• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.565-570
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• 2016

Radioactive iodine($^{131}I$) treatment reduces recurrence and increases survival in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. However, it is important in terms of radiation safety management to measure the radiation dose rate generated from the patient because the radiation emitted from the patient may cause the exposure. Research methods, it measured radiation dose-rate according to the elapsed time from 1 m from the upper abdomen of the patient by intake of radioactive iodine. Directly comparing the changes over time, high dose rate sensitivity and efficiency is statistically significant, and higher chamber than GM counter(p<0.05). Low dose rate sensitivity and efficiency in the chamber had lower levels than gm counter, but not statistically significant(p>0.05). In this study confirmed the characteristics of calibrated ionization chamber and GM counter according to the radiation intensity during high-dose radioactive iodine therapy by measuring the accurate and rapid radiation dose rate to the patient explains, discharged patients will be reduced to worry about radiation hazard of family and others person.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 1966

In order to observe the effect of the injected radioactive iodine-$I^{131}$ on the uptake in thyroid of normal male guinea pigs and P.B.$I^{131}$ conversion ratio of $I^{131}$ in serum, 24 matured male guinea pigs were divided in 4 groups and $35{\mu}c$, $70{\mu}c$, $140{\mu}c$ and $280{\mu}c$ per kg of body weight respectively were injected subcutaneously. 1. The uptake rates of radioactveiodine-$I^{131}$ by external counts of thyroidal uptake reached the maximum level of uptake in 24 hours after injection. 2. As the injected amount increases, the uptake rates of maximum levels and release rate were increased. 3. Uptake rate in the removed thyroid have shown no statistical in the $35{\mu}c$ and $70{\mu}c$ groups of injected guinea pigs. 4. There was no statistical significance in $140{\mu}c$ and $280{\mu}c$ groups of injected guinea pigs. 5. P.B.$I^{131}$ conversion ratio of $I^{131}$ in serum was not in proportion to injected amounts: 61.0%(35), 70.2%(70), 75.3%(140) and 64.8%(280).

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.71-76
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• 2022

Indigenous diagnostic dose of ¹³¹I-labeled meta-iodobenzylguanidine ([¹³¹I]mIBG) was prepared via Cu⁺ catalyzed isotope exchange reaction generated in situ by sodium metabisulfite for imaging of neuroblastoma tumor. [¹³¹I]mIBG was produced in overall 85-90% radiochemical yield. The average amount of radioactivity of [¹³¹I]mIBG was 2164 MBq (1998-2331MBq) with an average specific activity > 1000 MBq/mg at the end of synthesis. The radiochemical purity was ≥ 99.9% after purification through Dowex-1 × 8 ion exchange resin (100-150 mesh) at the date of preparation. The stability of [¹³¹I]mIBG at concentration 480-555 MBq/mL was > 97% at 4 ℃ after 4 days. The room temperature (25 ℃) stability of [¹³¹I]mIBG was > 98% after 24 h. Biodistribution of [¹³¹I]mIBG in patient showed uptake in salivary glands, liver, spleen and excreted though urinary bladder. Neuroendocrine medicated uptake into tumor lesion and metastatic sites were noted which strongly correlate with the morphological abnormalities of patient.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 1984

