• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.849-859
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• 2018

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection has been a public health concern worldwide. It is the leading cause of genital herpes and a contributing factor to cervical cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. No vaccine is available yet for the treatment of HSV-2 infection, and routinely used synthetic nucleoside analogs have led to the emergence of drug resistance. The small molecule $Retro-2^{cycl}$ has been reported to be active against several pathogens by acting on intracellular vesicle transport, which also participates in the HSV-2 lifecycle. Here, we showed that Retro-2.1, which is an optimized, more potent derivative of $Retro-2^{cycl}$, could inhibit HSV-2 infection, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of $5.58{\mu}M$ and $6.35{\mu}M$ in cytopathic effect inhibition and plaque reduction assays, respectively. The cytotoxicity of Retro-2.1 was relatively low, with a 50% cytotoxicity concentration of $116.5{\mu}M$. We also preliminarily identified that Retro-2.1 exerted the antiviral effect against HSV-2 by a dual mechanism of action on virus entry and late stages of infection. Therefore, our study for the first time demonstrated Retro-2.1 as an effective antiviral agent against HSV-2 in vitro with targets distinct from those of nucleoside analogs.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.429-449
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• 1996

An objective definition of the anomaly is not avaliable and most investigators define the term differently or fail to describe their criterion. Because dental anomaly may lead to many complications, early detection and diagnosis of dental anomalies are essential steps in the evaluation of the child patient and in treatment planning. These procedures require detailed medical and dental histories, through clinical examination and the use of radiographs. So, this study was designed to find out the prevalence of dental anomalies. The clinical and roentgenographic examination was undertaken for 8,054 children at age from 0 to 15 years and statistical analysis was done. The results were as follows : 1. Among the examined subjects, 2,134 subjects(26.5%) showed dental anomalies. The prevalence of individual dental anomalies were as follows : supernumerary teeth 15.6%, congenitally missing teeth 6.6%, fusion 2.2%, odontoma 0.35%, microdontia 1.2%, macrodontia 0.05%, gemination 0.22%, talon cusp 0.36%, dens evaginatus 0.24%, dens invaginatus 0.15%, dilaceration 0.27%, taurodontism 0.09%, abnormal tooth position 1.7%, natal & neonatal teeth 0.92%, amelogenesis imperfecta 0.01%. 2. Significant correlations between the groups with individual dental anomalies were as follows : between group I and other groups, there was negative correlation, especially group I and group II. And the correlation coefficient between male and female showed differences. 3. For the supernumerary teeth group, the prevalence of male was higher than female(p<0.001). While for the congenitally missing teeth, macrodontia, microdontia, abnormal tooth position group, the prevalence of female was greater than male(p<0.001). 4. For the congenitally missing teeth group, the mandibular primary lateral incisor showed the highest incidence in primary dentiton, while mandibular lateral incisor in permanent dentition. In the mandible(72.5%), this site showed higher prevalence than in maxilla. In the case with deciduous congenitally missing teeth, the prevalence of successive permanent congenitally missing teeth was about 33.9%, the incidence was highest in mandibular lateral incisors. 5. Most supernumerary teeth existed on middle area and showed inverted position and unerupted state. In addition, supernumerary teeth showed higher incidence on maxilla (99.3%). 6. In the case with deciduous fused teeth, the prevalence of successive permanent congenitally missing teeth was 39.9%, while that of successive permanent fused teeth was 2.7%. And the highest rate of the prevalence (40.3%) appeared in fusion of mandibular deciduous lateral incisor and canine. 7. In the case of odontoma, the prevalence was higher in maxilla(78.6%) and anterior region(82.7%) than mandible and posterior region.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1687-1692
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• 2015

Since the domestic grape wine industry has been stagnant, the quality of Korean wine must be improved to compete with imported wines. For improving the quality of domestic wine up to 'unfined' or 'unfiltered' wine, this study investigated the possibility of producing 'unfined' or 'unfiltered' wine and their physicochemical characteristics. Muscat Bailey A as a domestic grape was selected to make wine. Prior to refining process after alcohol fermentation, the wine samples were divided into three specimens depending on the treatment of bentonite for clarification and filter (sample A treated with both bentonite and filter, sample B treated with bentonite only, and sample C treated without bentonite and filter). The physicochemical characteristics of each specimen after one week matureness were then investigated. Sample C showed highest values in total phenol and organic acid content among others. Samples B and C showed more stability in intensity, hue, and color. Although it is hard to compare domestic wine with imported wine, it may be possible to improve the quality of domestic wine and contribute to the development of the domestic wine industry when further studies are conducted on in-depth fermentation of wine and improvement of microbiological stability.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2011

