• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.170-176
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• 1997

Twenty two hypertensive and thirty normotensive in-patients were participated in this study to investigate the relationship between plasma renin activity and metabolism of Ca and Na, Prior to pharmacological treatments, renin activity, aldosterone and parathyroid hormone(PTH) levels were measured from the fasting blood samles. Twenty four hour urine samples were collected to analyze urinary levels of creatinine, Ca, Na and K. Habitual intake of Na and Ca were also measured for hypertensive and normotensive patients. Hypertensive subjects were classified into higher reinin hypertensive (HH), medium renin hypertensive(MH) and low renin hypertensive (LH) group according to their renin activities. PTH level of LH group was the highest among three hypertensive groups. It appeared that aldosterone levels of HH group were significantly higher than LH or MH groups(p<0.05). However there were no significan시 differences in aldosterone level between LH group and normotensive group. Habitual intake of Na and Ca were highest in LH group but lowest in HH group, however, they were not statistically different. Positive correlations of systolic blood pressure with PTH(r=0.2597) and aldosterone(r=0.26480existed(p<0.05). Urinary Ca level was positively correlated with urinary Na(r=0.5619), K(r=0.4533) and habitual Na intake(r=0.3253). Above results suggested the possible relationships among renin activity, habitual Ca intake and Na intake and suggested a further study on the interrelationship between the hormonal control of Ca and Na metabolism and blood pressure in hypertension.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.180-185
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study are: 1) to quantify sodium consumption of patients with unstable or uncontrolled hypertension, 2) to investigate if reduced sodium intake can lower BP in these patients, and 3), to assess the acceptability and feasibility of this approach. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 25 adults (age: 50+ years) with frequently elevated BP or patients with uncontrolled, uncomplicated hypertension despite drug treatment in a general practice setting. BP and salt intake (24h urinary excretion and food records) were measured at baseline and after a sodium reduced diet. RESULTS: Mean (${\pm}SD$) systolic (SBP) over diastolic (DBP) blood pressure (mmHg) at baseline was $150.7({\pm}9.5)$/$84.149({\pm}5.6)$. Mean urinary sodium excretion was 146 mmol/24h. A reduction of 28 mmol sodium excretion decreased SBP/DBP to $135.5({\pm}13.0)$/$82.5({\pm}12.8)$ (P < 0.001). After one month of no dietary advice, only in 48%, SBP was still ${\leq}140mmHg$. CONCLUSION: Assessment of sodium intake using food records, 24h urine collections and probing questions to identify use of sodium containing supplements or drugs are essential for tailored advice targeted at sodium intake reduction. The results of the present study indicate that reduced sodium intake can lower BP after 4 weeks in unstable or uncontrolled hypertensive patients.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.226-229
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• 1994

In hypertensives, electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Animal and human studies suggest an association between left ventricular mass and dietary sodium (Na) intake. This study determined if dietary Na intake in a homogenous ethnic population is associated with electrocardiographic LVH (S in Vl + R in $V5{\geq}5.5 mV$). Blood pressure (BP), body mass index, EKG, and 24 hour urine Na and potassium (K) excretion were determined in 40 otherwise healthy Korean patients with untreated essential hypertension on the standard Korean diet. Among these variables, only Na excretion (mmol/day) was significantly different between those with and without LVH $[LVH+:357{\pm}50,\;LVH-;\;268{\pm}25(p=0.04]$. Thus, dietary sodium intake may be predictive of electrocardiographic LVH.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2013

Eight male cattle of the Local Yellow breed with an average live weight of 121 kg and an average age of 18 months were used to evaluate the effects of different levels of sun-dried cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage supplementation on mineral metabolism in growing cattle fed rice straw and para grass as basal diet. Rice straw ad libitum and para grass (Brachiaria mutica) at 1% DM of BW comprised the basal diet. The study was arranged as a $4{\times}4$ double Latin square design, with cassava foliage contributing 0, 0.8, 1.6 or 2.4 g CP/kg BW. The cassava foliage intake was lower than the planned levels. DM consumption was significantly affected by cassava foliage supplementation, with the largest intake observed at the two highest levels of cassava foliage supplementation. Rice straw intake showed the opposite pattern, with lower intake at higher cassava foliage supplementation. No refusals occurred for para grass in any of the treatments. Ca, P, Mg, K, S and Mn intake increased significantly with increasing intake of cassava foliage, but Na intake was not affected by treatment. Faecal excretion of Ca, Mg, S and Mn increased significantly with increasing cassava foliage intake. There were no differences between P, K and Na excretion in faeces. There was a significant diet effect on Mg, S and Mn digestibility. Mg and Mn digestibility increased with increasing cassava foliage supplementation, while S digestibility decreased. Ca, P, K and Na digestibility was not affected by diet. There was a significant effect of treatment on P retention, with the highest value observed for supplementation with 1.6 g CP/kg BW cassava foliage. Ca and Mg showed similar trends, with the highest retention again for supplementation with 1.6 g CP/kg BW cassava foliage. There were weak but significant positive correlations between nitrogen retention and the macro minerals Ca, P and Mg. Furthermore, retention of all these minerals was positively correlated. Mineral losses in urine were not affected by dietary treatment with the exception of P excretion, which was affected by treatment. In conclusion, cassava foliage is a good Ca source which compensates for the low Ca content in rice straw and para grass, but P deficiency appears to be exaggerated in cattle with higher cassava intake. The results suggest that under these conditions growing cattle on a high cassava intake would benefit from P and S supplementation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.1221-1227
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• 2001