A lot of radioisotopes are applied to medical fields. It's very important to measure the activities on airborne radioiodine discharged in air from $Na^{131}I$ solutions and from patients treated with radioiodine. Also surface decontamination is another one important problem to be completly solved in the isotope laboratory where there is always the possibility of radiation contamination. The Authors measured the activities on airborne radioiodine with RI collector and scintillation counter. 1. The mean accumulative activity of airborne radioiodine discharged into air from $Na^{131}I$ solution was measured as $1.3{\times}10^{-3}/hr$ rate, and the maximum value was $1.8{\times}10^{-3}/hr$. 2. Radioactivity rate per hour of airborne iodine discharged into air from patients treated with $Na^{131}I$ was measured as $6.2{\times}10^{-5}/hr$ at 8 hour after administration of radioiodine and decreased into $2{\times}10^{-6}/hr$ after 24 hour. 3. Metalic surfaces such as stainless steel or aluminum are decontaminated 5 to 6 times more rapidly than wood and concrete surfaces. 4. Decontamination with wet wiping with detergent was 9 to 10 times more rapidly than dry wiping method, but dry wiping was useful for the first step to prevent spreading and flowing from liquid radioactive materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.653-659
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to measure the (air dose rate of radiation dose) the discharged patient who was administrated high dose $^{131}I$ treatment, and to predict exposure radiation dose in public person. The dosimetric evaluation was performed according to the distance and angle using three copper rings in 30 patients who were treated with over 200mCi high dose Iodine therapy. The two observer were measured using a GM surverymeter with 8 point azimuth angle and three difference distance 50, 100, 150cm for precise radion dose measurement. We set up three predictive simulations to calculate the exposure dose based on this data. The most highest radiation dose rate was showed measuring angle $0^{\circ}$ at the height of 1m. The each distance average dose rate was used the azimuth angle average value of radiation dose rate. The maximum values of the external radiation dose rate depending on the distance were $214{\pm}16.5$, $59{\pm}9.1$ and $38{\pm}5.8{\mu}Sv/h$ at 50, 100, 150cm, respectively. If high dose Iodine treatment patient moves 5 hours using public transportation, an unspecified person in a side seat at 50cm is exposed 1.14 mSv radiation dose. A person who cares for 4days at a distance of 1 meter from a patient wearing a urine bag receives a maximum radiation dose of 6.5mSv. The maximum dose of radiation that a guardian can receive is 1.08mSv at a distance of 1.5m for 7days. The annual radiation dose limit is exceeded in a short time when applied the our developed radiation dose predictive modeling on the general public person who was around the patients with Iodine therapy. This study can be helpful in suggesting a reasonable guideline of the general public person protection system after discharge of high dose Iodine administered patients.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2009

Purpose: A whole body scan using a radioactive iodine (I-131) for the patients with differentiated thyroid cancer is generally an useful method to detect the remnant thyroid tissue, recurred lesion or metastasis lesion after a surgery. The high dose treatment using the radioactive iodine recently tends to increase, and a hospitalization wait for the treatment has been delayed for several months. In this hospital, the treatable patients per week were increased in number through expanding a water-purifier tank and the examination time also increased as the I-131 whole body scan patients increased. Improvement for this problem, this research reduce the existing examination time and classifying the lesion's exact position intended to by fabricating and utilizing the transmission scan tool and an excellent resolution for whole body imaging. Materials and Methods: After conducting the whole body scan for patients who visited the department from February to July 2008 and received the I-131 whole body scan using the ORBITER Gamma Camera. A rail was installed in the examination table for the transmission scan for show a contour of surface area and then the transmission image was obtained and fused to the whole body scan through fabricating the tool to put a flood phantom of diluted 2 mCi $^{99m}Tc$-pertechnetate. Results: Fused image of I-131 whole body scan and the transmission scan had the excellent resolution to discriminate an oral cavity or salivary gland region, neck region's lesion, and metastasis region's position through a simple marking, and could reduce the examination time of 8~28 minutes because without the additional local image. Conclusions: In I-131 whole body scan, the transmission scan can accurately show a contour of surface area through the attenuation of radioactivity, and is useful to indicate the remnant thyroid tissue or metastasis lesion's position by improving the resolution through the fusion image with alreadyexecuted I-131 whole body scan. Also, because the additional local image is not necessary, it can reduce the time required for the examination. It will extensively apply to other clinical examinations to be helpful for identifying an anatomical position because it shows the contour of surface area.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.436-442
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• 1998

Radioactive iodine treatment has been widely used for nearly 50 years in the treatment of thyroid cancer to ablate residual thyroid tissue after thyroidectomy and to treat metastatic disease. Leukemia is a rare complication associated with the radioactive iodine therapy. The occurrence of leukemia is known to be related to the cumulative dosage of I-131 more than 37 GBq (1 Ci) and also associated with the intervals of less than 12 months between the repeated doses. We report a case of a 52 year-old female patient with papillary cancer of thyroid who developed acute myelogenous leukemia after the total 20.4 GBq (550 mCi) of I-131 therapy over 3.2 years and palliative radiation therapy (3000 cGy) due to multiple bone metastasis of papillary cancer.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 1967

