• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.244-252
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• 2010

This study aimed to offer groundwork for grasp and evaluation of nutritional status and dietary fiber intake through 24-hr recall method among middle school students in Chungbuk area. In addition, this study attempted to develop food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary fiber intake. Average calorie intake per person a day was 2035.6 kcal for boys, and 1876.7 kcal for girls which were 75.4% and 93.8% of estimated energy requirement (EER), respectively. Percent estimated average requirements (%EAR) of calcium, iron and folate were the lowest showing 34.3%, 54.2%, 67.5% for boys and 36.6%, 59.2%, 64.4% for girls, respectively. Average dietary fiber intake per day was $17.6\pm5.3$ g for boys and $16.5\pm4.8$ g for girls which indicate 54.8% and 68.8% of adequate intake (AI), respectively. The main food sources of dietary fiber were polished rice and kimchi. The main food source groups were vegetables, cereals and their products were fruits, seaweeds in the order named, indicating 68.44% total dietary fiber intake from vegetables and cereals. From preliminary 39 food items, 19 food items were selected to derive the correlation coefficient of each food item between 24-hr recall and FFQ method. Correlation coefficient was increased from 0.71 to 0.78 with significant level of p<0.01 after adjustment of FFQ from 39 items to 19 items set. Percentage of classifying subjects into the same levels by food frequency questionnaire and 24-hr recall based on joints classification quartile Kappa value was evaluated. Agreement was highest in the second lowest group showing percentage to correspond rose from 90.2% to 92.4% and Kappa value of 0.54 to 0.59. Consequently, FFQ developed in this study would be useful for estimating the groups which show low intake.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.5 s.70
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• pp.699-716
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• 1998

This study was designed to evaluate the expression of non-collagenous protein in periodontal tissue during the experimental movement of rat incisors, by LSAB(labelled streptavidine biotin) immunohistochemical staining for osteonectin and osteocalcin. Twenty seven Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group(3 rats) and 6 experimental groups(24 rats) where 75g of force was applied from helical springs across the maxillary incisors. Rats of experimental groups were sacrificed at 12 hours, 1, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days after force application, respectively. And the tissues of a control group and experimental groups were studied immunohistochemically and histologically. The results were as follows : 1. Until 28 days after force application, periodontal fibers had been strectched on tension side and compressed in pressure side of all the experimental groups, and the arrangement of periodontal fibers had not been recovered yet. 2. The expression of osteonectin in control group was rare in dentin, cementum and osteocyte, and was mild in odontoblasts and matrix of alveolar bone. 3. The expression of osteocalcin in control group was negative in gingiva, osteoblasts, osteocyte and cementum, and was rare in predentin, capillaries in pulp and periodontal ligament and the matrix of alveolar bone. 4. There was no difference in the expression of osteocalcin or osteonectin in dentin, cementum, pulp, odontoblasts, between of control and of experimental groups. 5. The expression of osteonectin in intermaxillary suture got the peak in 7-day and was declined after 14-day. The expression of osteocalcin remained in a same degree since it became mild in 14-day. 6. The expression of osteonectin in pressure side of periodontal ligament of experimental group was rare, which was similar to control group. But in tension side, it was increased until 14-day aftrer which it was declined. 7. The expression of osteocalcin in periodntal ligament was rare in 12-hour to 14-day, but became severe in 28-day, which was greater in tension side than in pressure side, and in the periodontal fiber next to alveolar bone than to tooth surface. 8. The expression of osteocalcin in alveolar bone was rare until 14-day in pressure side, but became moderate in 28-day. The expression of osteonectin was increased from 7-day by time dependency, which was greater in tension side than in pressure side.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.747-759
