• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.537-545
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary sugar intake, particularly added sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages, has received worldwide attention recently. Investigation of dietary behaviors may facilitate understanding of dietary sugar intakes of children and adolescents. However, the relationship between dietary sugar intake and dietary behaviors in the Korean population has not been investigated. Thus, this study aimed to estimate dietary sugar intake and food sources according to sex as well as examine the relationship of dietary sugar intake with frequent snacking and dietary patterns among Korean children and adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We pooled data from five studies involving Korean children and adolescents conducted from 2002 to 2011. A total of 2,599 subjects aged 9-14 years were included in this study. Each subject completed more than 3 days of dietary records. RESULTS: Mean daily total sugar intake was 46.6 g for boys and 54.3 g for girls. Compared with boys, girls showed higher sugar intakes from fruits (7.5 g for boys and 8.8 g for girls; P = 0.0081) and processed foods (27.9 g for boys and 34.9 g for girls; P < 0.0001). On average, 95.4% of boys and 98.8% of girls consumed snacks during the study period, and total sugar intake showed a significantly increasing trend with increasing energy intake from snacks (P < 0.0001 for both sexes). Two dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis: Traditional and Westernized patterns. Total sugar intake was higher in the Westernized pattern (56.2 g for boys and 57.2 g for girls) than in the Traditional pattern (46.5 g for boys and 46.3 g for girls). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that multilateral and practical development of a nutrition education and intervention program that considers dietary behaviors as well as absolute sugar intake is required to prevent excessive sugar intake in Korean children and adolescents.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.78-91
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• 2015

여자만 저서동물 군집 구조를 파악하기 위하여 87개 정점에서 2001년 7월 grab 채집을 통한 현장 조사를 수행하였다. 여자만은 만 중앙부를 중심으로 니질 퇴적상이 폭넓게 나타나고 있으며 하천으로부터 담수가 유입되는 하구역에서는 모래 함량이 높았다. 조사기간 동안 총 274종, 평균 2,346 개체/$m^2$ 및 $78.2g/m^2$의 저서동물이 출현하였다. 출현종수에서는 다모류가 122종(45%)으로서 가장 우점하였으며, 갑각류가 70종(26%), 연체동물이 57종(21%) 출현하였다. 출현종수 공간분포는 퇴적상 및 저층염분과 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 출현밀도에서도 다모류가 1,543 개체/$m^2$로서 66%를 점유하였는데 모래 함량과는 양의 상관관계를, 니질 및 평균 입도와는 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 극피동물의 밀도는 염분과 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 반면 생체량에서는 연체동물이 $44.4g/m^2$으로서 57%를 점유하였는데, 실트 및 분급과 음의 상관관계를 보였다. Bio-Env 분석 결과 저층염분과 모래 함량의 조합이 대형저서동물 군집에 영향을 미치는 주된 환경요소로 나타났다. 주요 우점종으로서는 기수성 다모류인 Minuspio japonica가 평균 1,167 개체/$m^2$로서 가장 우점하였으나 벌교천 하구역에만 제한적으로 분포하였으며, 옆새우류인 Eriopisella sechellensis의 밀도는 152 개체/$m^2$로서 여자만 내에 광범위하게 분포하였다. 또한 다모류인 Sternaspis scutata와 이매패류의 Corbiculina sp.도 우점적으로 출현하였다. 종 다양도(H')는 여자도를 중심으로 여자만 남측해역은 3.0 이상의 값을 나타낸 반면, 북측해역은 2.0~3.0 범위의 값을 나타내었으며 염분과 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 집괴분석 결과 5개 정점군으로 구분되었는데, SIMPER 분석결과 Minuspio japonica, Eriopisella sechellensis 그리고 Sternaspis scutata의 기여도가 높았으며 여자만 입구에서부터 내만으로 들어가면서 정점군이 순차적으로 배열되는 양상을 보였다. 본 연구 결과로부터 여자만의 여름철 대형저서동물 군집은 퇴적상과 저층염분에 의해 영향을 받고 있음을 알 수 있으며 여자만의 저서환경 변동을 파악하기 위해 주요 우점종 및 군집 공간 분포에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.41-59
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore the patterns of investment on children, analyze the differences in academic performance and social relations by the patterns of investment on children, and variables that influence academic performance and the social relations of children. To achieve such research objectives, the raw data from the 2012 Korean Child and Youth Panel investigation were used for the research. The analytical subjects of this research were the parents and the third-grade students of a middle school and the analytical methods used were: frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, Chi-squared test, ANOVA, Duncan's Multiple Range test, K-mean cluster, and multiple regression analysis depending on the research purpose. The results of the research are as follows. Firstly, as a result formalizing investment pattern on children, there were five patterns of: experience oriented investment, passive experience investment, private education oriented investment, aggressive investment, and passive investment patterns. Secondly, for the patterns of investment on children, the level of academic performance was found to be the highest within the aggressive investment and the experience oriented investment types. The social relation level was found to be the highest with the experience oriented investment, with it being low in private education oriented investment and passive investment patterns. Thirdly, for the factors influencing the academic performance of the children, it was found to be higher in aggressive investment, private education oriented investment, experience oriented investment and passive experience investment compared to passive investment. Some sociological factors were also found to be influential such as mother's age, father's education, sex of children, school area of children, type of house, and income. For the social relation level of the children, the factors of the aggressive investment, passive experience investment, and the experience oriented investment as well as the sociological factors by sex of children and income level are influential.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1241-1245
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• 2012