Over the past 6 years, from May 1960 to June 1966, 1,716 patients with various diseases of thyroid were examined and thyroid function tests with $^{131}I$ were done. Among them, 545 patients with hyperthyroidism were treated with $^{131}I$. A summary of the clinical data of the $^{131}I$-thyroid function tests and the therapeutic results of $^{131}I$ were presented and discussed. 1. The patients examined consisted of; 596 cases(34.7%) with toxic diffuse goiter, 412 cases(24.0%) with non-toxic nodular goiter, 278 cases(16.2%) with euthyroidism, 236 cases(13.8%) with non-toxic diffuse goiter, 89 cases(5.2%) with hypothyroidism, 53 cases(3.1%) with toxic nodular goiter, 32 cases(1.9%) with thyroiditis and 20 cases(1.2%) with dyshormonogenesis. 2. There were 218(12.7%) male patients and 1,498(87.3%) female patients, showing a ratio of 1:6.9. female predominantly. 3. The majority of patients(79.6%) were in the 3rd through 5th decades of their lives showing the peak in the 4th decades(35.9%). 4. The diagnostic values and normal ranges of $^{131}I$ uptake test, 48 hour serum activity, $T_3$ red blood cell uptake and $PB^{131}I$ conversion ratio were discussed. 5. An attention was given to dyshormonogenesis, a qualitative hypothyroidism, due to its characteristic findings of clinical and $^{131}I$ thyroid function tests, and its pathogenesis was briefly reviewed. 6. Among 545 patients with hyperthyroidism treated with $^{131}I$, 68.3% was cured after single. therapeutic dose and another 24.0% was cured after second dose. 7. The complications of $^{131}I$ therapy were discussed in some details and myxedema had developed. in 3.9% of our cases. No thyroid cancer was found after $^{131}I$ therapy.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 2000

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of radioiodine treatment for metastatic thyroid carcinoma, we reviewed results of radioactive iodine treatment in patients with functional lung or bone metastases. Materials and Methods: Of 760 patients who were treated for differentiated thyroid cancer between 1984 and 1998, we detected pulmonary metastases and bone metastases in 76 patients (10.0%) and 20 patients (2.6%), respectively. Among them, we could evaluate the effectiveness of I-131 therapy in 53 patients with lung metastases and 15 patients with bone metastases. Results: Of 53 patients who received I-131 therapy with a mean cumulative dose of 26.2 GBq (1.1-84.4 GBq) for pulmonary metastases, metastatic lung lesions completely resolved in 19 patients (35.8%) and improved in 22 patients (41.5%). In 13 of 19 patients with complete remission of pulmonary metastases, the total accumulated dose of I-131 was less than 18.5 GBq. We found 43 sites of metastatic bone lesions in 15 patients with bone metastases. Of 29 lesions which received I-131 therapy, metastatic lesions improved in 14 sites (48.3%), but did not change or progress in 15 sites (51.7%) despite the I-131 therapy. Three lesions were completely cured with a combination treatment of surgery(${\pm}$ external radiotherapy) and I-131 therapy, and the other 11 lesions improved. Conclusion: Radioactive iodine treatment gives favorable results for pulmonary metastases. However, for bone metastases, there might be a need to use combination therapy including I-131 and surgery or external irradiation.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 1994

The TCMI(Three-Compartment Model for iodine) computer code has been developed, which is based on the three-compartment model and the respiratory model recommended in ICRP publication 54. This code is able to evaluate the thyroid burden, dose equivalent, committed dose equivalent and urinary excretion rate as time-dependent functions from the input data: working time and the radioiodine concentration in air. Using the TCMI code, the time-dependent thyroid burdens, the thyroid doses and the urinary excretion rates were calculated for three specific exposure patterns : acute, chronic and periodic. Applicability as an internal dose evaluation method has been assessed by comparing the results with some operational experiences. Simple equations and tables are provided to be used in the evaluation of the thyroid burden and the resulting doses for given I-131 concentration in air and the working time.