• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.295-299
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• 2001

The relative density of phytoplasmas in witches'broom (WB)-infected jujube trees was investigated using compatitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). During dormant and defoliating seasons, the densities of phytoplasmas were about the same in roots and twigs. In early growing season, the density showed the highest rates in roots, then in twigs and in petioles. however, the density was highest in petioles and the lowest in roots during actively growing season. Throughout the year, root samples did not show any serious fluctuation compared with that of t2wigs and petioles. Density was lowest during actively growing season in root samples. In contrast, petiole sample densities varied to a great extent depending on the season, very high during actively growing season, but very low during the early growing season, In twig samples, the densities were very high and almost the same in both defoliating and dormant seasons. Among the parts of the trees, phytoplsma density was the most stable in root samples throughout the year. The highest densities of phytoplasmas were about the same in all tree parts. These results suggest that the phytoplasmas may overwinter not only in roots but also in twigs, and that multiplication rate of phytoplsma becomes very high right after the early growing season.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.15 no.3 s.28
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• pp.107-110
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• 1976

A Witches'-broom disease of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba) with which mycoplasma-like bodies are associated is wide spread in South Korea. Jujube trees with witches'-broom symptoms were selected from 15-20 year old planting and treated with solution of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (Terramycin). Treatments were 1) one injection on April; 2) one postharvest injection on October; 3) two injections (April and July); 4) three injections (April, June and August) and 5) an untreated control. Each injection consisted of 500ml of 1,000 p.p.m. solution of oxytetracycline HCl transfused into affected trees from plastic reservoir through plastic tubes connected to 3 small holes drilled in the basal part of the tree trunks. Complete remission of witches'-broom symptoms was accomplished within one growing season by one spring (April) injection. One postharvest (Oct.) injection also prevented the symptoms in the following growing season. Two and three injection treatments prevented the symptoms for at least two growing seasons and restored previously severely diseased trees to normal or near normal conditions. Remission of symptoms was found only above the injection site while current season witches'-brooms developed from areas below the injection site and from untreated main scaffolds. The results of this experiment demonstrates that transfusion treatment with oxytetracyclin HCl is feasible for the practical control of witches'-broom of jujube.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.79-81
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• 1984

Protein profiles of healthy and witches' broom (mycoplasma) infected jujube plants (Zizyphus jujuba) were investigated by 2-30% linear gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Distinct differences in band patterns between healthy and infected samples were observed. Gels from samples of healthy leaves showed a characteristic protein band in the 50kd-range, which was not detected in infected leaves. Band with 25kd was more distinct in the infected leaves, whereas band with 198kd was more apparent in the healthy leaves. Healthy-looking leaves in the infected samples demonstrated the characteristic band of 50kd with less intensity showing intermediate pattern between healthy leaves and infected leaves. In contrast with leaf samples, gels from infected stem samples showed a characteristic band in the 335kd-range which was absent in healthy stem samples.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.40-46
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• 2000

To select the effective fungicides for the control of leaf spot disease of jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba) caused by Phoma sp., inhibitory effects of 26 fungicides for mycelial growth were investigated at $250{\mu}g\;a.i./m{\ell}$. In the test, eight fungicides were selected and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for mycelial growth and an inhibitory effect for spore germination were investigated. Among the fungicides, myclobutanil, hexaconazole, and triflumizole were excluded in control effect tests because of their relatively high MICs. MICs were ranged $10-50{\mu}g\;a.i./m{\ell}$ for benomyl, carbendazim + kasugamycin (CK), and thiophanate-methyl. triflumizole (TT), and $50-250{\mu}g\;a.i./m{\ell}$ for iprodione + propineb (IT) and iminoctadine-triacelate (IT). However, benomyl and IP showed very low inhibitory effect on conidial germination. When the fungicides were sprayed on the seedlings before the leaves were inoculated with conidial suspension of Phoma sp., the protective values of CK and TT were around 70% at 1,000 ppm and around 90% at 2,000 ppm. The protective values were around 70% at 2,000 ppm (benomyl), 4,000 ppm (IP), and 8,000 ppm (IT). When the fungicides were sprayed after inoculation, benomyl showed the highest curative values of over 90% at 1,000 ppm and the values of CK and TT ranged $70{\sim}80%$ at 1,000 ppm. However, IP and IT had little or no effect on therapy of the disease. IT caused necrotic phytotoxicity on the leaves of jujube seedlings. As results, the best fungicides for the protection of jujube trees from leaf spot disease were CK (2,000 ppm) and TT (2,000 ppm) and for the remedy of the tree, benomyl (1,000 ppm) was the best. Therefore, alternate application of benomyl and CK or TT will be effective in the disease control.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2003

