• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.203-207
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• 1995

Spices(Tumeric, Celery-seed, Cumin, Black pepper, Coriander) were irradiated at dose levels of 0, 5, 7 and 9kGy using Co60 source and stored at room temperature. After 12 months of storage following 9kGy irradiated spice, total aerobic bacteria were significantly decreased. When the irradiation dose was 7kGy, microbial levels showed l02-103 levels. However, total lactic acid bacteria and E-coli were shown negative at below 5kGy.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2012

The present study was performed to investigate the toxicity of low-dose-rate irradiation in BALB/c mice. Twenty mice of each sex were randomly assigned to four groups of five mice each and were exposed to 0 (sham), 0.02, 0.2, or 2 Gy, equivalents to low-dose-rate irradiation to 3.49 $mGy{\cdot}h^{-1}$. Urine, blood, and blood biochemistry were analyzed, and organ weight was measured. The low-dose-rate irradiation did not induce any toxicologically significant changes in mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, urinalysis, and serum biochemistry. However, the weights of reproductive organs including the testis, ovary, and uterus decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Irradiation at 2 Gy significantly decreased the testis, ovary, and uterus weights, but did not change the weights of other organs. There were no adverse effects on hematology in any irradiated group and only the number of neutrophils increased dose dependently. The low-dose-rate irradiation exposure did not cause adverse effects in mice at dose levels of 2 Gy or less, but the reproductive systems of male and female mice showed toxic effects.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.537-542
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• 2004

To reveal the relationship between the changes in the growth and photo- synthesis induced by low dose radiation, red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants were serially irradiated three times with gamma rays of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Gy. The plant growth was monitored by the fresh weight, the stem length, and the leaf length & width. All the irradiation groups (0.5-4 Gy) were stimulated in growth at 1 day after the $1^{st}$ irradiation (DA1I), but rather inhibited at 3 days after the $3^{rd}$ irradiation (DA3I). The maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), the photochemical quenching (qP), the non-:photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the apparent rate of the photosynthetic electron transport (ETR) were used to represent the changes in the photosynthesis by the serial irradiation. The irradiation groups except 0.5 Gy had higher Fv/Fm values at 3 DA3I than the control one. After the 3$^{rd}$ irradiation, the qP values appeared to be a little lower in the 1-4 Gy groups than in the control and 0.5 Gy ones. In contrast, the NPQ values were rather higher in the irradiation groups except 0.5 Gy. During the whole experimental period, the ETRs decreased in the control group but remained relatively constant in the 4-Gy one. In conclusion, the results obtained indicate that the stimulatory effect of ionizing radiation on the plant growth was determined by the incident dose of the single irradiation rather than by the cumulative one of the serial irradiation. They also demonstrate that the growth stimulation induced by a low dose radiation could not be positively correlated with an alteration in the photosynthesis. Additionally, we discuss in text that an ionizing radiation may partly protect the leaf senescence by delaying the development of the plants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2013

This study was carried out to find the optimal conditions for red cabbage seed sprouts in terms of their physicochemical and sensory qualities by electron-beam irradiation, cultivation and storage using the response surface methodology (RSM). Moisture content ($R^2$=0.9638) was affected by irradiation dose and cultivation time. Total phenolics content ($R^2$=0.9117) was mainly affected by irradiation dose, but carotenoid content ($R^2$=0.8338) was affected in the order of irradiation dose, cultivation time and storage time. Sensory properties were also affected by irradiation dose, and thus scores decreased as irradiation dose increased. The optimum conditions estimated by superimposing total phenolics content and overall acceptance were 2.2-3.8 kGy of the irradiation dose, 3.0-4.0 days of cultivation and 2.0-3.0 days of storage.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 1988

This study was measured the radiation-induced current - X-ray dose, dose rate, X-ray quality, time, temperature, electric field characteristics and the dependence of gap length in insulating oil under of D.C. Voltage before, during and after X-ray irradiation. The obtained results can be summarized as following. 1. The radiation - induced current is more the dependence of X-ray quality (tube voltage) than quantity (tube current), the dependence of quantity is appeared at the high than low X-.ay tube voltage. 2. The dependence of dose rate is appeared at the more dose rate, and ${\triangle}\;=\;0.64{\sim}0.74$. 3. The higher temperature of insulating oil and X-ray tube voltage (X-ray quality) is increased, at the low electric field, the more radiation-induced current. 4. $G_{eq}-G_{o}(={\triangle}G)$ is increased at the low than high temperature, high than low X-ray quality. 5. The dependence of temperature is appeared before than during X-ray irradiation. 6. The RIC saturation region is appeared at the high than low insulating oil temperature during (1000 V/cm above) than before (4000 V/cm above) X-ray irradiation.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.89-93
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• 2014