Urbanization of the world's population has given rise to more than 450 cities around the world with populations in excess of 1 million (megacity) and more than 25 so-called metacities with populations over 10 million (Brinkhoff, 2010). The United States today has a total resident population of more than 308,500,000 people, with 81 percent residing in cities and suburbs as of mid - 2005 (UN, 2008). Urban meteorology is the study of the physics, dynamics, and chemistry of the interactions of Earth's atmosphere and the urban built environment, and the provision of meteorological services to the populations and institutions of metropolitan areas. While the details of such services are dependent on the location and the synoptic climatology of each city, there are common themes, such as enhancing quality of life and responding to emergencies. Experience elsewhere (e.g., Shanghai, Helsinki, Tokyo, Seoul, etc.) shows urban meteorological support is a key part of an integrated or multi-hazard warning system that considers the full range of environmental challenges and provides a unified response from municipal leaders. Urban meteorology has come to require much more than observing and forecasting the weather of our cities and metropolitan areas. Forecast improvement as a function of more and better observations of various kinds and as a function of model resolution, larger ensembles, predicted probability distributions; Responses of emergency managers, government officials, and users to improved and probabilistic forecasts; Benefits of improved forecasts in reduction of loss of life, property damage, and other adverse effects. A national initiative to enhance urban meteorological services is a high-priority need for a wide variety of stakeholders, including the general, commerce and industry, and all levels of government. Some of the activities of such an initiative include: conducting basic research and development; prototyping and other activities to enable very--short and short range predictions; supporting and improving productivity and efficiency in commercial and industrial sectors; and urban planning for long term sustainability. In addition urban test-beds are an effective means for developing, testing, and fostering the necessary basic and applied meteorological and socioeconomic research, and transitioning research findings to operations. An extended, multi-year period of continuous effort, punctuated with intensive observing and forecasting periods, is envisioned.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.489-494
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• 2017

In spite of lots of differences in the production process of film animation, the animating method through computer is not much different between game animation and film animation. It is because the principles of film animation are also emphasized for the production of game animation. This study aims to consider the line of action showing the direction of movement and flow of energy among many considerations for the character pose work in case when producing game animation. Starting from the basic theory of drawing, the line of action plays a role of bible in the pose work including cell animation and 3D animation. After examining the theoretical background through preceding researches in order to understand the application of the line of action to the pose work of game characters, the poses of hero characters of a 3D online game 'Over Watch' were collected and then lines were directly drawn to analyze them. And as a result, the pose of characters with simple and clear 'Line of action' was good. This study aimed to consider the expression techniques of character pose in the production of game animation, which is expected to be used as an important reference for game animators at work.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.435-441
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the effects of roasting temperatures on the antinutritional factors and functional properties of sesame protein isolates. The protein contents a sesame protein isolates (SPI) prepared at roasting temperatures of 5$0^{\circ}C$, 10$0^{\circ}C$, 15$0^{\circ}C$ and 20$0^{\circ}C$ were 65.5%, 66.6%. 68.9% and 64.1%, respectively. Total phenolic compounds, condensed tannin and phytate contents of SPI was increased from 5$0^{\circ}C$ to 20$0^{\circ}C$. From color measurements, higher roasting temperature decreased 'L' and 'b' values significantly, but 'a' value was increased. The bulk density, fat absorption and water absorption of SPI was increased as the temperature of roasting was increased. Sesame protein isolates prepared by roasting at 5$0^{\circ}C$, 10$0^{\circ}C$ and 15$0^{\circ}C$ had higher emulsifying activity than those prepared by roasting at 20$0^{\circ}C$. Foaming capacity of SPI was not changed by roasting up to 10$0^{\circ}C$, but this property was reduced dramatically when roasted at 20$0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.144-158
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• 2012

