• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.263-268
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• 1994

This study was conducted to characterize the in vivo pharmacology of KR-30988, KR-30992 and losartan, new AT antagonists, given as i.v. cumulative doses, in two antimal models of high renin, conscious renal artery-ligated hypertensinve rats (RHRs) and nomotensive rats anesthetized with urethane (90 mg/kg, i.p.) and .alpha.-chloralose (90 mg/kg, i.p.), with a special emphasis on the phamacological characterization of the latter model. In conscious RHRs, KR-30988, KR-30992, losartan and captopril caused a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure, their relative potencise ($ED_{20}$) being 0.057, 0.028, 0164 and 0.018 mg/kg, i.v., repectively. In anesthetized rats, 2 hours after anesthesia, plasma renin activity was increased from 7.31 tp 34.07 ng/ml/h, the level approximately 1.5 times greater than the highest level in RHRs. In anesthtized rats, the $ED_{20}$s for all four compounds were 0.004 mg/kg i.v., respectively. By comparison, $ED_{20}$sfrom anesthetized rats were 4 to 5 times smaller than those from conscious RHRs, with a good correlation (.gamma. = 0.999) noted between thetized rats to the hypotensive activity of the compounds and the same order of potencies intwo models. These results suggest that, in addition to PHRs, the normotensive rats anesthetized as above can serve as a suitable model for the rapid phamacological evaluation of $AT_1$ receptor antagonists.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of self-controlled learning using the (KR) feedback schedule versus the yoked KR on the acquisition and retention of balance training for individuals with hemiplegics. Sixteen hemiplegics were randomly assigned to either a self-controlled or yoked KR group. All subjects were ambulatory with or without an assistive device. The self-controlled group was provided with feedback whenever they requested it, whereas the yoked group had no influence on the feedback schedule. All subjects performed 10 acquisition trials and 10 retention trials the day after acquisition. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test and a Mann-Whitney U test. Participants in the self-controlled group achieved significantly more effective learning than the yoked group during the acquisition and retention test except anterior/posterior (AP) body sway. These results suggest that a feedback schedule which is controlled by the individuals with hemiplegics may be more effective in balancing training than a yoked KR which is not controlled by the subject.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1997

여러가지 난분해성 물질에 대한 생분해능을 지닌 백색부후균에 의한 매립지 침출수의 탈색을 조사하였다. 국내에서 분리한 Coriolus versicolor KR-11W와 Irpex lacteus KR-39W가 이제까지 주로 연구되어 온 Phanerochaete chrysosporium보다 높은 탈색능을 나타내었는데 I. lacteus KR-39W는 산소공급시 10%의 침출수가 함유된 YMG 배지의 진탕배양에서 85%의 색도제거율을 나타내었으며 최소배지에서도 80%의 탈색율을 보였다. P. chrysosporium에 의한 리그닌 분해능 및 분해효소 생성 보고들과 달리 진탕배양이 정치배양보다 탈색능이 높았으며 산소공급은 색도제거에 증가효과가 있었다. 균체 접종량(10-30%)과 온도(25,37.deg. C)는 탈색에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 탄소원과 질소원의 농도는 상당한 영향을 나타내었다. 리그닌 분해효소군의 여러 가지 inducer와 cofactor를 C. versicolor KR-11W 배양에 첨가한 결과 많은 경우 균접종 대조군보다 2배 이상의 탈색율과 lignin peroxidase 활성의 증가를 보였으며 FeS $O_{5}$ 첨가시에는 최대 2.9배의 증가를 나타내었다. 탈색에 관여하는 효소군은 접종물에 이미 어느 정도 존재할 수 있으며 배지 및 배양조건에 따라 그 생성이 변화할 수 있으므로 이런 조건들을 잘 맞출 경우 보다 높은 탈색능이 기대된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2017

