• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 1984

In order to study the flavor quality of Chungkookjang, the changes in nitrogenous compounds, nucleotides and their related compounds, free amino acids, amino acid composition and fatty acids were analysed during Chungkookjang Koji fermentation. Koji was prepared with Bacillus natto isolated from Japanese natto. Insoluble nitrogenous was rapidly decreased, whereas PAA (peptide, amino, ammonia) nitrogen were slightly increased during the fermentation of Chungkookjang Koji. The content of extracted nitrogen and free amino acid nitrogen were rapidly increased until 48 hours fermentation of Chungkookjang Koji and then decreased. The contents of ADP, ATP, AMP and inosine in raw soybean were abundant. The contents of ADP, ATP and AMP were decreased while inosine and hypoxanthine were increased during the fermentation of Chungkookjang Koji. The free amino acids analyzed in this experiment were not changed in composition but changed in amounts during the fermentation of Chungkookjang Koji. The contents of alanine, valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine were continually increased during the fermentation of Chungkookjang Koji. The contents of lysine, histidine, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, methionine and tyrosine were increased until 48 hours fermentation and then decreased gradually. The increase in the contents of aspartic acid, threonine, serine, proline and cystine were fluctuated. In raw soybean, amino acid composition such as glutamic acid, serine and proline were dominant amino acid and amounts those were 63.8% of the total amino acids. The contents of aspartic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, cystine, leucine and tyrosine were continually decreased during the fermentation of Chungkookjang Koji, arginine and methionine were increased until 48 hours fermentation of Chungkookjang Koji and then decreased gradually. The increase of threonine and serine were fluctuated. Eight kinds of fatty acids were detected from raw soybean, but 10 kinds of fatty acids detected from Chungkookjang Koji. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid were identified as the major fatty acid of raw soybean and Chungkookjang Koji, and amounts of those were estimated above 80% of the total fatty acids.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9065-9070
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• 2014

The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is high in Western and Northern Europe and North America, and low in Asia. Although the incidence of RCC in Japan is lower than the rates in the other industrialized countries, there is no doubt that it is increasing. In this paper, we would like to introduce the summary of findings of JACC study, which evaluate the risk factors for RCC in a Japanese population. JACC study suggests nine risk factors (i.e., smoking, obesity, low physical activity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney diseases, beef, fondness for fatty food and black tea) and one preventive factor (i.e., starchy roots such as taro, sweet potato and potato) in a Japanese population. In Japan, however, drinking black tea may be a surrogate for westernized dietary habits while eating starchy roots may be a surrogate for traditional Japanese dietary habits. Further studies may be needed to evaluate risk factors for RCC because the number of cases is small in our studies.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.134-152
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• 2021

Purpose - Our study aimed to examine the roles of conflict management in maintaining a sustainable good relationship between joint venture (JV) partners. Although the concepts of relational capital, mutual commitment, and cultural adaptation have been neglected in previous research on interorganizational relationships, we treated them as inter-partner fit mechanism capabilities of affecting the level of satisfaction in a relationship with a JV partner. Design/methodology - In order to test hypotheses, we sent a questionnaire to Japanese firms operating JVs in South Korea and asked whether their levels of satisfaction with their JV partners increase when conflict management techniques are used to reduce the conflicts that usually arise between partners. Findings - The results of our study suggested that it is important for firms participating in a JV to construct and reinforce an inter-partner fit mechanism that enables them to maintain a favorable partnership. In addition, we suggested that relational capital, cultural adaptation, and mutual commitment influence conflict reduction and the level of satisfaction experienced in JVs. Moreover, the results showed that conflict management has a significant effect on developing soild partnerships and performance in JV situations. Originality/value - We advanced a new paradigm about conflict management and suggested methods of research propositions that are well grounded in the latest findings in conflict management research pertaining to JVs.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