A higher spatial resolution is preferable to support the accuracy of detailed climate analysis in urban areas. Airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) and satellite (KOMPSAT-2, Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-2) images at 1 to 4 m resolution were utilized to produce digital elevation and building surface models as well as land cover maps at very high(5m) resolution. The Climate Analysis Seoul(CAS) was used to calculate the fractional coverage of land cover classes in built-up areas and thermal capacity of the buildings from their areal volumes. It then produced analyzed maps of local-scale temperature based on the old and new input data. For the verification of the accuracy improvement by the precise input data, the analyzed maps were compared to the surface temperature derived from the ASTER satellite image and to the ground observation at our detailed study region. After the enhancement, the ASTER temperature was highly correlated with the analyzed temperature at building (BS) areas (R=0.76) whereas there observed no correlation with the old input data. The difference of the air temperature deviation was reduced from 1.27 to 0.70K by the enhancement. The enhanced precision of the input data yielded reasonable and more accurate local-scale temperature analysis based on realistic surface models in built-up areas. The improved analysis tools can help urban planners evaluating their design scenarios to be prepared for the urban climate.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.169-180
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the relationship of leg length analysis and X-ray finding according to positions and valuation bases on diagnosis of pelvic malpositions. Methods: Twenty-two people who get $33.09{\pm}10.73$ as average were evaluated by leg length analysis and X-ray findings. After measuring innominate measurement(IM), femur head line. distance between S2 and posterior superior iliac spine(PSIS). ilium shadow measurement(ISM), major axis of obturator foramen(MaF), minor axis of obturator foramen(MiF) and distance between off centering measurement and symphysis pubis, those were analyzed. Results: 1. In assessment of posterior rotation malposition ilium(PI), it was showed the best coincidence between leg length analysis and X-ray analyzed by 1M in supine position(11 cases, 50.5%). 2. In assessment of inflare, coincidence index between leg length analysis and X-ray were not good($4.00{\pm}3.03$ cases, $18.15{\pm}13.82%$). And leg length analysis were not sensitive. 3. On the whole, coincidence index between leg length analysis and X-ray were not good(best: 1 case, 45.5%; worst: 11 cases, 50.0%). Conclusions: Results form this investigation showed the relationship of leg length analysis and X-ray according 10 positions and valuation bases on diagnosis of pelvic malpositions. This results are expected to contribute to establish method of assessment in diagnosis of pelvic malpositions.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2003

Purpose : To evaluate the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on the radiosensitivity of normal human oral keratinocyte (NHOK). Materials and methods: Relative cell survival fraction including SF2 (survival fraction at 2 Gy) was calculated on the basis of colony formation assay. Data were fitted to the linear-quadratic model to establish the survival curve and calculate α and β values. Using flow cytometry at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days after exposure to 2 and 10 Gy irradiation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were analysed. To understand the molecular mechanism of the radiosensitization of ATRA on NHOK, proteins related with apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were investigated by Western blot analysis. Results: Treatment with ATRA resulted in a significant decrease of SF2 value for NHOK from 0.63 to 0.27, and increased α and β value, indicating that ATRA increased radiosensitivity of NHOK. ATRA increased LDH significantly, but increasing irradiation dose decreased LDH, suggesting that the radiosensitizing effect of ATRA is not directly related with increasing cell necrosis by ATRA. ATRA did not induce appotosis but increased G2 arrest after 10 Gy irradiation, implying that the increased radiosensitivity of NHOK may be due to a decrease in mitosis casued by increasing G2 arrest. ATRA inhibited the reduction of p53 at 3 days after l0Gy irradiation and increased p21 at 1 day after 10 Gy irradiation. Further study is required to determine the precise relationship between this effect and the radiosensitizing effect of A TRA. Conclusion: These results suggested that ATRA increase radiosensitivity by inhibiting mitosis caused by increasing G2 arrest.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2008

Purpose: It has been shown that the inorganic polyphosphate is effective for the regeneration of bones through the preliminary animal test of rabbits. The most effective concentration of the polyphosphate, however, is not known yet. Moreover, the effectiveness of carriers inside human body is not confirmed.. Materials and Methods: In this study, we examined the effect of the concentration of the inorganic polyphosphate on the process of the bone regeneration using the 6 weeks old rabbits with the weight of 2.0 kg in average. We performed the experiment using TR-ePTFE membrane(membrane) filled with collagen immersed in 4%, 8% of inorganic polyphosphate, respectively, following removal of the proper sized cortical bones from the rabbit calvaria. The experimental results were compared with the one of the following four groups: The negative control group for membrane only, the positive control group for membrane filled with collagen, the first experimental group for membrane filled with collagen immersed in 4% of inorganic polyphosphate, and the second experimental group for membrane filled with collagen immerse in 8% of inorganic polyphosphate. The fragments of the tissue with membrane obtained from each group of the sacrificed rabbits for 8 or 16 weeks sustained after surgery were then prestained by the Hematoxylin-Eosin stain and coated by resin to form non-decalcified specimens for the histologic examination and analysis. New bone formation was assessed by histomorphometric and statistical analysis. Results: 1. All groups have shown better bone regeneration at 16weeks than 8weeks. 2. Negative control group has shown more bone regeneration relative to the other groups at 8 and 16 weeks. 3. All experimental groups have shown better bone regeneration relative to positive control group. 4. At 16 weeks, the first experimental group has shown more bone regeneration compared to the second experimental group. Exophytic bone formation is not good at the first and the second experimental groups compared with negative control group. But, the use of 4% inorganic polyphosphate was more effective to bone formation than the use of 8% inorganic polyphosphate. Conclusion: With above results, it is suggested the use of inorganic polyphosphate with vehicle under TR-ePTFE membrane.