• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 2013

We made the first Korean white commercial strain 'Baek-a' developed by crossing between monokaryons derived from brown strains. This variety can be estimated as the Korea's indigenous one different from the origin of Japanese white ones. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$ but it needed to adjust to $18{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ when incubated at the bottle cultivation. The optimum temperatures of fruiting body initiation and development were $12{\sim}13^{\circ}C$ and $67^{\circ}C$, respectively. Fruiting body of 'Baek-a' was pure white even developed from crossing with brown strains. 'Baek-a' was a good variety with high quality and high productivity characterized as quite even budding habit, long stipes and hemi-spherical pilei. The days for the fruiting was 7 days and the productivity was $111{\pm}34$ g per 850 ml. This variety needed high concentration of carbon dioxide and it had to be adjusted up to 4,000 ppm for the good quality.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.341-354
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• 2005

For the genetic assessment of the cattle breeds including Hanwoo, eleven microsatellite markers on ten bovine autosomes were genetically characterized for 618 individuals of nineteen cattle breeds; North Eastern Asian breeds (Korean cattle, Korean Black cattle, Japanese Black cattle, Japanese Brown cattle, Yanbian cattle), Chinese yellow cattle (Luxi cattle, Nanyang cattle), European Bas taurus (Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Holstein, Limousin), African Bas taurus (N'Dama, Baoule), African Bas indicus (Kavirondo Zebu, White Fulani), Asian Bas indicus (Sahiwal, Nelore) and one Bali cattle, Bas banteng as an outbreed-reference population. Allele frequencies derived from the genotyping data were used in estimating heterozygosities, gene diversities and genetic distances. The microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic, with a total of 162 different alleles observed across all loci. Variability in allele numbers and frequencies was observed among the breeds. The average expected heterozygosity of North Eastern Asian breeds was higher than those of European and African taurines, but lower than those of Asian and African indicines. Genetic distances were estimated using Nei's DA genetic distance and the resultant DA matrix was used in the construction of the phylogenetic trees. The genetic distances between North Eastern Asian cattle breeds and Bas indicus were similar with those between European Bas taurus and Bas indicus, and African Bas taurus and Bas indicus, respectively. The clusters were clearly classified into North Eastern Asian, European and African taurines groups as well as different cluster with Chinese mainland breeds, firstly out-grouping with Bas indicus. These results suggest that Korean cattle, Hanwoo, had not been originated from a crossbred between Bas primigenius in Europe and Bas indicus in India and North Eastern Asian Bas taurus may be have separate domestication from European and African Bas taurus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2010

In order to aide in the design of an improved menu book, which could play an important role as a marketing tool, the current version of the menu books and managers (subjects) of 295 restaurants in the Incheon area were examined. These were managers of Korean (36.3%), Western (25.8%), Japanese (14.6%), cafeteria (12.5%) and Chinese (10.8%) style restaurants. The level of service (self-evaluation, 3-point scale) was average $2.25{\pm}0.45$. The general colorings of the menu books were green (19.0%), brown (18.6%), black (17.6%), yellow (15.9%), red (13.6%) and blue (13.2%). The material of the menu book cover was mainly leather (35.9%), and the internal material was mainly coated paper (59.7%). Physically, the design was two-panel fold (38.3%), two-panel multi-page (35.6%), die style (10.2%), single panel (8.1%) and tent style (7.8%). The type sizes were unchanged in 49.9% of the menu books and in 61.7% photos were not used. 53.9% of menu books did not explain the menus, and 13.2% did not classify the items into groups. Emphasis of profit-making menus was not done in 66.8%. 51.5% of menu books were irreplaceable in parts. The emphasis of profit-making menus was less among the Korean style restaurants (p<0.001). The possibility of partial replacement of menu books was lower in both Korean and Chinese restaurants (p<0.001). The explanation of the items was lower in the Japanese restaurants (p<0.001). The classification of items into groups was lower in cafeteria (p<0.001). In cases in which there were both seasonal and event menus, the possibility of partial replacements of menu books was higher (p<0.001). Restaurants of which service level was less than ordinary were lower in the differentiation of type sizes (p<0.001), the use of photos (p<0.001), the explanation of menus (p<0.001), the classification of menus by groups (p<0.05), the emphasis of profit-making menus (p<0.001) and the possibility of partial replacement of menu books (p<0.001). If these study findings are applied to the designing of menu books, the role of the menu book as an important tool for marketing could be greatly improved.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 2010

