• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.46-66
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• 2005

With the increase in the number of multinational and multicultural research projects, the need to adapt health status measures for use in other than source language has also grown rapidly. Most questionnaire were developed in English-speaking countries, but even within these countries, researchers must consider immigrant populations in studies of health, especially when their exclusion could lead to a systematic bias in studies of health care utilization or quality of life. The purpose of this study was to translate and and culturally adapt the three most used neck and spinal pain disability questionnaires - the Neck Disability Index(NDI), Neck pain and Disability Scale(NPDS), and Functional Rating Index(FRI) - into the korean language and evaluated their reliability, in addition to item response pattern, to achieve a good cross cultural adaptation. Each translated questionnaire was found to have high reliability (FRI ICC (2,1)=0.86 ($95\%$ CI: 0.75-0.92); NPDS ICC (2,1)=0.90 ($95\%$ CI: 0.83-0.95 ; NDI ICC (2,1) =0.90 ($95\%$ CI: 0.81-0.94)). The reliability of the translated versions of FRI, NPDS and NDI were excellent.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.775-783
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• 2015

This study investigates gender differences in cold perceptions and wearing behaviors for cold adaptation. A questionnaire composed of items on cold perceptions, intentions toward wearing additional clothing, and clothing for outdoor environments, among others, was used. Each item in the survey targeted 260 male (MS) and female (FS) college students evaluated using a five-point Likert-type scale. Data were statistically analyzed using the independent sample t-test and correlations. Main results can be summarized as follows: MS subjects showed lower dependence on the thermal insulation of clothing because they felt less cold and had the better ability to cope with cold. MS subjects had higher dependence on underwear during cold seasons, and FS subjects tended to wear heavier clothing to compensate for their cold feet with insufficient insulation. In addition, it was preferable to estimate thermal effects of actual wear by taking into account gender differences in the physique. The study is limited in that the room temperature and the actual amount of clothing were not measured, which offers an avenue for future research.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.399-417
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the adaptability of U.S. multiple-choice items to measure Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching (MKT) in Korea. For this purpose, the authors selected the number and operations form B which was developed by Learning Mathematics for Teaching (LMT) project at the University of Michigan and then adapted items in terms of general cultural context, school cultural context, mathematical substances, and language in Korea. The survey was administrated to 77 Korean in-service teachers who had more than three years of teaching experiences. Based on the survey, the authors compared the data to that of U.S. teachers who had participated California's Mathematics Professional Development Institute. As a result, the survey measures less knowledge Korean teachers than more knowledgable Korean teachers and there are strong correlations of relative item difficulties between Korean teachers and U.S. teachers for both Content Knowledge (CK) items and Knowledge of Content and Students (KCS) items. This study implies the future direction for developing items to measure teacher knowledge as well as designing effective teacher education programs.

• 정보통신설비학회논문지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.70-81
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• 2002

