• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.300-314
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• 2014

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometer (UPLC-ESI-MS) method was established for the simultaneous quantification of eighteen marker compounds in traditional Korean formula, Cheonwangbosimdan (CWBSD). In addition, we evaluated the antioxidant effects of CWBSD. Eighteen marker components were separated on a UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ analytical column ($2.1{\times}100mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$) and kept at $45^{\circ}C$ by gradient elution with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min and the injection volume was $2.0{\mu}L$. The antioxidant activities of CWBSD were assessed by measuring free radical scavenging activities on 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The calibration curves of all analytes showed good linearity (correlation coefficient ${\geq}0.9937$) within the test ranges. The limits of detection and quantification for the 18 marker compounds were 0.01-4.71 ng/mL and 0.03-14.13 ng/mL, respectively. The contents of the 18 compounds in CWBSD extract ranged from none to $1701.00{\mu}g/g$. The CWBSD showed the radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner. The concentration required for 50% reduction ($RC_{50}$) against ABTS and DPPH radicals were $149.42{\mu}g/mL$ and $339.24{\mu}g/mL$.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.381-388
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• 2016

Hyangso-san is a traditional herbal medicine that consists of the seven herbal medicines, Cyperi Rhizoma, Perillae Folium, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Citri Unshius Pericarpium, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Zingiberis Rhizoma Crudus, and Allii Fistulosi Bulbus. Hyangso-san has long been clinically used to treat the influenza, including headache, ferver, chills, and pantalgia. In this study, we were performed the simultaneous analysis of the 15 marker compounds (liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, ferulic acid, naringin, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, liquiritigenin, kaempferol, glycyrrhizin, nobiletin, 6-gingerol, elemicin, atractylenolide III, nootkatone, and atractylenolide I) in Hyangso-san using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Column for the separation of the 15 ingredients was used a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ analytical column ($2.1{\times}100mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$) at $45^{\circ}C$ by using a mobile phase of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and acetonitrile with gradient condition. Identifications of all analytes were performed using a Waters ACQUITY TQD LC-MS/MS system. The flow rate and injection volume were 0.3 mL/min and $2.0{\mu}L$, respectively. Correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was ${\geq}0.9958$. The values of limits of detection and quantification of the 15 components were 0.002-4.29 and 0.01-12.88 ng/mL, respectively. The result of an analysis using the established LC-MS/MS method, kaempferol and atractylenolide I were not detected, while other 13 compounds were 0.08-56.87 mg/g in lyophilized Hyangso-san sample.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.37-53
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• 1993

The polynuclear hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from coke oven standpipe were sampled using three sampling systems, including glass fiber filter+silver membrane filter, glass fiber filter+silver membrane filter+XAD-2 adsorbent tube, PTFE membrane filter+XAD-2 adsorbent tube, extracted by methylene chloride and analysed by gas chromathography using flame ionization detector. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Because the amounts of coke oven emissions(COE) were large, the analyses of PAHs were simple and possible without evaporation and concentration. Although the generation of COE was high during early stage of coking, the airborne concentration of PAHs was low and increased during late coking. 2. The contents of PAHs in COE were 1.35-2.81%. 3. The index components of PAHs were fluoranthene and pyrene. Their correlation coefficient to total PAHs were 0.96, 0.95, respectively. 4. The particulate PAHs were sampled by filter and gaseous PAHs by adsorbent tube. The collection efficiency of glass fiber filter+silver membrane filter was 20% of total amount sampled by filters+adsorbent and PTFE membrane filter 50%. Adsorbent tube must be attached to the filter to collect light and small PAH components. 5. The generation of acenaphthene and indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene were low and concentrations of fluorene and anthracene were $20-40ug/m^3$ throughout coking time. Other PAH eoncentrations were sometimes high. The generation of PAHs was low at 4-6 hours of coking time. The gaseous PAHs were generated earlier than particulate PAHs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.86-92
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• 2013

In studies on an alternative insulating gas of $SF_6$ gas, the section of the alternative gas and an insulation technique to improve its low dielectric strength have been reported, but very few attempts have been made at the dependence of a gas pressure and a gap as well as the medium effect in the alternative gas. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dependence of the gas pressure and the gap at surface flashover voltage in dry air. The dependence is analyzed based on the medium effect. The medium effect by the gas pressure and the gap can be explained by surface roughness of a solid dielectric and an electrode as well as an electric field which decreases due to the correlation between the collision ionization coefficient and the gap, respectively. In addition, an insulation technique which can fabricate a compact eco-friendly gas insulated switchgear is proposed by the results of this paper.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.901-905
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• 2004

