• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
• /
• no.54
• /
• pp.253-288
• /
• 2014

A pen name Chuman(秋巒; a mountain of Fall), Jeong Ji-wun(1509-1561) is a famous person wrote "Cheonmyeong-Doseol" which made two men, Yi Hwang and Ki Dae-$s{\breve{u}}ng$ dispute Sachil-Nobyeon(traditional argument about heart/mind). But except this point, few people of nowadays know who Jeong Ji-wun was. Therefore this paper is made for understanding Jeong Ji-wun in the point of view in history of thought. "Cheonmyeong-Doseol" by Jeong Ji-wun had systemized traditional theory of Cheonil-Habil(sky and human are an organic body), through this theory, Jeong Ji-wun had taken an important role who developed the Neo-Confucian theory in the field of political thought at that time. All Neo-Confucian literati used the theory of heart/mind as a sole useful method in political field from after King Myeonjong and Seonjo. "Cheonmyeong-Doseol" by Jeong Ji-wun was a first step to this scene. Especially "Cheonmyeong-Doseol" was got famous by arguments of Yi Hwang and Ki $Dae-s{\breve{u}}ng$, great scholars in the history of Chosun Dynasty. They firstly developed Sachil-Nobyeon, Sandan(pure morality) comes from li, Chiljeong(emotions) comes from Ch'i, is it right or not? This argument with "Cheonmyeong-Doseol" raised up the level of Neo-Confucian theory at that time. Like this, "Cheonmyeong-Doseol" was on the first step for Neo-Confucian literati to study and develop their theory of political thought which covered politics in Chosun Dynasty.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.140-145
• /
• 2002

The 5.8 kb pMMH1, rolling-circle replication (RCR) plasmid of the wild type soil Bacillus mesentericus was developed into a novel secretion vector system in Bacillus subtilis. The pMMHl turned out to have a replication origin and two open reading frames (ORFs) of the putative γ-GTP and type I signal peptidase (sipP). To characterize the regions necessary for plasmid stability and high copy number, five vectors (pPS, pPP, pEN, pMN, pME) were constructed by disruption or deletion of each region in pMMH1. Like pMMHl all constructed vectors were stable over 100 generations In a non-selective medium. Since pPS was the smallest (2.3 kb)of all, it was selected for the construction of a navel secretion vector, Using the $\alpha$-amylase promoter/signal sequence of B. subtilils the novel plasmid pJSN was constructed. When $\beta$-glucosidase was expressed using pJSN, we found $\beta$-glucosidase activity in the medium. This result strongly suggested that plasmid pJSN can be used for the production of bioactive peptides in B. subtilis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.99 no.5
• /
• pp.744-749
• /
• 2010

Enzymatic hydrolysate from non pre-treated biomass of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) was prepared and used as resource for bioethanol production. Fresh branch (1 year old) of yellow poplar biomass was found to be a good resource for achieving high saccharification yields and bioethanol production. Chemical composition of yellow poplar varied significantly depending upon age of tree. Cellulose content in fresh branch and log (12 years old) of yellow poplar was 44.7 and 46.7% respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of raw biomass was carried out with commercial enzymes. Fresh branch of yellow poplar hydrolyzed more easily than log of yellow poplar tree. After 72 h of enzyme treatment the glucose concentration from Fresh branch of yellow poplar was 1.46 g/L and for the same treatment period log of yellow poplar produced 1.23 g/L of glucose. Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7296 fermented the enzyme hydrolysate to ethanol, however ethanol production was similar (~1.4 g/L) from both fresh branch and log yellow poplar hydrolysates after 96 h.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.301-306
• /
• 2010

We propose the control channel access scheme for multi-interface multi-hop cognitive radio (CR) environment having a cluster structure. Due to the difficulty of obtaining common channels across the entire CR network, most multi-interface multi-hop CR networks put the control channel outside the CR bandwidth and dedicate one network interface to it in order to exchange the control information such as the activation of licensed users. However, this will be the waste of the network interface. Our focus is how to alternate between the control and the data channel without multichannel hidden node problem under the cluster structure where CR nodes connect with neighbors through multiple data channels. By using simulation, we evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. The results show that the proposed scheme achieves higher network throughput than the dedicated scheme where one network interface card should dedicate to the control channel and cannot be used for data transmission.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.34 no.8A
• /
• pp.618-624
• /
• 2009

In the evolution from wireless sensor networks(WSNs) to ubiquitous sensor networks(USNs), technologies that can support intensive data-traffic loads, large number of users, improved interoperability, and extreme longevity are required. Therefore, efficient communication time coordination control and low power consumption becomes one of the most important design goals for USN MAC protocols. So far several time division multiplexed (TDM) MAC protocols have been proposed. However, since the pros and cons of existing protocols are not easy to analyze, it becomes a challenging task to design improved TOM MAC protocols. Based on this objective, this paper provides a novel protocol analysis along with a message complexity derivation and comparison of the existing TDM MAC protocols.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.176-183
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine whether abdominal pressure belt has an immediate effect on pulmonary function, balance and gait ability for stroke patients. Twenty subjects measured pulmonary function and the COP, BBS, TUG, 10m walk test, and FGA prior to belt wearing. Immediately all subjects were post-tested after wearing abdominal pressure belt of elastic components. Except for forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced experimental volume in the 1 second (FEV1), there were significant differences after belt wearing. This study suggests that the application of abdominal pressure belt enhanced balance and gait ability. However, improving pulmonary function requires several efforts, such as changing the pressure level, posture.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.143-153
• /
• 2019