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the trophic structures and the energy flows in the Lake Namyang and the lower reaches of the Nakdong River using the Ecopath model. The sampling and analyses were carried out at 6 sampling sites of the Lake Namyang and the lower reaches of the Nakdong River respectively on March and November in 2007. As a result, the Lake Namyang was consisted of producers(Detritus, Macrophytes, Phytoplankton), primary consumers(Zooplankton, Zoobenthos, Carassius cuvieri, Carassius auratus, Other fishes) and secondary consumer(Cyprinus carpio, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) and the lower reaches of the Nakdong River was consisted of producers(Detritus, Macrophytes, Phytoplankton), primary consumers (Zooplankton, Zoobenthos, Cyprinus carpio, Hemibarbus labeo, Other fishes) and secondary consumer (Micropterus salmoides). The food-chain length of the Lake Namyang was relatively short when compared with the lower reaches of the Nakdong River. The shortness of food-chain length in the Lake Namyang could be attributed to the low biomass of the top predators. The total system throughput of the lake Namyang was estimated at 14.3 kg $m^{-2}\;year^{-1}$ including a consumption of 39.0%, exports of 21.0%, respiratory flows of 12.0% and flows into detritus of 28.0% and the total system throughput of the lower reaches of the Nakdong River was estimated at 2.8 kg $m^{-2}\;year^{-1}$ including a consumption of 52.0%, exports of 9.1%, respiratory flows of 18.0% and flows into detritus of 20.9% in the lower reaches of the Nakdong River.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.90-103
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• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to compare two approach to assessment of coping patterns. The sampling method was a purposive sampling technique. The study participants were out patients 113 of rheumatoid arthritis center of one University hospitals in Seoul. Datas were collected from Nov. 13 to Nov. 24, 1995. The instruments used for this study were Graphic Rating Scales of pain, The Beck Depression Inventory and Coping Patterns tool. The collected data were analyzed for frequency, means, SD, factor analysis., Pearsons' correlations and ANOVA. The results were summerized as follows ; 1. When raw scores were used : there were not correlation in all three coping patterns. 2. When relative scores were used : there were significantly correlated in all three coping patterns. 1) Active coping and Positive-cognitive coping (r=-0.352, p< 0.0001) 2) Positive-cognitive coping and Negative-cognitive coping (r=-0.594, p< 0.0001) 3) Active coping and Negative-cognitive coping(r=-0.544, p< 0.0001) The results of this research with relative scales provided more insight into the correlation in all three coping patterns. 3. Pearsons' Correlations were computed for each coping pattern, age, pain level, duration of pain and BDI. 1) Using raw score : (1) Active coping was significantly related to pain level(sensory score ; r=0.268, p<0.05, affective score ; r=0.266, p< 0.05) (2) Positive-cognitive coping was significantly related to age (r=-0.252, p< 0.05), pain level (sensory score ; r= -0.244, p< 0.05) (3) Negative-cognitive coping was significantly related to depression level (r=0.312 p< 0.0001). 2) Using relative score (1) Active coping was significantly related to pain level(sensory score ; r=0.299, p<0.05, affective score ; r=0.246, p< 0.05) (2) Positive-cognitive coping was significantly related to age (r= -0.187, P< 0.05), pain level (sensory score ; r=-0.317, p<0.0001, affective score : r=-0.305, p<0.0001) and depression level(-0.339, p<0.0001)) (3) Negative-cognitive coping was significantly related to depression. level(r=0.313, p<0.0001). 4. When raw and realtive coping scores were compared to those of age groups, religious groups and BDI level(high, middle, low) ; 1) Using raw score : (1) Active coping : there were not significantly difference (2) Positive-cognitive coping ; 20-39 age group and 50-59age group had significantly higher scores than over 60age group. BDI-low level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. (3) Negative-cognitive coping : 20-39age group and over 60age group had significantly higher scores than 40-49age group. Non-religious group had significantly higher scores than christian group. BDI-high level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. 2) Using relative score : (1) Active coping : over 60 age group had significantly higher scores than 20-39 age group and 40-49age group had significantly higher scores than 20-39 age group (2) Positive-cognitive coping ; 40-49age group, 20-39age group and 50-59age group had significantly higher scores than over 60age group. Christian group had significantly higher scores than non-religious group. BDI-low level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. (3) Negative-cognitive coping ; Non-religious group had significantly higher scores than christian group and buddhistic group. BDI-high level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. The current data suggest that relative scores may yield a different perspective on coping patters than raw scores. The use of relative scores reveals the relation clearly, without its being blurred statistically by the effect of other coping strategies or being relegated to a partial correlation. The use of relative scores holds promise for delineating the relations between ways of coping and health-related behavior.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.241-252
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• 2013