A rapid, sensitive and selective hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric(HILIC-MS/MS) method for the determination of tiapride in human plasma was developed. Tiapride and internal standard, metoclopramide were extracted from human plasma with dichloromethane at basic pH and analyzed on an Atlantis HILIC silica column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-ammonium formate (190 mM, pH 3.0) (94：6, v/v). The ana-Iytes were detected using an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multi-ple-reaction-monitoring mode. The standard curve was linear (r＝0.999) over the concentration range of 1.00-200 ng/mL. The coefficient of variation and relative error for intra- and inter-assay at three QC levels were 6.4∼8.8％ and -2.0∼3.6％, respectively. The recoveries of tiapride ranged from 96.3 to 97.4％, with that of metoclopramide (internal standard) being 94.2％. The lower limit of quantification for tiapride was 1.00 ng/mL using 1 00 $\mu$L of plasma sample.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.270-277
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• 2018

Pyungwi-san has been used to treat the digestive system diseases, physconia, nausea, anorexia, and dyspepsia in Korea. In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was optimized for simultaneous determination of the 14 marker components, spinosin, liquiritirn apioside, liquiritin, narirutin, 6'''-feruloylspinosin, hesperidin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizin, 6-gingerol, atractylenolide III, honokiol, atractylenolide II, magnolol, and atractylenolide I in Pyungwi-san extract. All analytes were separated on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ analytical column ($2.1{\times}100mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$) with maintained at $45^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile. The MS conditions were as follows: capillary voltage 3.3 kV, extractor voltage 3.0 V, RF lens voltage 0.3 V, source temperature $120^{\circ}C$, desolvation temperature $300^{\circ}C$, desolvation gas 600 L/h, cone gas 50 L/h and collision gas 0.14 mL/min. The coefficient of determination of 14 analytes was 0.9989-1.0000. The limits of detection and quantification values of the all analytes were 0.04-2.56 and 0.13-7.69 ng/mL, respectively. As a result of the analysis using the established LC-ESI-MS/MS method, the 5 components, spinosin, 6'''-feruloylspinosin, atractylenolide III, II, and I derived from Zizyphi Fructus and Atractylodis Rhizoma, were not detected in this extract. On the other hand, the 9 components except for the 5 components were 4.15-498.87 mg/kg in lyophilized Pyungwi-san extract. Among these components, glycyrrhizin, marker compound of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, was detected the most amount as a 498.87 mg/kg.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.64-70
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• 2020

Citrus junos seeds (CS) have been traditionally used for the treatment of cancer and neuralgia. They are also used to manufacture edible oil and cosmetic perfume. A large amount of CS shells without oil (CSS) are discarded after the oil in CS is used as foods or herbal remedy. To efficiently utilize CSS as a by-products, it needs to be studied through chemical analysis. Therefore, we developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-diode array detection (DAD) method for simultaneous determination and quantitative analysis of five components (two flavonoids and threes limonoids) in CSS. A Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column C18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 ㎛) was used for this separation. It was maintained at 40 ℃. The mobile phase used for the analysis was distilled water and acetonitrile with gradient elution. To identify the quantity of the five components, a mass spectrometer (MS) with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used. The regression equation showed great linearity, with correlation coefficient ≥ 0.9912. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of the five compounds were 0.09 - 0.13 and 0.26 - 0.38 ㎍/mL, respectively. Recoveries of extraction ranged from 97.45% to 101.91%. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values of intra- and inter-day precision were 0.06 - 1.15% and 0.19 - 0.25%, respectively. This UPLC-DAD method can be validated to simultaneously analyze quantities of marker flavonoids and limonoids in CSS.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.353-363
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intestinal and nasal absorption enhancement of cefotaxime (CTX) by ion-pairing with counterions and to design an effective oral and intranasal drug delivery system for antibiotics. Counterions for absorption promotion were cationic surfactants [cetylpyridinium chloride (CP), cetrimide (CT) and benzalkonium chloride (BA)]. In the presence of counterions, the apparent partition coefficient of cefotaxime was increased depending on the molar concentration of the counterions. Anion interference was observed for ion-pairing of cefotaxime with counterions because of the counterbalance between an anion and counterions. The present study employed the in situ simultaneous nasal and intestinal perfusion technique in rats. The apparent permeabilities $(P_{app})$ of cefotaxime were $1.43{\pm}0.04{\times}10^{-5}\;cm/sec(mean{\pm}S.E)$ in the nasal cavity and 0 in the jejunum, respectively, which indicated that the intrinsic absorptivity of cefotaxime was greater in the nasal cavity than in the jejunum. When ionupairing formers were used, the decreasing order of apparent cefotaxime permeability $(P_{app},\;10^{-5}\;cm/sec)$, corrected for surface area of absorption, was as followings: $BA\;(7.50{\pm}0.36)\;>\;CT\;(4.92{\pm}0.24)\;>\;CP\;(3.01{\pm}0.17)$ in the jejunum and $BA\;(22.31{\pm}1.36)\;>\;CP\;(18.24{\pm}0.81)\;>\;CT \;(16.22{\pm}1.87)$ in the nasal cavity. The increase in permeability of cefotaxime was about 13-fold in the rat nasal cavity and was marked in the rat jejunum for ion-pairing with counterions as compared to those without ion-pairing. The damages of jejunal and nasal mucosal membrane by counterions were observed within approximately 2hrs after removal of ion-pair of cefotaxime with counterions from the nasal cavity and jejunum. These results suggest that CP can be used as an ion-pairing former in the jejunum and CP and CT can be used as ion-pairing formers in the nasal cavity for cefotaxime, as well as for poorly absorbed drugs with a negative charge due to ionization.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1998