Aim: In this study we aimed to investigate the healthy life-style behaviour of Turkish women and establish influencing features. Methods: This descriptive study performed by a questionnaire method was conducted in a primary health care centre, in an urban region in Kayseri, Turkey. Every midwife region belonging to the health care centre was accepted as a cluster, and a sample of 450 women between ages 18-64, was gathered from 9 midwife regions. The Health Promotion Life-style Profile (HPLP) was applied to evaluated the healthy lifestyle behaviour of 421 women that could be reached. T test, Tukey HSD with ANOVA, and chi square tests were used for analysis. Results: The mean total HPLP was $126.8{\pm}19.2$ (interpersonal support subscale, $74.3{\pm}14.1$; nutrition subscale, $73.6{\pm}12.6$; self-actualisation subscale, $70.6{\pm}11.9$; stress management subscale, $63.4{\pm}13.0$; health responsibility subscale, $61.2{\pm}13.2$; and exercise subscale, $47.1{\pm}15.0$). There was no statistically significant variation when evaluated for age, marital state, family type, economic status, and perception of self-health, smoking, and BMI. HPLP was high in people with an education of primary school and lower in university graduates, in people who lived mostly in the city centre and in individuals with chronic diseases. In conclusion, it was established that the health promoting behaviour in Turkish women is, in general, at a medium level, and women should be enlightened in order to develop and increase the habit of health preservation and promotion.

• ALGAE
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.317-326
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• 2008

Marine algal flora and community structure were investigated seasonally at three sites in Ilkwang Bay on the southern east coast of Korea from May 2007 to February 2008. Total 103 species including 10 of green algae, 17 of brown algae, 76 of red algae were collected and identified. Among these species, 21 species were found throughout the year. Ulva pertusa, Enteromorpha linza, Grateloupia lanceolata, Chondracanthus intermedia and Caulacanthus ustulatus were distributed dominantly in upper intertidal zone. By contrast, crustose coralline algae, Grateloupia spp., Chondracanthus tenellus, Prionitis cornea and Sargassum spp. occurred predominantly in middle intertidal zone. Grateloupia spp., Sargassum spp., Ecklonia cava and Ulva pertusa were dominant in lower intertidal zone. Annual mean biomass in wet weight was 478.3 g m$^{-2}$. Maximum biomass was recorded in site 1 (731.8 g m$^{-2}$), and minimum was recorded in site 3 (78.5 g m$^{-2}$). The R/P, C/P and (R + C)/P value reflecting flora characteristics were 4.47, 0.59 and 5.06, respectively. Two groups produced by cluster analysis, one including sites 1, 2 and the other including site 3, showed meaningful difference in similarity, each other. Site 3 showed the limited species composition due to inflow of fresh water and absence of solid substratum. However, there was no significant difference between site 1 and site 2. In conclusion, the number of marine algae species and biomass in Ilkwang Bay were markedly reduced comparing with the previous studies. These suggest that a solution for reconstruction of the poor marine algal vegetation is considerably demanded.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.201-212
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• 1997

