taking pictures of ships and natural features were obtained aboard a pilot ship. North winds, with a maximum speed of 3.1 m/s were recorded Ship's position, size and shape and natural features of breakwaters, oil pipeline and alongside ship were compared using SAR and VTS. It is shown that KOMPSAT/EOC has a good performance in the detection of a moving ship at a speed of kts or more an hour that ship and its wake can be imaged. The detection capability of RADARSAT doesn't matter how fast ship is running and depends on a ship itself, e.g. its material, length and type. Our results indicate that SAR can be applicable to automated ship detection for a VTS and SAR combination service.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.89-98
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• 2015

Purpose - In today's globalized and modern business environment, corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities are considered to be essential for the sustainable development of enterprises. In addition, the corporate philanthropy that is related to CSR practices, as well as their being capable of reducing the anti-corporate sentiment of people have facilitated a qualitative forward leap into the quantitative growth phase. This study aims to undertake a comparative evaluation of corporate philanthropy through the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) method focusing on service and manufacturing industries, and to eventually determine a differentiated approach that is needed for corporate philanthropy. Research design, data, and methodology - The survey responses were collected through online research on specialized companies from consumers nationwide who were aged from 20 to 60 and who are aware of corporate philanthropy. A total of 408 sheets of questionnaire survey were used. Frequency analysis was undertaken in this study. The interviewees had demographic characteristics of gender: 206 males (50.5%) and 202 females (49.5%). They also had demographic characteristics of age: 82 people were over 20 (20.1%), 96 over 30 (23.5%), 105 over 40 (25.7%), and 125 over 50 (30.7%) years of age. The distribution of interviewees' residences is as follows: 154 persons (37.7%) in the Special City, 102 persons (25.0%) in the Metropolitan City, and 152 persons (37.3%) in the Provincial Region. The interviewees have been working for the following companies: 34 persons (8.3%) in LG Display, 80 (19.6%) in KT&G, 49 (12.0%) in Amore Pacific, 42 (10.3%) in KIA Motors, 47 (11.5%) in SBS, 52 (12.8%) in Shinhan Bank, 86 (21.1%) in Asiana Airlines, and 18 (4.4%) in Hyundai Department Store. We applied the paired t-test for the IPA analysis. PASW Statistics 18 was used for statistical analysis. Results - The results of IPA analysis indicated that the importance and performance degrees in both manufacturing and service industries were significantly different. Major empirical results showed that, in consumer, social, economic, philanthropic, and environmental dimensions, in the sub-factors of philanthropy activities in both manufacturing and service industries, the importance degree was found to be higher than performance degree. Further, the average difference between importance degree and performance degree by the sub-factors of philanthropy activities. On the other hand, the average difference of environmental dimension was found to be highest in both service and manufacturing industries. Thus, while consumers consider the philanthropy activities of the environmental dimension as most important, actual companies treat performance of philanthropy activities of the environmental dimension insufficiently or negligibly to some degree. Conclusions - The differentiated approach method that is required for corporate philanthropy may be proposed to uplift corporate accomplishments by analyzing the IPA of the attributes of the sub-factors of corporate philanthropy. This is, to an extent, insufficient in the existing studies related to the use of the IPA technique, and it shows the items that are to be conducted intensively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.335-335
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• 2001

Direct-normal, total horizontal and diffuse horizontal irradiance data obtained from a multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer over seven different wavelength bands (416nm, 151nm, 616nm, 675nm, 870nm and 940nm and the entire spectrum) has been analyzed at Kwangju, South Korea from June 1998 December 2000. The maximum hourly global radiation flux ranged from 0.44 MJ/$m^2$ to 2.68 MJ/$m^2$ at around 11:00-12:00 Hr local time while the maximum hourly diffuse radiation flux ranged from about 0.96 MJ/$m^2$ to 1.37 MJ/$m^2$. The maximum hourly direct irradiance ranged from 1.42 MJ/$m^2$ to 2.92 MJ/$m^2$ from June1998-2000. During the period under consideration, the average monthly global radiation recorded were 13.09 MJ/$m^2$/day, 10.58MJ/$m^2$/day and 9.78MJ/$m^2$/day for years 1998, 1999 and 2000 respectively, while the diffuse irradiance were 6.54 MJ/$m^2$/day, 5.33 MJ/$m^2$/day and 5.14 MJ/$m^2$/day for f998, 1999 and 2000 respectively. The direct irradiance values at the site were 11.63 MJ/$m^2$/day, 8.24MJ/$m^2$/day and 7.75 MJ/$m^2$/day for 1998, f999 and 2000 respectively. It was observed that each of the years has its own unique meteorological parameters that affect the quality and quantity of radiation received for each month. The annual average daily fractions of the diffuse to the global radiation (KD) were 0.51, 0.61 and 0.59 for years 1998, 1999 and 2000 respectively. Analysis indicated that the average daily KD ranged from 0.13 to a maximum value of 0.99 in May for irradiance measured at the broadband channel while the maximum and minimum KD value of 0.91 and 0.23 was recorded at wavelength band 870nm and 940nm in January and September respectively. The lowest average daily clearness index (Kt) value recorded was 0.03 in May (Spring) and the annual average daily clearness indexes are 0.45, 0.34 and 0.35 for years 1998, f999 and 2000 respectively. The frequency of clear days annually at Kwangju is 67.95%, 29.57% and 40.72% for years 1998, 1999 and 2000 respectively.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

