• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2004

Midazolam은 현재 치과에서 널리 사용되고 있는 의식하 진정용 약물이다. 그러나 주로 경비투여로 사용될 뿐 경구투여 특히 소아에서 경구투여에 대한 지침이 언어 본 연구를 통해 midaaolam의 경구투여 시 진정효과에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 전신상태가 양호하며 2회 이상의 치료가 필요한 남아 15명 여아 13명, 총 28명의 환아를 대상으로 midazolam($Dormicum^{(R)}$, Roche)을 경비투여 (0.2mg/kg)와 경구투여 (0.5m/kg)하여 치과치료를 시행한 후 치료과정을 6단계로 구분하여 각 단계별로 수면지수와 울음지수, 움직임지수, 전반적인 행동지수를 측정, 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 전체 치료과정동안 수면지수와 울음지수, 움직임지수, 전반적인 행동지수 비교 시 I군(경비투여)과 II군(경구투여) 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 2. 보호자 설문조사 결과 I군에서는 67.8%의 보호자가 투여 시 아이가 고통스러워한다고 답하였으며 T군에서는 17.8%의 보호자가 투여에 어려움이 있다고 답하였다. 3. 귀가 후 행동양상에 대한 질문에서 '평상시와 비슷하다'가 I군에서는 78.6%, II군에서는 57.1%로 경비투여 시 더 빠른 회복을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 위와 같은 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 midazolam의 경구투여는 경비투여와 유사한 적절한 진정효과를 가지면서 환자에게 더 잘 받아들여지는 투여방법으로 생각된다.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.236.1-236.1
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• 2002

Mucosal administration of drug or therapeutic gene is emerging as a new route of delivery for systemic and local therapeutics. Previously. in situ gelling system has been applied to chemical drug such as acetaminophen. insulin. prostaglandin E1. and clotrimazole. Plasmid DNA has not been delivered in form of in situ gelling vehicles. To improve the intranasal absorption of plasmid DNA. we designed delivery systems composed of provide of in 냐셔 gelling and mucoadhesive polymers. (omitted)

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.175-181
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• 2006

Delivery of DNA vaccines to airway mucosa would be an ideal method for mucosal immunization. However, there have been few reports of a suitable gene delivery system. In this study we used a cationic emulsion to immunize mice via the intranasal route with pCMV-S coding for Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). Complexing pCMV-S with a cationic emulsion dramatically enhanced HBsAg expression in both nasal tissue and lung, and was associated with increases in the levels of HBs-specific Abs in serum and mucosal fluids, of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in the spleen and cervical and iliac lymph nodes, and of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) against HBsAg. In contrast, very weak humoral and cellular immunities were observed following immunization with naked DNA. In support of these observations, a higher proliferative response of spleenocytes was detected in the group immunized with the emulsion/pCMV-S complex than in the group immunized with naked pCMV-S. These findings may facilitate development of an emulsion-mediated gene vaccination technique for use against intracellular pathogens that invade mucosal surfaces.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1519-1528
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• 2017

Foodborne contamination and salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) are a significant threat to human health and poultry enterprises. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which are naturally secreted by gram-negative bacteria, could be a good vaccine option because they have many biologically active substances, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), outer membrane proteins (OMPs), and phospholipids, as well as periplasmic components. In the present study, we purified OMVs derived from S. Enteritidis and analyzed their characteristics through silver staining and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In total, 108 proteins were identified in S. Enteritidis OMVs through liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis, and OMPs, periplasmic proteins, and extracellular proteins (49.9% of total proteins) were found to be enriched in the OMVs compared with bacterial cells. Furthermore, native OMVs used in immunizations by either the intranasal route or the intraperitoneal route could elicit significant humoral and mucosal immune responses and provide strong protective efficiency against a lethal dose (~100-fold $LD_{50}$) of the wild-type S. Enteritidis infection. These results indicated that S. Enteritidis OMVs might be an ideal vaccine strategy for preventing S. Enteritidis diseases.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2014