Young lambs (Suffolk wethers, n=18), which were 22 to 26 kg average BW, were chronically exposed to temperatures of +1 to +$4^{\circ}C$ (cold) or +21 to +$24^{\circ}C$ (warm) during 10 wk experimental periods. The sheep were closely shorn and were housed in individual metabolism crates in controlled environment rooms. Sheep consumed pelleted diets ad libitum, which consisted of mainly barley grain and brome grass, and contained 7, 11, or 14% CP. The experimental design consisted of a $2{\times}3$ factorial with a single crossover of environment treatment. Feed intake, BW, feces, and urine excretion were measured. Apparent digestibilities were not affected by diet CP concentration or temperature treatments; however, voluntary intake per kg BW was increased (p<0.05) by diet CP content in both environments. Growing lambs gained weight slightly faster in a cold environment when N intake was above 27 g/d. Nitrogen excretion and N balance were positively related (p<0.01) with diet CP content, and fecal N excretion was significantly increased (p<0.05) in the cold environment. Therefore, dietary CP content strongly influenced N metabolism; however, cold exposure did alter only fecal N excretion. The higher DM intake per kg BW at 11% CP diet in the cold environment permitted ADG comparable to 14% CP diet in the warm environment. The results of this study do support the hypothesis that lambs are better able to utilize a moderate reduction in the CP content of the diet in a cold environment.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 1991

전라북도 완주군의 북부 5개면 지역에서 Na, K의 요중 배설의 양상을 파악하고 일일 식염 섭취량을 추정하며 Na, K 배설과 혈압과의 상관관계를 파악하기 위해, 1987년 1월부터 3월에 걸쳐 40개 마을을 순회하며 30세 이상의 성인에 대한 건강검진을 실시하고 537명으로 부터 12시간 야간뇨를 수집하였다. creatinine의 체중당 일일 배설량이, 일정한 연령층에서는 비교적 일정하다는 성질을 이용하여 수집된 시료를 선발하였다. 이 검사값이 피검자가 속한 연령층의 신뢰범위에 포함되는 소변만을 정확한 12시간 야간뇨로 인정하였는데 537명 중 345명의 소변이 이에 해당되었다. 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 12시간 동안 소변으로 배설된 전해질의 양은 Na의 경우 고혈압군에서는 179.5 mEq, 정상혈압군에서는 203.8 mEq였고 전체의 평균값은 193.5 mEq였다. Na 배설에 있어서는 두 군 사이에 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 그러나 12시간 동안 배설된 K의 양에서는 고혈압군이 정상혈압군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 낮은 값을 보였고 (고혈압군이 17.5 mEq, 정상혈압군 23.1 mEq, p<0.01) 전해질 간의 비율에서도 K/creatinine에서 고혈압군이 정상혈압군보다 통계적으로 유의하게 낮은 값을 보였다(고혈압군 0.040, 정상혈압군 0.050, p<0.05). 2. Na의 일일 배설량은 386.9 mEq였으며 이를 NaCl의 양으로 환산한 값은 22.4 g이었다. 1일간 섭취된 Na의 90%만이 소변으로 배설된다고 가정할 때 NaCl의 1일 섭취량은 평균 24.9 g으로 추정되었다. 추정된 1일 NaCl 섭취량에서 고혈압군과 정상혈압군 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으나(23.2g vs 26.3g) 고혈압군의 평균 식염 섭취량이 정상혈압군의 평균값보다 다소 적은 결과를 얻었다. 3. 전체 조사 대상자 중 수축기 혈압이 120 mmHg 이상인 집단에 한하여 혈압이 높아질수록 K 배설량이 감소하는 부분적 역(逆) 상관관계를 볼 수 있었고 Na/K 비(比)는 대상자 전체에서 혈압의 증가와 함께 증가하였다 (p<0.05).