Objectives: We attempted to study sleep habits and insomnia-associated factors in Korean rural adult population. Methods : In 1,441 adult subjects of three rural communities selected by cluster sampling, we administered an epidemiologic survey using questionnaire methods from July 14, 1996 to July 28, 1996. Results : 1) Mean sleep latency and mean time to sleep again after awakening during nocturnal sleep were longer in females than in males. Females suffered more frequently from insomnia symptom, awakening during nocturnal sleep. morning headache, dysphoric mood in the morning, and the feeling of 'not refreshed' on waking-up than males. 2) The older age group (defined as those older than 65 years) was found to have earlier bed-time, longer sleep latency, more frequent nocturia, longer time to sleep again after awakening during nocturnal sleep, and more frequent insomnia symptom. 3) The presence of insomnia symptom more than once a week was significantly associated with suffering from physical illness, being divorced-separated-widowed, frequently feeling depressed, nocturia, or low education level. 4) In multiple logistic regression analysis, old age, being female, low education level, frequently feeling depressed, and nocturia were independently associated with the presence of insomnia symptom more than once a week. Conclusion : We conclude that, in a Korean rural adult population, insomnia symptom increases with age and females usually suffer more from insomnia symptom than males. In addition, low education level, feeling depressed mood frequently, and nocturia are found to be significantly associated independently with the presence of insomnia symptom more than once a week.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.464-472
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• 2012

본 연구는 2010~2011년 한국에서 발생한 구제역이 시 공간에서 어떠한 군집 특징을 보이는가를 질병역학적 관점에서 지리정보시스템(GIS) 기반의 공간통계 방법으로 분석한 것으로 다음과 같은 주요 소견을 도출하였다. 첫째, 경기북부의 발생 사례에서는 가축 사육밀도가 높아 주변 농장으로 바이러스 전파가 용이한 환경에서는 구제역이 상대적으로 좁은 공간적 범위에서 시 공간 군집을 이루면서 전파되는 양상을 보였다. 둘째, 여주 이천 안성 등 경기도 남동부지역에서는 전체 구제역 발생 지점이 공간상으로는 밀집해 있지만 시간상으로는 분산되는 양상을 보였다. 셋째, 시간적 범위를 7일로 하였을 때 시 공간 군집의 평균 반경이 25km이고 최소 반경은 5.4km, 최대 반경은 74km로 분석되었다. 또한 구제역 발병 초기에는 군집의 반경이 작지만, 시간이 지남에 따라 군집의 반경이 커진다는 소견에 근거할 때 특정 지점에서 발생한 구제역에 대한 방역계획을 수립할 때 일차적으로 방역 범위에 대한 정확한 평가가 중요함을 시사한다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.63-82
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• 1987