This study investigated plant community structure of Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) in Jeju-do to identify character as evergreen broad-leaved forest. 20 plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and plant communities were divided into 5 communities of Quercus glauca-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Ilex integra(Camellia japonica), Quercus glauca-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Camellia japonica, Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica, Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica-Pinus thunbergii and Pinus thunbergii-Quercus glauca by using TWINSPAN, DCA ordination, mean importance value and environmental condition. Area of Evergreen broad-leaved forest with stonny ground is covered with Quercus glauca and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii in canopy layer and Camellia japonica in the subordinate layer. Area of remaining soil's depth is covered with Pinus thunbergii. It has been alleged that Pinus thunbergii planted by human when Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) is not selected local monuments. All of communities is predicted success to community of Quercus glauca-Camellia japonica. Shannon's diversity ranged from 1.0268 to 1.0717 in area of Evergreen broad-leaved forest and 1.2102 in area of Pinus thunbergii. 10 species of broad-leaved tree's constancy ratio is over the 80%. In future, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Cinnamomum japonicum can cover canopy layer, but it has low importance value. Specially high aged Camellia japonica is appeared everywhere. It has been alleged that it was touched by divinity since past. Dongbaekdongsan(Mt.) has different plant structure with another evergreen broad-leaved forest. It is hard that knowing its successional sere because it was damaged when it isn't degignate local monument. Accordingly continuous monitoring was required, successional direction and community's character is identified after forest become steady.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.233-242
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• 2012

The purposes of this study were to compare psychological profiles, to investigate the differences in the clinical characteristics, and to compare treatment outcomes between myogenous pain and arthrogenous pain subgroups of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD). Two hundred and fifty two patients diagnosed as TMD were divided into three groups based on the RDC/TMD axis I diagnostic guidelines; myogenous pain group, arthrogenous pain group, and mixed pain (both myogenous pain and arthrogenous pain) group. RDC/TMD history questionnaire was administered to each patient and depression, somatization, jaw disability, pain intensity, disability days, and graded chronic pain scale were analyzed. Bruxism, clenching, insomnia, headache, and unilateral chewing were assessed in a standardized TMD dysfunction questionnaire and the duration of onset, chronicity of pain, treatment period, the effectiveness of the treatment, and improvement of symptoms also analyzed. Myogenous pain group had higher depression (p=0.002), and somatization scales (p<0.001) than the arthrogenous pain group. Mixed pain group showed higher pain intensity (p=0.008), disability days (p<0.001), graded chronic pain scale (p=0.005), somatization (p<0.001), and depression scores (p=0.002) than the arthrogenous pain group. Jaw disability did not show any significant differences among the three groups (p=0.058). Arthrogenous pain group reported more limitation of mouth opening than myogenous pain group (p=0.007). Duration of onset showed that the arthrogenous pain group had lowest prevalence of chronicity among three groups (p=0.002). Mixed pain group patients showed lowest symptom improvements among three groups (p=0.007). Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the treatment effectiveness was significantly associated with somatization score (${\beta}$=-0.251, p=0.03).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was intended to recognize the importance of quality control (QC) in order to reduce exposure and improve image quality by comparing the center-point (CP) of according to hospital grade and the difference between X-ray field (XF) and light field (LF) in diagnostic digital X-ray devices. XF and LF size, CP were measured in 12 digital X-ray devices at 10 hospitals located in 00 metropolitan cities. Phantom was made in different width respectively, using 0.8 mm wire after attaching to the standardized graph paper on transparent plastic plate and marked as cross wire in the center of the phantom. After placing the phantom on the table of the digital X-ray device, the images were obtained by shooting it vertically each field of survey. All images were acquired under the same conditions of exposure at distance of 100cm between the focus-detector. XF and LF size, CP error were measured using the picture archiving communication system. data were expressed as mean with standard error and then analyzed using SPSS ver. 22.0. The difference in field between the XF and LF size was the smallest in clinic, followed by university hospitals, hospitals and general hospitals. Based on the university hospitals with the least CP error, there was a statistically significant difference in CP error between university hospitals and clinics (p=0.024). Group less than 36-month after QC had fewer statistical errors than 36-month group (0.26 vs. 0.88, p=0.036). The difference between the XF and LF size was the lowest in clinic and CP error was the lowest in university hospital. Moreover, hospitals with short period of time after QC have fewer CP error and it means that introduction of timely QC according to the QC items is essential.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.252-263