1990년대 후반부터 다양한 디지털 통신망을 이용하여 멀티미디어 컨텐츠 서비스가 가능하게 되었다. 하지만 멀티미디어 컨텐츠의 전달 및 이용을 위한 기반 구조들의 독자적 발전 및 다양한 통합 관리 시스템 때문에 멀티미디어 컨텐츠 표현 방식의 호환성, 네트워크 방식과 단말기 등의 잠재적인 문제점이 발생한다. 이를 위해서 현재 존재하는 기술 및 기반 구조들 사이의 연동을 통한 큰 멀티미디어 프레임워크인 MPEG-21이 진행 중이다. 본 논문에서는 현재 표준화 작업이 진행 중인 MPEG-21을 기반으로 하는 웹 (Web) 기반 테스트베드를 제안한다. 기본적으로 테스트베드는 서버(server), 클라이언트(client), DIA(Digital Item Adaptation)의 세 모듈로 구성된다. 서버의 역할은 멀티미디어 컨텐츠를 Digital Item(DI)의 형태로 생성하고, 클라이언트가 DI를 요구할 경우 DIA 모듈을 통해서 변환된 DI를 클라이언트에게 제공한다. DIA 모듈은 서버에서 동작되며 클라이언트로부터 요청된 DI를 분석하고 클라이언트로부터 전송된 환경 정보를 이용하여 클라이언트 환경에 적합하게 변환된 (adapted) DI를 생성하는 것이 주 기능이다. 클라이언트는 서버에 저장되어 있는 DI를 선택하고 사용자 선호도(user preferences), 터미널 능력(terminal capabilities) 등의 필요한 정보를 서버로 전송한다. 테스트베드에서는 스포츠 경기의 동영상, 정지 영상, 경기 내용, 역사를 기록한 파일 등의 DI를 이용한다. 표현 언어는 XML이며, HTTP 기반의 웹 환경에서 구동되도록 설계된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.525-536
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the Turkish adaptation of the COVID Stress Scale (CSS) on the basis of determining the stress caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, and to test its validity and reliability. Methods: The English CSS was translated into Turkish using forward and backward translation. Data were collected online from 360 participants. Construct validity was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and content validity. Pearson product-moment correlation, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient, and test-retest methods were used to evaluate reliability. Results: The Turkish version of the CSS has 36 items consistent with the original scale and has five factors: COVID danger and contamination, socioeconomic consequences of COVID, COVID xenophobia, traumatic stress due to COVID, and compulsive checking for COVID. The construct validity of the Turkish version of the CSS was verified by the adjusted goodness of fit index > .85, and comparative fit index > .95. The content validity index of each item was 91%. The corrected item-total correlations of the scale ranged from .51 to .89. Internal consistency was reliable, with a Cronbach's α of .93. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the CSS is valid and reliable. It can be used as a measurement tool for the assessment of COVID-related stress.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of the study was to develop the Korean version of the Working Alliance Inventory (KWAI) and to assess reproducibility of both its therapist and client forms. Methods: The 12-item WAI was translated into Korean. The translation procedure followed the guidelines proposed by Beaton et al. (2000). Development of KWAI involved its translation, back-translation, and pilot testing of the pre-final version to establish Korean cultural adaptation of the original version of WAI. For test-retest reliability, therapists (N=30) and clients (N=47) completed the questionnaire on two different occasions. The interval between occasions was two to seven days, depending on subject availability. Data were collected from clinicians working in general hospitals and private clinics, and clients who had received treatment within three months. The intra-class correlation (ICC ($_{2.1}$)) was calculated for assessment of the reproducibility of the translated questionnaire. Results: The test-retest ICC ($_{2.1}$) of the client form and the therapist form was 0.92 (95%CI:0.86-0.95) and 0.94 (95%CI:0.89-0.97), respectively. Answers to items 2, 8, and 11 showed a tendency to be omitted due to ambiguity of meaning in Korean. Idiomatic expression was employed rather than word-to-word translation to have clear meaning of those items. Conclusion: The KWAI was successfully translated and adapted for applications to Korean clients and therapists, with a satisfactory level of reliability. Therefore, it can be suggested that the KWAI is useful in providing a reliable assessment of working alliance between therapists and clients.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.114-123
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• 2010

The Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is a five grade assessment map created with nationally integrated environmental information and environmental values. The map is made through the evaluation of 67 items, including greenbelt area and bio-diversity. The ECVAM assesses the stability of the community using forest maps. However, the existing assessment method is problematic because the assessment grades are evaluated using higher than practical values; in part because it uses even-valued overlay and minimal indicator methods. This study was performed in order to suggest an integrated assessment method that could complement the stability evaluation based on existing methods. Accordingly, this study added forest type information, including whether the forest was natural or artificial, to the overlay method using forest diameter maps and forest density maps. As a result, the proposed ECVAM indicated a drastic grade change. After applying the method in South Korea, Grade I areas decreased 12.1%, from 52.6% to 40.6%, Grade II areas increased 11.9%, from 17.4% to 29.2%, and Grade III areas increased 0.2%, from 17.1% to 17.4%, respectively. From the results of the field survey, we found differences between natural forest and planted forest with regard to the number of mortality, species of shrubs, and vine cover. This means that natural forests are more stable than planted forests. This study suggests an improved assessment methodology to complement the existing EVCAM method. The results are expected to be used in environmental evaluations and forest conservation value assessments in ecology and environmental fields.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 2003년도 ISIS 2003
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• pp.272-275
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• 2003