DNA sequences of nrITS regions obtained from 49 accessions representing 12 species and one variety within the section Adonanthe of the genus Adonis were analyzed to test the previous intra-sectional classification system and to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The results showed that the seven accessions of A. amurensis Regel et Radde included in the present study did not form a monophyletic group, as some of the accessions showed a close relationship with the Japanese endemic species A. ramosa Franch., which implies that the current species delimitation and identification of A. amurensis is problematic. Adonis pseudoamurensis W. T. Wang, which is frequently misidentified as A. ramosa in Korea, formed a segregated group, which suggests that they should not be considered as conspecific taxa. Accessions from A. shikokuensis Nishikawa et Koji Ito, A. multiflora Nishikawa et Koji Ito, and A. pseudoamurensis formed a clade, but monophyly of each species was not evident. The nrITS data did not support the classification system proposed by Wang, who classified sect. Adonanthe into four series, as most of these were found to be either polyphyletic or paraphyletic.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to seek various plans to maintain the advancement of the overseas and domestic employment scenario through a case analysis of the Japanese industry, which maintains domestic employment while promoting the overseas advancement of companies despite having a similar industrial structure as Korea. The study further intends to derive insightful implications for Japanese manufacturing companies and government policies. Research design, data, and methodology - We selected four companies from the Japanese manufacturing industry. Being companies that were successful in increasing the domestic employment scenario while advancing in overseas markets. We utilized several secondary data sources including Japanese newspapers and report literature. Results - Previous studies have shown a negative relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or offshoring and domestic employment. However, our results showed this relationship with respect to the Japanese manufacturing industry as follows: 1. FDI for developing overseas markets does not decrease domestic production. If Japanese companies change their strategy from exports to overseas production, there will be a consequent decrease in domestic employment of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). However, the local production that plans the sales expansion of a foreign market does not substitute domestic production. 2. Several case studies illustrate that, as the production of final goods is expanded in foreign countries, there is a corresponding increase in the export of intermediary goods from Japan. In this case, if the production process of Japanese companies is promoted in foreign markets, the amount of exported material and parts from Japan will consequently increase. 3. It is difficult to consider that the establishment of subsidiary companies in foreign countries by manufacturing companies for wholesale, retail, and services decreases domestic employment. This is because the international development of these industries needs expatriates, expatriate training organizations, and research and development (R&D) activities. 4. When there is overseas demand, the growth of local management activities is expected to increase the work of the overseas business department in the head office in Japan, if competitiveness can be secured for better localization and management speed. 5. The conversion of the domestic manufacturing industry into high value-added production is necessary. The relocation of domestic production to foreign markets decreases domestic employment. To prevent this, the upgradation of domestic production bases, including high value-added production, and R&D capability need to be strengthened. Technology-based companies must develop new technology, patents, processes, and so forth, which require extensive human resources for R&D. Conclusions - Domestic medium-sized companies that are capable of consistently supplying high value-added products should be actively encouraged to deploy into and develop overseas markets. Further, this paper considers the necessity of a guidance policy that provides suggestions for overseas deployment, by the initiation of the government, to companies that cannot do so due to the lack of foreign experience or decisions by the CEO, despite having the relevant capability and technologies to supply high value-added products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.567-573
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• 2015

In this study, volatile compounds in nine commercial Japanese distilled liquors (Shochu) were isolated by headspace solid-phase microexrraction (SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). A total of 76 volatile components, including 48 esters, 13 alcohols, and 15 miscellaneous components, were identified. Esters and alcohols constituted the largest groups of quantified volatiles. Differences in volatile components among the distilled liquors and possible sample grouping were examined by applying principal component analyses to the GC-MS data sets. The first and second principal components explained 77.92% of the total variation across the samples. The samples using barley koji showed higher overall concentrations of total volatile components. Additionally, the principal component analysis did not reveal any sample grouping based on the raw material used.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.274-279
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• 1995

Ethyl caproate, one of the major flavor compounds deciding the quality of sake (Japanese wine), is produced during the brewing by the action of alcohol acyltransferase and esterases of sake yeast and koji mold. Extracellular esterases of Aspergillus oryzae required for ethyl caproate synthesis were purified partially. The enzymes had different optimum pH and affinity toward substrates. Substrate preferences and inhibition features showed the three enzymes to be B-type esterases or carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1).