A taxonomic review of the family Sillaginidae was carried out based on two species (Sillago japonica and S. parvisquamis) collected in the coastal waters of Korea from 2008 to 2009 and three species (S. parvisquamis, S. aeolus and S. sihama) kept in the museum. Sillago japonica was easily distinguished from S. parvisquamis and S. sihama by lateral line scales (70~73 in S. japonica vs. 77~81 in S. parvisquamis vs. 67~70 in S. sihama) and scales above lateral line (3~4 vs. 7 vs. 5~6, respectively). Sillago aeolus differed from the other three species in having dark brown blotches on the side of body. We newly found morphological differences in some measurements (snout length, pectoral fin length and $2^{nd}$ anal spine length) and the number of vertebrae between Korean and Japanese S. parvisquamis, suggesting the two may be different populations. Although four sillaginid species are known from Korea, only two species (S. japonica and S. parvisquamis) were found in this study; accordingly, the distribution of the remaining two species (S. sihama and S. aeolus) may be restricted to subtropical waters.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.230-233
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• 2016

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is the non-random association between the loci and it could give us a preliminary insight into the genetic history of the population. In the present study LD patterns and effective population size (Ne) of three Korean cattle breeds along with Chinese, Japanese and Mongolian cattle were compared using the bovine Illumina SNP50 panel. The effective population size (Ne) is the number of breeding individuals in a population and is particularly important as it determines the rate at which genetic variation is lost. The genotype data in our study comprised a total of 129 samples, varying from 4 to 39 samples. After quality control there were ~29,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for which $r^2$ value was calculated. Average distance between SNP pairs was 1.14 Mb across all breeds. Average $r^2$ between adjacent SNP pairs ranged between was 0.1 for Yanbian to 0.3 for Qinchuan. Effective population size of the breeds based on $r^2$ varied from 16 in Hainan to 226 in Yanbian. Amongst the Korean native breeds effective population size of Brindle Hanwoo was the least with Ne = 59 and Brown Hanwoo was the highest with Ne = 83. The effective population size of the Korean cattle breeds has been decreasing alarmingly over the past generations. We suggest appropriate measures to be taken to prevent these local breeds in their native tracts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.421-427
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• 2009

A mixture of three dietary medicinal herb extracts (MHE, mulberry leaf:Japanese honeysuckle:goldthread = 48.5: 48.5:3.0) was prepared as an additive of hen's feed. One hundred-eight, 28-wk-old Lohmann Brown hens were assigned randomly with three levels of MHE in the diet (0, 0.3, and 1%). Hens were fed for 6 wks and eggs were collected in the 6th week, and stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 14 days to investigate the effect of MHE on the quality and oxidative stability of eggs. Internal quality of the egg including weight, shell color, albumen height, yolk color, shell weight, shell thickness, and Haugh units was not different among the dietary treatments. The oxidation stability of raw and cooked egg was determined by 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzonthianoline-6-sulfonic acid) ($ABTS^{+}$) radical reducing ability. Results indicated that TBARS value at day 0 and $ABTS^{+}$ radical reducing ability of eggs from hens fed MHE were higher than from the control group. However, DPPH radical scavenging activity showed no difference in both raw and cooked samples. Results of the present study indicate that dietary MHE may slightly enhance the oxidative stability of eggs.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.202-216
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• 2017