The absolute absorbed dose can be determined according to the measurement conditions ; measurement material, detector, energy and calibration protocols. The purpose of this study is to compare the absolute absorbed dose due to the differences of measurement condition and calibration protocols for photon beams. Dosimetric measurements were performed with a farmer type PTW and NEL ionization chambers in water, solid water, and polystyrene phantoms using 6MV photon beams from Siemens linear accelerator. Measurements were made along the central axis of $10{\times}10cm$ field size for constant target to surface distance of 100cm for water, solid water and polystyrene phantom. Theoretical absorbed dose intercomparisons between TG21 and IAEA protocol were performed for various measurement combinations on phantom, ion chamber, and electrometer. There were no significant differences of absorbed dose value between TG2l and IAEA protocol. The differences between two protocols are within $1\%\;while\;the\;average\;value\;of\;IAEA\;protocol\;was\;0.5\%$ smaller than TG2l protocol. For the purpose of comparison, all the relative absorbed dose were nomalized to NEL ion chamber with Keithley electrometer and water phantom, The average differences are within $1\%,\;but\;individual\;discrepancies\;are\;in\;the\;range\;of\;-2.5\%\;to\;1.2\%$ depending upon the choice of measurement combination. The largest discrepancy of $-25\%$ was observed when NEL ion chamber with Keithley electrometer is used in solid water phantom. The main cause for this discrepancy is due to the use of same parameters of stopping power, absorption coefficient, etc. as used in water phantom. It should be mentioned that the solid water phantom is not recommended for absolute dose calibration as the alternative of water, since absorbed dose show some dependency on phantom material other than water. In conclusion, the trend of variation was not much dependent on calibration protocol. However, It shows that absorbed dose could be affected by phantom material other than water.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 1981

Vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of ethyl bromide was studied at 104.8-106.7 nm (11.4-11.6 eV) in the pressure range of 0.2-18.6 torr at $25^{\circ}$ using an argon resonance lamp with and without additives, i.e., NO and He. Since the ionization potential of $CH_3CH_2Br$ is lower than the photon energy, the competitive processes between the photoionization and the photodecomposition were also investigated. The observations indicated that 50% of absorbed light leads to the former process and the rest to the latter one. In the absence of NO the principal reaction products for the latter process were found to be $CH_4, C_2H_2, C_2H_4, C_2H_6, and C_3H_8$. The product quantum yields of these reaction products showed two strikingly different phenomena with an increase in reactant pressure. The major products, $C_2H_4$ and $C_2H_6$, showed positive effects with pressure whereas the effects on minor products were negative in both cases, i.e., He and reactant pressures. Addition of NO completely suppresses the formation of all products except $C_2H_4$ and reduces the $C_2H_4$ quantum yield. These observations are interpreted in view of existence of two different electronically excited states. The initial formation of short-lived Rydberg transition state undergoes HBr molecular elimination and this state can across over by collisional induction to a second excited state which decomposes exclusively by carbon-bromine bond fission. The estimated lifetime of the initial excited state was ${\sim}4{\times}10^{-10}$ sec. The extinction coefficient for $CH_3CH_2Br$ at 104.8-106.7 nm and $25{\circ}$ was determined to be ${varepsilon} = (1/PL)ln(I_0/I_t) = 2061{\pm}160atm^{-1}cm6{-1}$ with 95% confidence level.