Lincomycin is one of the major species among the Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) detected from the four major rivers in Korea. The structure characterization was performed of six degradation products of lincomycin formed under the irradiation of electron beam, and the degradation efficiency as a function of the various irradiation dose and sample concentration was investigated. Electron beam (10 MeV, 0.5 mA and 5 kW) experiments for the structural characterization of degradation products that are fortified with lincomycin, were performed at the dose of 10 kGy. The separation of degradation products and lincomycin was carried out using a C18 column ($2.1{\times}100$ mm, $3.5{\mu}m$), using gradient elution with 20 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile. The structures of six degradation products of lincomycin were proposed by interpretation of mass spectra and chromatograms by LC-MS/MS. The mass fragmentation pathways of mass spectra in tandem mass spectrometry were also proposed. Experiments were performed of the degradation efficiency as a function of the irradiation dose intensity and the initial concentration of lincomycin in an aqueous environment. In addition, increased degradation efficiency was observed with a higher dose of electron beam and lower concentration.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.843-850
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• 2011

This study investigated the effect of low dose ${\gamma}$-irradiation on the damage of the cell envelopes and antibiotic sensitivity profiles of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium. The bacteria suspension in tryptic soy broth was exposed to the ${\gamma}$-irradiation doses of 0, 1, 1.5, 3, and 5 kGy, and then stored at $0^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. A viability test, an antimicrobial sensitivity profile, and an electron microscopy were performed to observe the effects due to ${\gamma}$-irradiation treatment. B. cereus could survive the ${\gamma}$-irradiation up to 5 kGy while E. coli and S. Typhimurium were all deactivated at 1.5 kGy and 5 kGy, respectively. At 5 kGy, the cell count of B. cereus was significantly reduced, and the survived bacteria cells retained their important features. There were no significant changes observed in the antimicrobial sensitivity profile (p>0.05) for the recovered bacteria after irradiation treatment. Low dose ${\gamma}$-irradiation below 3 kGy was found to be insufficient to achieve decontamination of B. cereus and S. Typhimurium. Cell envelope damage and deactivation of different bacteria did not occur in the same manner; thus, deferent doses of ${\gamma}$-irradiation may be required for deactivation of different bacteria.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2013

Whole cotton seed (WCS) has become one of the major feed ingredients in TMR for dairy cattle in Korea, and WCS for feed use is mostly imported from abroad. Since this genetically modified oil seed is usually fed to the animal in raw state, its germination ability, if last long, often causes concerns about ecological disturbances. In the process of looking for effective conditions to remove germination ability of WCS this study had the objectives to evaluate the nutritional effects of gamma irradiation at doses of 8, 10 and 12 kGy on changes in nutrient contents, anti-nutritional factors, in vitro digestibility and ruminal degradability. No significant differences were found in proximate analysis of nutrients between raw WCS and gamma irradiated one. Glycine and threonine contents significantly increased when the WCS was exposed to gamma ray as compared to untreated WCS (p<0.05). As for fatty acid composition, no significant differences were observed with the irradiation treatment. Free gossypol in WCS was decreased (p<0.05) by gamma irradiation treatment. Of the 3 different levels of gamma irradiation, a dose of 12 kGy was found to be the most effective in reducing free gossypol concentration. Results obtained from in situ experiment indicated that gamma irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy significantly (p<0.05) lowered rumen degradability of both dry matter and crude protein as compared with raw WCS. However, there were no significant differences in rapidly degradable and potentially degradable fractions of crude protein due to 10 kGy gamma irradiation. Overall, this study show that gamma irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy is the optimum condition for removing germination ability of WCS, and could improve nutritive value for the ruminant with respect to the decrease in both ruminal protein degradability and gossypol content of WCS.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.68-73
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• 2015

Electron beam irradiation is also an eco-friendly treatment compared to other physical and chemical treatments. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the possibilities of energy savings by applying electron beam irradiation to the refining process. After softwood unbleached kraft pulp (UKP) was irradiated with electron beams at 50 and 100 kGy, it was beaten in a laboratory beater, and then its freeness and fiber properties were analyzed. The physical properties of their fiber handsheet were also and measured. As the irradiation dose of the electron beam and the beating time increased, lower freeness and fiber lengths of the UKP were observed. Handsheets made from UKP that was irradiated by electron beam and beaten showed a reciprocal relationship with the irradiation dose of the electron beam, in particular, the strength of the handsheets decreased dramatically at 100 kGy of irradiation. Therefore, it was confirmed that electron beam irradiation is effective in reducing the beating time or beating energy. But the irradiation dose must be controlled under 50 kGy to minimize the loss of paper strength.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2001

Skin is constantly exposed to air, solar radiation, ozone and other air pollutants formulating free radicals. The reactive oxygen species(ROS), formed under these conditions, are associated with skin cancers, cutaneous photoaging, and cutaneous inflammatory disorders. In this study, we sought to establish an animal model for UVB-induced skin alteration using BALB/c mice. The level of UVB irradiation used in this model was within physiological dose. BALB/c mice were exposed to a single dose of UVB ($200mJ/cm^2$ and were sacrificed at 3, 6, 24, and 48 hours following the irradiation. The effect of a single exposure to UVB irradiation on skin catalase(CAT), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activities were examined. Significant decrease in the activity of all enzymes were observed at 6 hours after irradiation(p<.05). The activity of CAT decreased more sharply than those of SOD and GPx, and then remained depressed until 48 hours after UVB irradiation, whereas the activity of GPx recovered to basal level at 48 h after UVB irradiation. Our results indicate that BALB/c mouse could be an adequate animal model of UVB irradiation experiment. These results will also provide fundamental knowledge for the effective nursing strategies in reducing UV-induced skin disorders.