Two $Chang-{\alpha}$ dissipative family methods and two $KR-{\alpha}$ family methods were developed for time integration recently. Although the four family methods are in the category of the dissipative structure-dependent integration methods, their performances may be drastically different due to the detrimental property of weak instability or overshoot for the two $KR-{\alpha}$ family methods. This weak instability or overshoot will result in an adverse overshooting behavior or even numerical instability. In general, the four family methods can possess very similar numerical properties, such as unconditional stability, second-order accuracy, explicit formulation and controllable numerical damping. However, the two $KR-{\alpha}$ family methods are found to possess a weak instability property or overshoot in the high frequency responses to any nonzero initial conditions and thus this property will hinder them from practical applications. Whereas, the two $Chang-{\alpha}$ dissipative family methods have no such an adverse property. As a result, the performances of the two $Chang-{\alpha}$ dissipative family methods are much better than for the two $KR-{\alpha}$ family methods. Analytical assessments of all the four family methods are conducted in this work and numerical examples are used to confirm the analytical predictions.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.20-24
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• 2000

This study aimed to develop ITO(Indium Tim Oxide) tin films ablation with a pulsed type KrF excimer laser required for the electrode patterning application in flat panel display into small geometry on a large substrate are. The threshold fluence for ablating ITO on glass substrate is about 0.1 J/㎠. And its value is much smaller than that using 3 .sup rd/ harmonic Nd:YAG laser. Through the optical microscope measurement the surface color of the ablated ITO is changed into dark brown due to increase of surface roughness and transformation of chemical composition by the laser light. The laser-irradiated regions were all found to be electrically isolating from the original surroundings. The XPS analysis showed that the relative surface concentration of Sn and In was essentially unchanged (In:Sn=5:1)after irradiating the KrF excimer laser. Using Al foil made by 2$\^$nd/ harmonic Na:YAG laser, the various ITO patterning is carried out.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.232-248
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• 2014

A series of kernel regression (KR) algorithms, such as the classic kernel regression (CKR), the 2- and 3-D steering kernel regression (SKR), have been proposed for image and video super-resolution. In existing KR frameworks, a single algorithm is usually adopted and applied for a whole image/video, regardless of region characteristics. However, their performances and computational efficiencies can differ in regions of different characteristics. To take full advantage of the KR algorithms and avoid their disadvantage, this paper proposes a kernel regression framework for video super-resolution. In this framework, each video frame is first analyzed and divided into three types of regions: flat, non-flat-stationary, and non-flat-moving regions. Then different KR algorithm is selected according to the region type. The CKR and 2-D SKR algorithms are applied to flat and non-flat-stationary regions, respectively. For non-flat-moving regions, this paper proposes a similarity-assisted steering kernel regression (SASKR) algorithm, which can give better performance and higher computational efficiency than the 3-D SKR algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the computational efficiency of the proposed framework is greatly improved without apparent degradation in performance.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.39-46
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• 2022

In this paper, we propose a multi-task model that can simultaneously predict general-purpose tasks such as part-of-speech tagging, lemmatization, and dependency parsing using the UD Korean Kaist v2.3 corpus. The proposed model thus applies the self-attention technique of the BERT model and the graph-based Biaffine attention technique by fine-tuning the multilingual BERT and the two Korean-specific BERTs such as KR-BERT and KoBERT. The performances of the proposed model are compared and analyzed using the multilingual version of BERT and the two Korean-specific BERT language models.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.143.3-144
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• 2003