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine trophic state, based on nutrients (TN, TP), transparency (SD), and chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ (Chl) and identify their empirical relations of TN-Chl, TP-Chl and Chl-SD depending on the dataset used along with dynamics of conductivity and suspended solids. Analysis of trophic states showed that more than half of 36 reservoirs were judged as eutrophic-hypertrophic conditions depending on the trophic variables. Seasonal values of TP varied by nearly 500% and showed greater in August than any other months. In contrast, TN varied within less than 90% and all monthly mean values of TN were never fall less than 1.2 mg L$^{-1}$ indicating low seasonal variations and high ambient concentrations (eutrophic-hypertrophic state). Analysis of empirical relations in the trophic variables showed that transparency had greater functional relations with Chl (R$^2$=0.31, p<0.001) than TP (R$^2$=0.15, p<0.001) and TN (R$^2$=0.20, p<0.001). Ratios of TN : TP in the ambient water indicated that most reservoirs showed a potential phosphorous limitation on the algal growth. Thus, algal biomass, based on Chl values, was more regulated by phosphorous than nitrogen. Analysis of linear regression model, based on log-transformed annual mean values, showed that only 30% in the variation of Chl was explained by TP (R$^2$=0.295, p=0.001, n=36) and 15% by TN (R$^2$=0.151, p=0.019, n=36). However, linear regression model, based on individual system, showed that Chl-TP model had strong positive relations (R$^2$=0.62, p=0.002, n=12), whereas the model had no any relations (p=0.892, n=12). Overall, our data suggested that averaging effect in the empirical model developments may influence the significance in the statistical analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.437-448
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• 2016

Some previous researches suggested a transit trip destination inference method by constructing trip chains with incomplete(missing destination) smart card dataset obtained on the entry fare control systems. To explore the feasibility of the transit trip destination inference method, the transit trip chains are constructed from the pre-paid smart card tagging data collected in Busan on October 2014 weekdays by tracing the card IDs, tagging times(boarding, alighting, transfer), and the trip linking distances between two consecutive transit trips in a daily sequences. Assuming that most trips in the transit trip chains are linked successively, the individual transit trip destination zones are inferred as the consecutive linking trip's origin zones. Applying the model to the complete trips with observed OD reveals that about 82% of the inferred trip destinations are the same as those of the observed trip destinations and the inference error defined as the difference in distance between the inferred and observed alighting stops is minimized when the trip linking distance is less than or equal to 0.5km. When applying the model to the incomplete trips with missing destinations, the overall destination missing rate decreases from 71.40% to 21.74% and approximately 77% of the destination missing trips are the single transit trips for which the destinations can not be inferable. In addition, the model remarkably reduces the destination missing rate of the multiple incomplete transit trips from 69.56% to 6.27%. Spearman's rank correlation and Chi-squared goodness-of-fit tests showed that the ranks for transit trips of each zone are not significantly affected by the inferred trips, but the transit trip distributions only using small complete trips are significantly different from those using complete and inferred trips. Therefore, it is concluded that the model should be applicable to derive a realistic transit trip patterns in cities with the incomplete smart card data.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2023

Over the last decade, avian influenza (AI) has been considered an emerging disease that would become the next pandemic, particularly in countries like South Korea, with continuous animal outbreaks. In this situation, risk assessment is highly needed to prevent and prepare for human infection with AI. Thus, we developed the risk assessment matrix for a high-risk area of human infection with AI in South Korea based on the notion that risk is the multiplication of hazards with vulnerability. This matrix consisted of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry farms and the number of poultry-associated production facilities assumed as hazards of avian influenza and vulnerability, respectively. The average number of HPAI in poultry farms at the 229-municipal level as the hazard axis of the matrix was predicted using a negative binomial regression with nationwide outbreaks data from 2003 to 2018. The two components of the matrix were classified into five groups using the K-means clustering algorithm and multiplied, consequently producing the area-specific risk level of human infection. As a result, Naju-si, Jeongeup-si, and Namwon-si were categorized as high-risk areas for human infection with AI. These findings would contribute to designing the policies for human infection to minimize socio-economic damages.