A novel recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guerin (rBCG) vaccine co-expressed Eimeria tenella rhomboid and cytokine chicken IL-2 (chIL-2) was constructed, and its efficacy against E. tenella challenge was observed. The rhomboid gene of E. tenella and chIL-2 gene were subcloned into integrative expression vector pMV361, producing vaccines rBCG pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2. Animal experiment via intranasal and subcutaneous route in chickens was carried out to evaluate the immune efficacy of the vaccines. The results indicated that these rBCG vaccines could obviously alleviate cacal lesions and oocyst output. Intranasal immunization with pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2 elicited better protective immunity against E. tenella than subcutaneous immunization. Splenocytes from chickens immunized with either rBCG pMV361-rho and pMV361-rho-IL2 had increased $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ cell production. Our data indicate recombinant BCG is able to impart partial protection against E. tenella challenge and co-expression of cytokine with antigen was an effective strategy to improve vaccine immunity.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.69-81
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• 2023

Background: In order to assess the effectiveness of various analgesio-sedative combinations for pain relief and sedation in pediatric dental patients, a thorough evaluation of clinical studies and patient outcomes is necessary. Methods: A total of 128 healthy, uncooperative pediatric dental patients were randomly allocated to receive one of the four combinations of drugs via the intranasal (IN) route: Group I received midazolam-ketamine (MK), Group II received dexmedetomidine-ketamine (DK), Group III received midazolam-fentanyl (MF), and Group IV received dexmedetomidine-fentanyl (DF) in a parallel-arm study design. The efficacy and safety of the combinations were evaluated using different parameters. Results: The onset of sedation was significantly faster in the DF group than in the DK, MF, and MK groups (P < 0.001). The depth of sedation was significantly higher in the DK and DF groups than in the MK and MF groups (P < 0.01). DK and DF produced significant intra- and postoperative analgesia when compared with combinations of MK and MF. No significant adverse events were observed for any of the combinations. Conclusions: The DK and DF groups showed potential as analgesio-sedatives in view of their anxiolytic and analgesic effects.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.193-199
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• 2013

Burkholderia pyrrocinia CAB08106-4은 Sclereotium cepivorum와 Sclereotium sp.균주에 의해 발생하는 마늘 흑색썩음균핵병에 대한 항박테리아 효능을 가지고 있다. 이는 Sclereotium cepivorum와 Sclereotium sp.에 의해 발생하는 마늘 흑색썩음균핵병을 포함한 다양한 식물병원체를 관리하고 예방하는데 있어 친환경적인 미생물 제품이다. 이번 시험의 목적은 Burkholderia pyrrocinia CAB08106-4를 경구, 호흡기, 정맥에 대한 단회투여 시의 급성독성 증상과 병원성을 비교하고 평가하고자 한다. 급성독성/병원성 시험에서 랫드를 3, 7, 14, 21일에 안락사하여 체내 미생물잔존상황을 관찰하였고, 투여 후 21일 동안 매일 임상증상 관찰과 체중증가량을 평가하였다. 이번 시험에서 전체 시험기간 동안 투여군에 있어서 사망례는 물론 시험물질 투여와 관련된 임상증상은 관찰되지 않았고 체중도 정상적으로 증가한 것으로 관찰되었다. 미생물의 체 내외 관찰결과에 있어서도 모든 군에서 미생물은 검출되지 않았으며, 생존동물을 부검 관찰한 병리소견에서도 Burkholderia pyrrocinia CAB08106-4 투여와 관련된 이상은 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 통해 급성경구, 급성호흡기 및 급성정맥 시험에서 투여된 미생물의 시험물질은 독성과 병원성에 문제가 없는 것으로 평가되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2002