A total of 29 scale insect species belonging to 21 genera of five families were recognized on 11 fruit trees on the basis of specimens collected from 2001 to 2002 and specimens deposited in the Insect Collection of NIAST in Korea. Ten species were recognized on apple, nine species on pear, three species on peach, 14 species on unshiu orange, nine species on persimmon, two species on Japanese plum, one species on japanese apricot, 10 species on junos orange, one species on grape, four species on jujube and three species on kiwi fruit.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.140-157
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• 2012

The result of a study on the useful trend of plants related to landscape and how to plant and cultivate through 'ImwonGyeongjaeji Manhakji'of Seoyugu is as follows: First, 'ImwonGyeongjaiji Manhakji', composed of total 5 volumes (General, Fruit trees, vegetables and creeper, plants, others) is a representative literature related to landscape which described the names of plants and varieties, soil condition, how to plant and cultivate, graft, how to prevent the insect attack etc systematically. Second, he recorded the tree planting as Jongjae(種栽) or Jaesik(栽植), and the period to plant the trees as Jaesusihoo(栽樹時候), transplanting as Yijae(移栽), making the fence as Jakwonri(作園籬), the names of varietieis as Myeongpoom(名品), the suitable soil as Toeui(土宜), planting and cultivation as Jongye(種藝), treatment as Euichi(醫治), protection and breeding as Hoyang(護養), garden as Jeongwon(庭園) or Wonpo(園圃), garden manager as Poja(圃者) or Wonjeong(園丁). Third, the appearance frequency of plants was analyzed in the order of flowers, fruits, trees, and creepers and it showed that the gravity of deciduous trees was 3.7 times higher than that of evergreen trees. The preference of flower and trees, fruit trees and deciduous trees and broad-leaved trees includes (1) application of the species of naturally growing trees which are harmonized with the natural environment (2) Aesthetic value which enables to enjoy the beauty of season, (3) the trend of public welfare to take the flowers and fruits, (4) the use of symbolic elements based on the value reference of Neo-Confucianism etc. Fourth, he suggested the optimal planting period as January(上時) and emphasized to transplant by adding lots of fertile soil and cover up the seeds with soil as high as they are buried in accordance with the growing direction and protect them with a support. That is, considering the fact that he described the optimal planting period as January by lunar calendar, this suggests the hints in judging the planting period today. For planting the seeds, he recommended the depth with 1 chi(寸 : approx. 3.3cm), and for planting a cutting, he recommended to plant the finger-thick branch with depth 5 chi(approx. 16.5cm) between January and February. In case of graft of fruit trees, he described that if used the branch stretched to the south, you would get a lot of fruit and if cut the branches in January, the fruits would be appetizing and bigger. Fifth, the hedge(fence tree) is made by seeding the Jujube tree(Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis) in autumn densely and transplanting the jujube tree with 1 ja(尺 : approx. 30cm) interval in a row in next autumn and then binding them with the height of 7 ja(approx. 210cm) in the spring of next year. If planted by mixing a Elm tree(Ulmus davidiana var. japonica) and a Willow(Salix koreensis), the hedge whose branch and leaves are unique and beautiful like a grating can be made. For the hedge(fence tree), he recommended Trifoliolate orange(Poncitus trifoliata), Rose of sharon(Hibiscus syriacus), Willow(Salix koreensis), Spindle tree(Euonymus japonica), Cherry tree(Prunus tomentosa), Acanthopanax tree(Acanthopanax sessiliflorus), Japanese apricot tree(Prunus mume), Chinese wolf berry(Lycium chinense), Cornelian tree(Cornus officinalis), Gardenia(Gardenia jasminoides for. Grandiflora), Mulberry(Morus alba), Wild rosebush(Rosa multiflora) etc.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 2011