A Korean isolate of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV-Kr) was isolated from a diseased pepper crop in Chunchon, Korea. The isolate was biologically purified on Nicoticaa tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc by successive single local transfer steps, and propagated on N. tabacum cv. Samsun. PMMoV-Kr could systemically infect on N. glauca, N. benthmiana, N. occidentalis and Lycopersicon esculentum, which is typical of known isolates of PMMoV. PMMoV-Kr belongs to the pathotype P1,2 based on pepper-tobamoviral indicator experiments; Capsicn chinone harboring L3 gene revealed resistant (necrotic local lesion on inoculated leaf, HR) whereas L+, L1 and L2 pepper plants expressed susceptible reactions of mosaic systemic symptoms for the isolate. To confirm the pathology and delineate symptom determinant of the isolate, full-length cDNAs of PMMoV-Kr were amplified by RT-PCR with a primer set corresponding to the 5'- and 3'-ends of PMMoV. The RT-PCR molecules amplified from genome RNA of the isolate was cloned into the pUC18 vector. Full-length cDNA clones constructed under the control of the T7 RNA promoter could be successfully transcribed to produce in vitro transcript RNA. Infectivity of the capped transcripts and its progeny virus was verified by Western blot and RT-PCR analyses.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2021.10a
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• pp.340-345
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• 2021

최근 많은 연구들이 BERT를 활용하여, 주어진 문맥에서 언어학/문법적으로 적절하지 않은 단어를 인지하고 찾아내는 성과를 보고하였다. 하지만 일반적으로 딥러닝 관점에서 NLL기법(Negative log-likelihood)은 주어진 문맥에서 언어 변칙에 대한 정확한 성격을 규명하기에는 어려움이 있다고 지적되고 있다. 이러한 한계를 해결하기 위하여, Li et al.(2021)은 트랜스포머 언어모델의 은닉층별 밀도 추정(density estimation)을 통한 가우시안 확률 분포를 활용하는 가우시안 혼합 모델(Gaussian Mixture Model)을 적용하였다. 그들은 트랜스포머 언어모델이 언어 변칙 예문들의 종류에 따라 상이한 메커니즘을 사용하여 처리한다는 점을 보고하였다. 이 선행 연구를 받아들여 본 연구에서는 한국어 기반 언어모델인 KoBERT나 KR-BERT도 과연 한국어의 상이한 유형의 언어 변칙 예문들을 다른 방식으로 처리할 수 있는지를 규명하고자 한다. 이를 위해, 본 연구에서는 한국어 형태통사적 그리고 의미적 변칙 예문들을 구성하였고, 이 예문들을 바탕으로 한국어 기반 모델들의 성능을 놀라움-갭(surprisal gap) 점수를 계산하여 평가하였다. 본 논문에서는 한국어 기반 모델들도 의미적 변칙 예문을 처리할 때보다 형태통사적 변칙 예문을 처리할 때 상대적으로 보다 더 높은 놀라움-갭 점수를 보여주고 있음을 발견하였다. 즉, 상이한 종류의 언어 변칙 예문들을 처리하기 위하여 다른 메커니즘을 활용하고 있음을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1546-1550
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the genetic variation and establish the relationship amongst breeds and strains using 15 chicken specific microsatellite markers. A total of 285 unrelated DNA samples from four Korean native chicken strains (Black strain of Korean native chicken; KL, Red Brown strain of Korean native chicken; KR, Ogol strain of Korean native chicken; KS and Yellow Brown strain of Korean native chicken; KY) and three introduced chicken breeds (F strain of White Leghorn; LF, K strain of White Leghorn; LK, Rhode Island Red; RC and Cornish; CN) were genotyped to estimate within and between breed genetic diversity indices. All the loci analyzed in 15 microsatellite markers showed a polymorphic pattern and the number of alleles ranged from 5 to 14. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of UMA1019 was the highest (0.872) and that of ADL0234 was the lowest (0.562). The expected total heterozygosity (He) within breed and mean number of observed alleles ranged from 0.540 (LF) to 0.689 (KY), and from 3.47 (LK) to 6.07 (KR), respectively. The genetic variation of KR and KY were the highest and the lowest within Korean native strains, respectively. The genetic distance results showed that Korean native chicken strains were separated with the three introduced chicken breeds clustered into another group. The lowest distance (0.149) was observed between the KR and KL breeds and the highest distance (0.855) between the KR and LK breeds. The microsatellite polymorphism data were shown to be useful for assessing the genetic relationship between Korean native strains and other foreign breeds.