Cells infected With equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) Produced both infectious and non-infectious Virus-related particles. Compared to the whole virion, non-infectious particles termed L-particles were deter-mined to lack 150 kDa protein, commonly known as nucleocapsid protein. The potential of L-particles to induce immune responses was studied in mice and foals. Intranasal immunization with L-particles or whole virions induced poor IgG antibody responses in mice. Interestingly, despite the poor antibody response, the conferred immunity protected the host from challenge infections. This was indicated by a significant reduction in virus titers in line with recovery towards normal body weight. Subsequently, the test on the usefulness of L-particles as immunizing agents was extended to foals. Immunization of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) foals resulted in similar results. As determined by a complement-fixing-antibody test (CFT), foals seroconverted when they were immunized either with inactivated L-particles or whole virions via intramuscular (i.m.) injections. The presence of the antibody correlated with the degree of protection. Beyond day 1 post challenge infection (p.i.), there was no virus shedding in the nasal mucus of foals immunized with whole EHV-1 virions. Virus shedding was observed in foals Immunized with L-particles but limited to days 6 to 8 p.i. only. In contrast, extended vim shedding was observed in non-immunized foals and it was well beyond day 14 p.i. Viremia was not detected for more than four days except in non-immunized foals. Immunization in mice via intranasal (i.n.) conferred good protection. However, compared to the i.n. route, a greater degree of protection was obtained in foals following immunization via i.m. route. Despite variation in the degree of protection due to different routes of immunization in the two animal species, our results have established significant evidence that immunization with L-particles confers protection in the natural host. It is suggested that non-infectious L-particles should be used as immunizing agents for vaccination of horses against EHV-1 infection.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.193-208
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• 2023

One of the most significant medical advancements in human history is the development of vaccines. Progress in vaccine development has always been greatly influenced by scientific human innovation. The main objective of vaccine development would be to acquire sufficient evidence of vaccine effectiveness, immunogenicity, safety, and/or quality to support requests for marketing approval. Vaccines are biological products that enhance the body's defenses against infectious diseases. From the first smallpox vaccine to the latest notable coronavirus disease 2019 nasal vaccine, India has come a long way. The development of numerous vaccines, driven by scientific innovation and advancement, combined with researcher's knowledge, has helped to reduce the global burden of disease and mortality rates. The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules of 1945 and the New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules of 2019 specify the requirements and guidelines for CMC (chemistry, manufacturing, and controls) for all manufactured and imported vaccines, including those against coronavirus infections. This article provides an overview of the regulation pertaining to the development process, registration, and approval procedures for vaccines, particularly in India, along with their brief history.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.427-436
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• 2008

진정법을 이용한 소아환자의 치과치료 시 chloral hydrate와 hydroxyzine을 복용 후 추가로 midazolam을 비점막내로 분무하는 것과 구강 점막 하로 주사했을 때 행동 반응과 진정 효과에 대해 비교하고자 하였다. 미국 마취과학회 신체등급 I급 (ASAI)이며, 협조가 안 되는 24-72 개월 소아 환자 중 진정법을 통해 2개 치아 이상의 보존 치료 및 발치 치료를 받은 33명을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환자는 chloral hydrate 50 mg/kg 와 hydroxyzine 1 mg/kg 복용하였다. 45분 후 한 군은 비강내로 midazolam 0.2 mg/kg 을 추가 투여하였고 다른 군은 구강 점막 하 midazolam 0.2mg/kg 을 주사하였다. 치료하는 동안 두 군 모두 50 % nitrous oxide 를 유지하였다. 맥박 산소 계측기와 호기말 이산화탄소 분압 측정기를 이용하여 산소 포화도, 맥박수, 호흡수, 호기말 이산화탄소 분압을 기록하였다. 행동 반응은 Quiet(Q), Crying(C), Movement(M) 그리고 Struggling(S)를 이용하여 총 40분 동안 매 2분마다 기록하고 모든 진정 치료 과정은 비디오로 촬영하였다. 모든 자료는 chi-sqaure test와 two sample independent t-test를 사용하여 분석하였다. 두 군간의 평균 도입 시간과 최대 치료 시간은 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 또한 활력 생징후도 모두 정상 범위이며 두 군 사이에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 행동 반응 비교에서는 치료 시작 10분 동안 비강내 투여 군이 점막 하 투여 군보다 개선된 행동 반응을 보였다(P<0.05). 치료 시작 10분 이후에는 두 군사이의 행동 반응에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이 연구는 chloral hydrate 와 hydroxyzine 복용 후 nitrous oxide 50%로 유지하는 진정법에 비강내로 midazolam을 추가 투여하는 것은 점막 하로 추가 투여와 유사한 진정 효과를 가진다. 또한 비강내 midazolam 추가 투여하는 것은 구강 점막 하로 추가 투여의 장점을 가지면서도 비침습적이고 상대적으로 통증이 적다는 이점이 있다. 그러므로 비강내 midazolam 추가 투여는 침습적인 구강 점막 하 추가 투여를 대체할 만한 방법이다.