Deep neural networks(DNN), which are used as approximation functions in reinforcement learning (RN), theoretically can be attributed to realistic results. In empirical benchmark works, time difference learning (TD) shows better results than Monte-Carlo learning (MC). However, among some previous works show that MC is better than TD when the reward is very rare or delayed. Also, another recent research shows when the information observed by the agent from the environment is partial on complex control works, it indicates that the MC prediction is superior to the TD-based methods. Most of these environments can be regarded as 5-step Q-learning or 20-step Q-learning, where the experiment continues without long roll-outs for alleviating reduce performance degradation. In other words, for networks with a noise, a representative network that is regardless of the controlled roll-outs, it is better to learn MC, which is robust to noisy rewards than TD, or almost identical to MC. These studies provide a break with that TD is better than MC. These recent research results show that the way combining MC and TD is better than the theoretical one. Therefore, in this study, based on the results shown in previous studies, we attempt to exploit a random balance with a mixture of TD and MC in RL without any complicated formulas by rewards used in those studies do. Compared to the DQN using the MC and TD random mixture and the well-known DQN using only the TD-based learning, we demonstrate that a well-performed TD learning are also granted special favor of the mixture of TD and MC through an experiments in OpenAI Gym.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2017

The adsorption of various atmospheric harmful gases ($CO_x$, $NO_x$, $SO_x$) on graphene-like boron nitride(BN) and aluminum nitride(AlN) sheets was theoretically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and MP2 methods. The structures were fully optimized at the $B3LYP/6-31G^{**}$ and $CAM-B3LYP/6-31G^{**}$ levels of theory and confirmed to be a local minimum by the calculation of the harmonic vibrational frequencies. The MP2 single-point binding energies were computed at the $CAM-B3LYP/6-31G^{**}$ optimized geometries. Also the zero-point vibrational energy (ZPVE) and 50%-basis set superposition error (BSSE) corrections were included. The adsorptions of gases on the BN sheet were predicted to be a physisorption process and the adsorptions of gases on the AlN sheet were predicted to be a physisorption process for $CO_x$ and $NO_x$ but to be a chemisorption process for $SO_x$.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.534-541
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• 2018

Concentrations of total particulate matter (TPM), $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were measured at three different sites based on each different fuel type (solid, liquid and gas) used in thermal power plants operating in Yeosu and Gwangyang National Industrial Complexes during 2017. The highest concentrations of TPM, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ were observed at the solid fuel facility, and these values were $3.356mg/Sm^3$, $2.342mg/Sm^3$ and $1.834mg/Sm^3$, respectively. The ratio of $PM_{2.5}$ to TPM was the highest value of 54.6% in solid fuel case, and the lowest was 35.7% found in liquid fuel case. As a result of analyzing 9 kinds of metal compound with respect to each particle size, the metal concentration of TPM is higher than those of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in all fuel types. Total concentrations of metal elements in TPM by fuel difference are $1.2702mg/Sm^3$ in solid fuel, 0.0603 mg/Sm3 in liquid fuel, and $0.0733mg/Sm^3$ in gas fuel, respectively. Relatively higher total metal concentration in gas fuel than in liquid fuel was found; and this could be higher Cr and Al concentrations in use of gas fuel. As a result of estimating the emission factors of each facility, in case of solid fuel, TPM emissions per electricity production were found to be 0.7080 kt/PJ, followed by liquid fuel and gas fuel. $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ emissions per hour of electricity production were similar to those of TPM.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.43-52
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• 2011

This study assumed the competitive structure based on genre classification for Korean online game market, and carried out the analysis on the degree and characteristics of the competition that appear differently in each sub market classified according to the genre. Analysis result can be summarized as follows. (1) In the view of the total play time, the proportions of the online games in each genre were appeared in the order of "RPG > FPS/RTS > Sports > Arcade/Poker > Go-stop > Board/Racing". (2) In the view of the shares in the play time, the degree of competition between games in the sub market structure of the online games according to the genre was found in the order of "RTS > Racing > FPS/Sports > Go-stop > Poker > Arcade/Board > RPG". The evaluation and interpretation of the high and low of the competition degree are as follows. As the degree of competition is higher, (RTS > Racing > ${\cdots}$) the royalty and the ratio of reusing of the users for the game is lower, and on the other hand, the tendency of replacing and using appeared higher, so the market entry barrier for a new game can be evaluated to be low. Reversely, as the degree of competition is lower, (${\cdots}$ > Arcade/Board > RPG) the royalty and the ratio of reusing of the users for the game is higher, and on the other hand, the tendency of replacing and using appeared lower, so the market entry barrier for a new game can be evaluated to be high.