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2020

In the Joseon dynasty one in seven houses enjoyed their home-brewed alcoholic beverages, which lead to the development of a variety of Korean traditional liquors throughout the country. However, when Korea was under Japanese rule, Korean traditional alcoholic beverages disappeared during this period. Since the 1980s, the Korean government has tried to revitalize the traditional alcoholic drinks unique to Korean culture and taste. Nevertheless, the development of traditional liquors is subjected to many constraints due to current market demand and liquor laws. To address this, we propose some suggestions that should be implemented ahead. First, it is necessary to revise the term traditional liquor including makgeolli as 'Korean sool' to expand the market size. Secondly, the use of koji and excellent yeast isolated from nuruk should be scientifically modernized. Lastly, the government should establish the National Korean Sool Research Institute. These practices will contribute to the succession of Korean liquor and its globalization.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.468-474
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• 2010

Alcoholic fermentations with rice koji [Aspergillus awamori Nakazawa KCCM 60246 (black), Aspergillus kawachii KCCM 32819 (white), Aspergillus oryzae KCCM 11372 (yellow)] and improved nuruk were carried out for the preparation of sweet potato soju using two different potato cultivars (Jinhongmi and Hobak). The Jinhongmi mashes showed $9.2-11.4^{\circ}Brix$, 195.6-260.5 mg glucose/100 mL, pH 4.6-4.9, 0.53-0.83% acidity and 13.2-16.2% alcohol content. The Hobak mashes showed $7.0-8.4^{\circ}Brix$, 31.9-47.4 mg glucose/100 mL, pH 4.4-4.7, 0.22-0.24% acidity, and 9.6-11.2% alcohol content. The alcohol yield of the Jinhongmi mashes using black, white, yellow koji and improved nuruk were 229.2, 194.5, 238.6 and 229.3 L/ton, respectively. The alcohol yields of Hobak mashes using black, white, yellow koji and improved nuruk were 132.8, 144.4, 141.6 and 167.4 L/ton, respectively. All types of sweet potato soju showed stronger flavor and taste than Kurokirishima (Japanese sweet potato soju). Especially, soju made from Jinhongmi with white koji and Jinhongmi with improved nuruk showed the strongest levels. Flavor components of sweet potato soju included decanoic acid ethylester, dodecanoic acid ethylester, tetradecanoic acid ethylester, hexadecanoic acid ethylester, 9-octadecanoic acid ethylester, and octadecanoic acid ethylester. Although the flavor profiles of Jinhongmi soju, Hobak soju, and Kurokirishima were very similar, the flavor content of Kurokirishima soju was lower. The results of the GC volatile analysis were in good correlation with flavor and taste.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3545-3549
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• 2016

Background: The incidence of bladder cancer is lower in Asian than in Western countries. However, the crude incidence and mortality of bladder cancer have recently increased in Japan because of the increased number of senior citizens. We have already reported risk factors for urothelial cancer in a large population-based cohort study in Japan (JACC study). However, we did not evaluate the cancer risk in the upper and lower urinary tract separately in our previous study. Materials and Methods: Here we evaluated the risk of cancer death in the upper and lower urinary tracts, separately, using the database of the JACC study. The analytic cohort included 46,395 males and 64,190 females aged 40 to 79 years old. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals. Results: Current smoking increased the risk of both upper and lower urinary tract cancer deaths. A history of kidney disease was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer death, even after controlling for age, sex and smoking status. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that current smoking increases the risk of both upper and lower urinary tract cancer deaths and indicated the possibility that a history of kidney disease may be a risk factor for bladder cancer death in the Japanese population.