This is the forth consecutive study on the 'Standardization of Measurement for Korean Kitchen Work Centers and Cabinets for Future Design Criteria'. The purpose of the present research was (1) to classify homemakers' representative like styles related to the kitchen, (2) to examine homemakers' present concerns on the kitchen space, and (3) to investigate homemakers' desire and preference on the kitchen space. Twenty two hundred homemakers of upper and middle class residing in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju and Daejeon were selected for the survey and 1,843 among them were used for data analysis. Data were selected for the survey and 1,843 among them were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using the SAS program package. The statistics used were frequency, percentage, mean, factor analysis, F-test, Duncan's multiple range test, X2-test, cluster analysis. Findings from the research as follows: (1) Four factors were found as indicaters of the life style; values on the household work, desire on social function of the kitchen, degree on cooperation of family members on the household work, and convenient management. It was noticeable that homemakers had positive responses in terms of desire on social function of the kitchen and degree on cooperation of family members on the household work. Homemakers' life styles related to the kitchen space were classified into 6 categories. (2) Relatively a few respondents answered that the kitchens were very well furnished. If, however, the economic conditions become better, substantial number of them wanted to invest for better kitchen following the one for living room. (3) It was found that most respondents preferred the arrangement of space, where dining and kitchen in one space, and a hard wall or soft treatment was between living and dining/kitchen area. (4) Many respondents desired pantry, utility and laundry area be near the kitchen or in the same space with it, thereby forming a utility core in a housing space.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제11권11호
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• pp.1501-1514
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• 2008

깊이 값에 따른 얼굴의 형상은 사람의 특징을 나타내는 중요한 요소 중의 하나로서 각 사람마다 다른 모양을 가지고 있다. 다른 형상을 가진 얼굴 영상으로부터 분리한 주파수 성분은 동일 얼굴에 대한 또 다른 중요 특징 성분의 하나가 될 수 있다. 본 논문은 3차원 얼굴 영상에서 등고선 값을 따라 추출된 영역에 대하여 각 영역별로 주파수 분리를 이용하여 특징을 추출한다. 그리고 이 주파수에 대한 수정된 퍼지 군집화를 적용한 얼굴 인식 알고리즘을 제안한다. 먼저 객체와 배경을 분리하여 얼굴을 추출한 후 얼굴에서 가장 두드러진 형태인 코끝을 찾는다. 이를 이용하여 회전된 얼굴에 대해 정규화를 실시한다. 얼굴의 등고선 영역은 코끝을 기준으로 깊이 값에 따라 영역이 추출되며 이는 사람마다 서로 다른 형상 특징을 가진다. 등고선에 따라 획득된 3차원 얼굴 영상으로부터 이산 웨이블릿 변환을 이용하여 4가지의 주파수 성분을 추출하여 특징정보로 사용한다. 각각의 웨이블릿 주파수 성분을 추출한 등고선 영역에 대해 차원의 감소를 위하여 고유얼굴 추출과 특징 공간상에서 클래스간의 분리를 최대화시키기 위해 선형 판별 분석 알고리즘을 이용하여 유사도를 비교하였다. 본 논문에서는 클래스간의 분별 정보를 향상시키고자 각각의 등고선 영역과 각 영역의 주파수별로 수정된 퍼지 군집화 알고리즘을 적용하여 인식률을 향상 시켰으며, 코끝으로부터 깊이 값이 60인 영역의 경우 98.3%의 인식률을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.232-240
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• 2008

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the nutritional status and characteristics related to malnutrition in children less than five years of age in Nghean, Vietnam. Methods: In this study, which was conducted in November 2007, 650 child-mother pairs were selected using a two-stage cluster sampling methodology. A structured questionnaire was then administered to the mothers in their home settings. Anthropometric measurement was then used to determine if children were underweight (weight-for-age), wasting (weight-for-height) and stunting (height-for-age) based on reference data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/World Health Organization (WHO). Logistic regression analysis was then used to describe the hierarchical relationships between potential risk factors and malnutrition. Results: The mean Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height were -1.46 (95% CI=-1.57, -1.35), -1.44 (95% CI=-1.56, -1.32) and -0.71 (95% CI=-0.82, -0.60), respectively. Of the children included in this study, 193 (31.8%) were underweight, 269 (44.3%) were stunting and 72 (11.9%) were wasting. Region of residence, the mother's level of education and occupation, household size, number of children in the family, weight at birth and duration of exclusive breastfeeding were found to be significantly related to malnutrition. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that malnutrition is still an important problem among children less than five years of age in Nghean, Vietnam. In addition, maternal, socio-economic and environment factors were found to be significant factors for malnutrition among children under five.