Background: Ginseng is one of the well-known medicinal plants, exhibiting diverse medicinal effects. Its roots possess anticancer and antiaging properties and are being used in the medical systems of East Asian countries. It is grown in low-light and low-temperature conditions, and its growth is strongly inhibited at temperatures above $25^{\circ}C$. However, the molecular responses of ginseng to heat stress are currently poorly understood, especially at the protein level. Methods: We used a shotgun proteomics approach to investigate the effect of heat stress on ginseng leaves. We monitored their photosynthetic efficiency to confirm physiological responses to a high-temperature stress. Results: The results showed a reduction in photosynthetic efficiency on heat treatment ($35^{\circ}C$) starting at 48 h. Label-free quantitative proteome analysis led to the identification of 3,332 proteins, of which 847 were differentially modulated in response to heat stress. The MapMan analysis showed that the proteins with increased abundance were mainly associated with antioxidant and translation-regulating activities, whereas the proteins related to the receptor and structural-binding activities exhibited decreased abundance. Several other proteins including chaperones, G-proteins, calcium-signaling proteins, transcription factors, and transfer/carrier proteins were specifically downregulated. Conclusion: These results increase our understanding of heat stress responses in the leaves of ginseng at the protein level, for the first time providing a resource for the scientific community.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.139-144
• /
• 2003

Since water borne infection causes acute diseases and results in spread of diseases by secondary infection, the prevention is very important. Therefore, it is necessary to have a method that is rapid and effective to monitor pathogenic bacteria in drinking water. In this study, we employed a systematic method, Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis, to develop an effective monitoring system for possible bacterial contaminants in drinking water. For this purpose, PCR primers were derived from 992 bp region of the 16s rRNA gene that is highly conserved through the different species of prokaryotes. To test whether the PCR primers designed are indeed useful for detecting all the possible microbial contaminants in the water, the primers were used to amplify 16s rRNA regions of different microbial water-borne pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella, Yersinia, Listeria, and Staphylococcus. As expected, all of tested microorganisms amplified expected size of PCR products indicating designed PCR primers for 16s rRNA indeed can be useful to amplify all different microbial water-borne pathogens in the water. Furthermore, to test whether these 16s rRNA based PCR primers can detect bacterial populations present in the water, water samples taken from diverse sources, such as river, tap, and sewage, were used for amplification. PCR products were for then subjected for cloning into a T-vector to generate a library containing 16s rRNA sequences from various bacteria. With cloned PCR products, RFLP analysis was done using PCR products digested with restriction enzyme such as Hae III to obtain species-specific RFLP profiles. After PCR-RFLP, the bacterial clones which showed the same RFLP profiles were regarded as the same ones, and the clones which showed distinctive RFLP profiles were subsequently subjected for sequence analysis for species identification. By this PCR-RFLP analysis, we were able to reveal diverse populations of bacteria living in water. In brief, in unsterilized natural river water, over 60 different species of bacteria were found. On the other hand, no PCR products were detected in drinking tap-water. The results from this study clearly indicate that the PCR-RFLP-sequence analysis can be a useful method for monitoring diverse, perhaps pathogenic bacteria contaminated in water in a rapid fashion.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.348-354
• /
• 2008

Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental endocrine disrupter, enters the human body continuously in food and drink. Young children are likely to be more vulnerable than adults to chemical exposure due to the immaturities of their organ systems, rapid physical development, and higher ventilation, metabolic rates, and activity levels. The direct effect of BPA on peripheral tissue might also be of importance to the development of insulin resistance. However, the influence that BPA has on insulin signaling molecules in skeletal muscle has not been previously investigated. In this study, we examined the effect of BPA on fasting blood glucose (FBG) in post-weaned Wistar rats and on insulin signaling proteins in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of BPA on insulin-mediated Akt phosphorylation in C2C12 myotubes. In rats, BPA treatment (0.1-1,000 ng/mL for 24 hours) resulted in the increase of FBG and plasma insulin levels, and reduced insulin-mediated Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of insulin receptor (IR) was decreased after 24 hours of BPA treatment in C2C12 cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the mRNA levels of other insulin signaling proteins, including insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and 5'-AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), were unaffected. Treatment with BPA increased GLUT4 expression and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) activity in C2C12 myotubes, but not in protein levels. We conclude that exposure to BPA can induce insulin resistance by decreasing IR gene expression, which is followed by a decrease in insulin- mediated Akt activation and increased PTP1B activity.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.42-49
• /
• 2017

To replace phthalate plasticizer for PVC, acetylated monoglyceride (AMG) plasticizers were prepared from plant oil and their plasticization effects were also investigated. Transesterification of coconut oil by glycerol followed by acetylation with acetic anhydride gave AMG-CoCo (Coco : Coconut Oil). In addition, AMG-GMO (GMO : Glycerol monooleate) and AMG-GMO-Epoxy were synthesized by acetylation and epoxidation with glycerol monooleate. It was found that the thermal stability of AMG plasticizers increased in the following order: AMG-GMO-Epoxy > AMG-GMO > AMG-CoCo and all three plasticizers were thermally more stable than those of common petroleum-based plasticizer DOP (Dioctyl phthalate). The tensile strain values of the PVC containing AMG compounds were ca. 770~810%, while tensile strength values were ca. 19~22 MPa, which were higher than those of PVC containing DOP. DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) results showed that the miscibility of AMG-GMO-Epoxy in PVC was excellent and the $T_g$ of PVC containing AMG-GMO-Epoxy at 50 phr decreased down to $24^{\circ}C$. Finally, the leaching experiment result showed that the weight loss values of PVC containing AMG-GMO and AMG-GMO-Epoxy at 50 phr were as low as 2 and 1%, respectively, indicating that they have high water migration resistance. The above findings suggested that AMG-GMO-Epoxy could be one of plant oil-based PVC plasticizers to replace DOP.