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient. Thus, evaluating its flows and stocks in rice paddy ecosystems provides important insights into the sustainability and environmental loads of rice production. Among the N sources of paddy fields, atmospheric deposition and irrigation inputs remain poorly understood. In particular, insufficient information is available for atmosphere-rice paddy exchange of gaseous and particulate reactive N (Nr, all N species other than molecular N) which represents the net input or output through dry deposition and emission. In this study, we assessed the N inputs via atmospheric deposition and irrigation to a Japanese rice paddy area by weekly monitoring for 2 years with special emphasis on gas and particle exchange. The rice paddy during the cropping season acted as a net emitter of ammonia ($NH_3$) to the atmosphere regardless of the N fertilizer applications, which reduced the effects of dry deposition to the N input. Dry N deposition was quantitatively similar to wet N deposition, when subtracting the rice paddy $NH_3$ emissions from N exchange. The annual N inputs to the rice paddy were 3.2 to $3.6\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for exchange, 8.1 to $9.8\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for wet deposition, and 11.1 to $14.5\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for irrigation. The total N input, 22.8 to $27.5\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, corresponded to 38% to 55% of the N fertilizer application rate and 53% to 67% of the brown rice N uptake. Monitoring of atmospheric deposition and irrigation as N sources for rice paddies will therefore be necessary for adequate N management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.157-165
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is on identifying charactreistics and management direction of complementary pond of Dalmaji village in Gangjin. Accordingly, this village was indicated as Experience and Resort village by Korean government. This study describes the construction background and characteristics and identifies species diversity and characteristics through field survey. For this, literature and field survey was performed. In field survey, vegetational survey was performed in Aug. of 2015. D(Dominant degree) and S(Sociability degree) was measured by Brown-Blanquet's method. The answer was searched from Myungsanron(明山論), a textbook of Fengsui(風水) in Joseon dynasty. Of these causes, it was considered that the representative one is a protection of fire and infectious disease because the Wolgak mountain is a fire mountain(火山) as a stone mountain in Fengsui. The results demonstrate decline of aquatic ecosystem because of neglect management. The total number of species was 24. Of the species, Zelkova serrata is a natural vegetation of this complementary forest. This is nominated as Lagerstroemia indica and Camellia japonica community. Species composition demonstrate the characteristics of Korean southern region as mixed forest of evergreen trees and deciduous ones which are indigenous plants. It was considered Juniperus chinensis KaizukaVariega in central round island was planted in Japanese colonial period and it have to be removed. It was considered that name of moon pond and moon island etc. projects the mind of village ancestors which are going to reach an ideal condition of moon. And management of quantity and depth of pond water was critical for restoration of disappearing lotus from related literature. Periodic management was needed for ecological structure and function improvement because of ecological disturbance by the invasive plants like Humulus japonicus.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.148-155
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• 2011

Our previous sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the Korean Rice stripe virus (RSV) suggested possible genetic reassortment of RNA segments, but whether this RNA variation contributed to the recent RSV outbreaks in Korea is yet unclear. To further clarify these RSV-RNA segment variations, we developed a reverse transcription-polymerase reaction/restriction enzyme (RT-PCR/RE) analysis-based method. We identified five REs, including DraI, EcoR1, NdeI/AseI, and SpeI, that could differentiate RSV RNA 1-4 subtypes, respectively. Our RT-PCR/RE results provided a clear pattern of RNA reassortment, i.e., different groups of isolates having their RNA segments derived from two to three different RSV ancestors, such as from Eastern and Southwestern Chinese or Japanese M and T isolates. We also found that the migratory small brown planthopper from Eastern China caught by aerial net traps that possesses RSV-RNA3 genotypes corresponds mainly to Eastern China, with a few for Southwestern China based on RT-PCR/RE, sequence and phylogenetic analyses, indicating that RSV populations in Eastern China may also have strong RNA variation. The development of an RE analysisbased method proved a useful epidemiological tool for rapid genotyping and identification of mixed infections by RSV strain and by different subtype.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2005

Bacterial canker of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was observed in farmers\' orchards in Goesan, Chungbuk in 2003. Typical canker symptoms occurred on the branches or twigs of sweet cherry in early spring and bacterial exudates oozed out of the cracked barks of diseased trees. Watersoaked brown symptoms appeared on the leaves and severe infection caused thorough defoliation on the branches or twigs of sweet cherry. When severely infected branches or twigs were cut, irregular and rusty-colored symptoms in sapwood and heartwood were clearly found, indicating that they can serve as specific symptoms of bacterial canker of sweet cherry. The causal bacterium responsible for the symptoms was isolated purely from the infected sapwood of sweet cherry. Based on its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, the causal bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum. The bacterium was pathogenic on sweet cherry and Japanese apricot, but not on peach, cherry, and kiwifruit. It is proposed that the disease be named as bacterial canker of sweet cherry.