This paper presents the role and its function of Tool server. MPEG-21 means multimedia framework for delivery and consumption of multimedia which is being discussed in ISO/IEC 21000. A view of MPEC-21 aims to define multimedia framework to enable transparent use of multimedia resource across a wide range of networks and devices used by different communities. MPEG-21 will enable all-electronic creation delivery and trade of digital multimedia content and transparent usage of various content types on network device. Therefore, we can provide access to information and services from almost anywhere at anytime with various terminals and networks. In order to support multimedia delivery chain that contains content creation, production, delivery and consumption, we need many standards(elements) for identify, describe, manage and protect the content. Thus, we define Digital Item Player(DIP), Digital Item Adaptation(DIA) server and Tool server as primary objects of MPEG-21 multimedia framework. DIP provides a function which creates and consumes Digital Item(DI) as a kind of a digital object by user. A DI contains both media resources and metadata including rights information. DIA server deals with the usage environment description schema of the user characteristics, terminal and network characteristics and natural environments. DIA server adapts the original DI to the usage environment description sent from the terminal and transmits the adapted DI to the terminal. Tool server searches for a tool requested from DIP or DIA and downloads the best tool to DIP or DIA server. In this paper, we present how Tool sewer is organized and is used among 2 primary objects. The paper is structured as followings: Section 1 briefly describes why MPEG-21 is needed and what MPEG-21 wants. We see requirement that tool server must equip functionally in section 2. The proposed tool server,its structure and its functionality are presented in section 3. Section 4 explains a scenario that tool server transmits tool to DIP and shows the experimental result. The paper concludes in section 5.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.139-148
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• 2005

차세대 웹인 모바일 웹에 대한 멀티미디어 서비스 욕구는 PC수준이 될 것이며, 이를 지원할 수 있는 단말기 제작 기술, 통신 기술, 서비스 및 표준화 노력들이 진행되고 있다. 모바일 웹 환경에서는 다양한 단말기 종류, 네트워크 능력 및 사용자 선호등을 지원하여 멀티미디어 컨텐츠의 적응 서비스가 가능하도록 하여야 한다. 이것은 목적지인 단말기의 하드웨어 사양과 재생서비스 품질의 다양성으로 인하여 멀티미디어 컨텐츠의 재생 서비스 품질이 고정되어 있지 않음을 의미한다. 만일 새로운 사용자가 새로운 종류의 단말기를 통하여 서버의 멀티미디어 컨텐츠를 재생하려고 한다면, 기존 트랜스코더로 멀티미디어 적응이 가능한지 고려하여야 한다. 그런데 현재 사용되는 멀티미디어 적응 라이브러리들은 하나의 라이브러리에 모든 적응 기능을 넣은 중량 트랜스코더의(heavy transcoder) 형태이다. 이러한 중량 트랜스코더로 제한없는 접속(Universal Access)의 도전을 해결하는 것은 너무 복잡하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 다양한 새로운 모바일 단말기의 서비스 품질을 만족하는 응용 독립적 멀티미디어 적응 프레임워크를 제안한다. 이것은 중량 트랜스코더대신 하나의 트랜스고딩 기능만을 갖는 단위 트랜스코더들의 집합을 갖는다. 또한 종단간 서비스 품질을 만족하도록 단위 트랜스코더들의 동적 연결을 지원하는 트랜스코더 관리자를 포함한다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2009

This study aims to investigate the stress factors of students in Dental Hygiene Department who will soon take the national examination, corresponding countermeasures and relationship of internal and external personality. On the basis of the results from investigation, this study will identify the methods to effectively cope with stress and to take the national examination with more positive thinking for the students and faculty members in Dental Hygiene Department, who have to pass the difficult test, the national examination. The structured questionnaires were given to junior students in Dental Hygiene Department in three colleges, to identify the stress factors, methods to deal with stress and A/B personality types. For the stress factor by field, the M college showed significantly higher stress about curriculum and assignment than the C college. In the stress factor analysis by item, the lack of information on national examination in the test area, all items in learning environment, a quantity of assignment that doesn't help the preparation of national examination in the assignment area, and lack of information on employment in job area demonstrated the significant difference(p<0.05). For the methods of subjects to deal with stress, several subcategories of long-term and short-term adaptation had significance. In case of the methods to deal with stress by personality type, B type in the short-term adaptation method in M college and A type in the long-term adaptation method in C college were significantly higher(p<0.05). As for the correlation between the population sociological features and stress factors by personality type, health status had the high correlation with test in the test area. In other areas, the travel hours to school showed the significant correlation. The higher the records were, the longer the travel hours were and the better the health status was, the higher the long-term adaptation method scores were. Moreover, the personality of A type showed the higher scores in the long-term adaptation method than that of B type. The health status and personality type showed the significant correlation(p<0.05). In conclusion, it is required to prevent any situations b identify the personality type and stress reasons of the students in Dental Hygiene Department who will take the national examination soon. The additional requirement is the continuing interest and counseling of faculty members to help students to cope with stress with positive attitude.