Seven phytoplasma diseases have been occurred on floricultural crops in Korea : Ph-ch1 and Ph-ch2 of chrysanthemum, Ph-lily of lily, petunia flat stem-Korean (PFS-K) of petunia, poinsettia branch inducing- Korean (PoiBI-K) of poinsettia, statis witches' broom-Korean (SWB-K) of statis and azalea witches broom (AWB). Classification of the seven phytoplasmal diseases based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences showed that floricultural crop phytoplasma disease were widespread in order of aster yellow (AY), stolbur and X-disease in Korea. In phenotypic characters, the fasciation was occurred in both monocotyledon plant of lily and dicotyledon plants of petunia and poinsettia. Besides, the fascination was occurred in Ph-lily of stolbur, petunia PFS-K of AY and PoiBI-K of X-disease. This result indicated that phytoplasma classification based on 16S rRNA and symptoms are not consistently related. The comparison of 16S rRNA sequence of the seven floricultural crop phytoplasma with five tree phytoplasmal diseases of jujube witches' broom, paulownia witches' broom, wild jujube witches' broom, mulberry dwarf, golden rain phytoplasma occurred in Korea showed as high as 88.5-99.9% homology. Among them, especially mulberry dwarf showed the highest homology with the seven floricultural crop phytoplasms. Based on this result, floricultural crop phytoplasmas were assumed to be transmitted by insect vectors from tree phytoplasmas in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.539-546
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to analyze antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and vitamin C content in unripe and ripe jujube cultivar and to investigate correlation between antioxidant and chemical constituents including total phenolics and vitamin C. The antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and reducing power. Although, the weight, diameter and soluble solids of Zyziphus jujuba fruit were increased with the progress of ripening, antioxidant activity and total phenolics were decrease during ripening. The highest free-radical scavenging activity (at 2.5 ㎎/㎖) and reducing power (at 1 ㎎/㎖) in fruit were 81.75% (Bokjo, unripe) and 0.80 (Mudeung, unripe), respectively. The highest total phenolic content in unripe fruit of Mudeung was 62.50 ㎍/g. A linear correlation (r=0.911) was shown between DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.292-299
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to identify the regional specialization of Fruit trees in Korea and to provide direction for the activation. As a result of the analysis, In the case of chestnut, Gongjun is adjacent to Cheongyang and Buyeo. These region are classified as deeply specialized regions. Walnut trees are grown in large amounts in Gimcheon-si, Yeongdong-gun and Muju-gun, which are all regions classified as deeply specialized regions. Jujube trees are grown mostly Gyeongsan-si, Gunwi-gun, Cheongdo-gun and Yeongcheonsi are geographically close to each other. The production quantity of these areas also showed steady growth. These region are classified as deeply specialized regions. Astringent persimmons are Sangju-si and Yeoungdonggun are close to each other. Other regions are scattered over the country.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.345-349
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• 2015

Betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill), has been known for a wide range of biological and medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antihelmintic, antinociceptive, and anticancer activities. In the study, we investigated the antiviral activity on influenza A/PR/8 virus infected A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line and C57BL/6 mice. Betulinic acid showed the anti-influenza viral activity at a concentration of $50{\mu}M$ without a significant cytotoxicity in influenza A/PR/8 virus infected A549 cells. Also, betulinic acid significantly attenuated pulmonary pathology including increased necrosis, numbers of inflammatory cells and pulmonary edema induced by influenza A/PR/8 virus infection compared with vehicle- or oseltamivir-treated mice in vivo model. The down-regulation of IFN-${\gamma}$ level, which is critical for innate and adaptive immunity in viral infection, after treating of betulinic acid in mouse lung. Based on the obtained results, it is suggested that betulinic acid can be the potential therapeutic agent for virus infection via anti-inflammatory activity.