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.569-579
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the urinary Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Mn levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in sixty-two postmenopausal women. The study was conducted through anthropometric checkup, 24-hour recall, 24-hour urine and bone mineral density using DEXA. Average age, height, weight and body fat of the subjects were respectively 65.39 years, 150.19 cm, 58.03 kg and 37.22%. The average spine and femoral neck BMD of subjects were -2.19, -3.13. The mean intakes of Ca, P and Mg were 524.7 mg, 993.10 mg, and 254.6 mg and those of Zn, Cu and Mn were 8.6 mg, 1.5 mg, and 3.5 mg. The average 24-hour urinary excretion of Ca (UCa), P (UP) and Mg (UMg) were 161.07 mg, 673.68 mg, and 99.87 mg. The average 24-hour urinary excretion of Zn (UZn), Cu (UCu) and Mn (UMn) were 366.50 ${\mu}g$, 22.57 ${\mu}g$, and 1.55 ${\mu}g$. Ca intake showed significantly positive correlations with urinary UCa (p < 0.05), UMg (p < 0.01) and spine BMD (p < 0.05). P intake showed significantly positive correlations with UCa (p < 0.05), UMg (p < 0.05) and UZn (p < 0.05). Mg intake showed significantly positive correlations with UZn (p < 0.05) and Mn intake showed significantly positive correlations with UCa (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis indicates that Ca intake and UMg is the most important factor to increase spine BMD. On the other hand, UCa is the most important factor to decrease spine BMD. Higher femoral neck BMD was related to UP, while lower femoral neck BMD was related to UCa. In conclusion, Dietary intake of Ca showed positive effect of spine BMD, while excessive P intake showed negative effect on BMD due to increases in UCa, UMg and UZn. Further studies are required to investigate the relationship between bone metabolism and mineral excretion.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.639-647
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• 1992

본 연구는 16세~18세의 남자 고등학생 7명을 대상으로 4주간 평상시와 같은 생활양식과 적정 체중을 유지시키면서 각 대상자들이 섭취한 모든 음식과 배설한 대변 및 소변을 수거하여 단백질 및 아연의 함량을 측정하여 각각 1일 1인당 섭취량과 배설량을 측정하였고, 이로부터 흡수율과 평형상태를 구하였다. 그 성적을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1일 1인당 평균 단백질 섭취량은 $73.89{\pm}1.89g,$ 대변을 통한 단백질 손실량은 $10.86{\pm}0.37g$으로, 소화흡수율은 $84.9{\pm}0.5%$이었다. 소변을 통한 질소 배설량은 $8.8{\pm}0.2g$으로 $1.3{\pm}0.3g.$의 양의 질소 평형상태를 보였다. 1일 1인당 평균 아연 섭취량은 $14.51{\pm}0.44mg,$ 대변을 통한 아연 손실량은 $7.82{\pm}0.30mg$으로, 소화흡수율은 $43.6{\pm}2.9%,$이었다. 소변을 통한 아연 배설량은 $4.96{\pm}0.19mg$으로 $1.72{\pm}0.58mg.$의 양의 아연 평형상태를 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.275-280
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• 1995

The effect of supplemented high protein diet intake on renal urea regulation in swamp buffalo was carried out in the present experiment Five swamp buffalo heifers weighing between 208-284 kg were used for this study. The animals were fed with a supplementary high protein diet and renal function and kinetic parameters for urea excretion were measured. This was compared to a control period where the same animals had been fed only with paragrass and water hyacinth. For 2 months the same animals were fed a mixed of paragrass, water hyacinth plus 2 kgs of a high protein supplement (protein 18.2% DM basis) per head per day. In comparison to the control period, there were no differences in the rate of urine flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), plasma urea concentration and filtered urea. In animals supplemented with high protein intake mean values of urea clearance, excretion rate and the urea urine/plasma concentration ratio markedly increased (p < 0.05) while renal urea reabsorption significantly decreased from 40% to 26% of the quantity filtered. In this same study group urea space distribution and urea pool size increased which coincided with an increase in plasma volume (p < 0.05). Plasma protein decreased while plasma osmolarity increased (p < 0.05). Both urea turnover rate and biological half-life of $^{14}C$-urea were not affected by a supplementary high protein intake. The results suggest that animals supplemented with high protein diets are in a state of dynamic equilibrium of urea which is well balanced between urea excreted into the urine and the amount synthesized. The limitation for renal tubular urea reabsorption would be a change in extra-renal factors with an elevation of the total pool size of nitrogenous substance.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.471-477
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• 1992

본 연구는 해조류가 정상적인 Na, Ca, K 흡수대사와 지질대사에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 시행되었다. 실험대상자들은 영양적으로 조절된 일상식이로 5일간 적응시킨 후 미역, 다시마, 파래, 김 등 해조류가 첨가된 식이를 5일간 섭취하였다. 이때 전 실험기간 동안 섭취된 Na, Ca, K 배설량을 측정하였고 또한 혈청중 total cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid 함량을 분석함으로써 해조류와 Na, Ca, K 배설량과 지질대사와의 유의성을 규명하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 실험기간동안 섭취된 Na와 K는 각각 56%, 64%의 비율로 소변으로 배설되었지만, 반대로 Ca는 주로 대변으로 많이 배설되었다. 2) 식이로 섭취된 양과 대변중으로 배설된 양과의 비교에서 Na와 K는 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 3) 반면에 식이로 섭취된 Na, Ca, K는 혈청 농도에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다. 4) 혈청 total cholesterol, triglyceride 농도는 유의적(P<0.05) 수준에서 현저히 감소함으로써 해조류가 정상인의 지질대사에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결과적으로 본 연구에서 선택한 미역, 다시마, 파래, 김 등의 해조류는 체내 무기질 이온의 대변으로서의 배설을 촉진하여 정상인의 Na, Ca 및 K 대사조절에 영향을 미치며 혈청 지질 강하 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.