• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.384-391
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• 2024

Morphological evaluation of the small intestine mucosa and apoptosis activity (caspase-3) is necessary to assess the severity of damage to the small intestine. At the same time, proliferative index based on Ki-67 can be used to assess the regenerative potential of the small intestine. Fragments of small intestine of Wistar rats (n=60) of three groups: I) control (n=20); II) experimental group (n=20; local single electron irradiation at a dose of 2 Gy), III) experimental group (n=20; local single electron irradiation at a dose of 8 Gy) were studied by light microscopy using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical reactions with antibodies to Ki-67 and caspase-3. In all samples of the experimental groups, a decrease in all morphometric indices was observed on day 1 with a tendency to recover on day 3. Small intestinal electron irradiation led to disturbances in the histoarchitecture of varying severity, and an increase in cell apoptosis was observed (increased expression of caspase-3 and decrease in Ki-67). In addition, modulation of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways was detected. The most pronounced destructive changes were observed in the group of 8 Gy single electron irradiation. Local irradiation of the small intestine with electrons at a dose of 2 and 8 Gy results in a decrease in the number of enterocytes, mainly stem cells of the intestinal crypts.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.194-197
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• 1988

We measured the rate of water transfer across the isolated small intestine of the rat in Wiseman apparatus using tritiated water ($^3H_2O$) in drinking beverages such as electrolytes solution, fruit juice, carbonated water and barley water. Initial transfer rate of water using four beverages were determined: Electrolytes solution is the fastest and followed by barley water, carbonated water and fruit juice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.43-46
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• 1982

The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of surfactants on the absorption and the bioavailability of ascorbic acid in the small intestine of rats and rabbits absorption of ascorbic acid in small intestine of rats was increased with tween 80 and span 80.The blood level of ascorbic acid in rabbits was elevated by combined with low concentration of surfactants but high concentration of surfactants. The bioavailability of ascorbic acid was increased by simultaneous administration of surfactants.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.228-236
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• 2019

CD4 T cells differentiate into $ROR{\gamma}t/IL$-17A-expressing cells in the small intestine following colonization by segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). However, it remains unclear whether SFB-specific CD4 T cells can differentiate directly from naïve precursors, and whether their effector differentiation is solely directed towards the Th17 lineage. In this study, we used adoptive T cell transfer experiments and showed that naïve CD4 T cells can migrate to the small intestinal lamina propria (sLP) and differentiate into effector T cells that synthesize IL-17A in response to SFB colonization. Using single cell RT-PCR analysis, we showed that the progenies of SFB responding T cells are not uniform but composed of transcriptionally divergent populations including Th1, Th17 and follicular helper T cells. We further confirmed this finding using in vitro culture of SFB specific intestinal CD4 T cells in the presence of cognate antigens, which also generated heterogeneous population with similar features. Collectively, these findings indicate that a single species of intestinal bacteria can generate a divergent population of antigen-specific effector CD4 T cells, rather than it provides a cytokine milieu for the development of a particular effector T cell subset.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.5 s.72
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• pp.707-714
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• 2005

The conventional histochemical staining were used to study mucosubstances properties of intestinal striated border and goblet cells in four teleostean species, i. e., Sebastes schlegeli, Halichoeres poecilopterus, Bryzoichthys lysimus, and Takifugu pardalis. The following methods were used; PAS, AB pH 2.5, AB pH 1.0, AB pH 2.5-PAS, AF pH 1.7-AB pH 2.5 and HID-AB pH 2.5 stains. The mucosubstances of striated border in the proximal intestine and rectum of Sebastes schlegeli contained with neutral mucin, middle and distal intestine contained with neutral mucin and acid mucin. The striated border of all the intestines of Halichoeres poecilopterus contained with neutral mucin and acid mucin, and those of Bryzoichthys lysimus and Tnkifugu pardalis contained with neutral mucin only. The amounts of neutral mucin were moderate to considerable in Sebastes schlegeli and Halichoeres poecilopterus, minimal to small in Bryzoichthys lysimus and Tnkifugu pardalis. The amounts and properties in mucosubstances of intestinal goblet cells showed differences in species and regions. The intestinal goblet cells of Bryzoichthys lysimus, and Tnkifugu pardalis contained neutral mucin only while Sehastes schlegeli and Halichoeres poecilopterus contained mixture of neutral mucin, sulfomucin and sialomucin. The amounts of neutral mucin were considerable to large in distal intestine and rectum of Tnkifugu pardalis, while moderate to considerable in all intestines of Sehastes schlegeli, all the intestines except for middle intestine of Bryzoichthys lysimus, and proximal and middle intestine of Tnkifugu pardalis. Also it was minimal to small in middle intestine of Halichoeres poecilopterus. The intestinal goblet cells of Sehastes schlegeli contained mixture of minimal amounts of strong sulfmucin, weak sulfomucin and minimal to small amounts of sialomucin, and those of Halichoeres poecilopterus except for rectum contained mixture of minimal to small amounts of strong sulfomucin and sialomucin.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.261-270
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• 1990

The gastrointestinal endocrine cells of the Korean native goat were studied immunohistochemically, and 5-HT-, somatostatin-, Gas/CCK-, glucagon-, chromogranin- and PP- immunoreactive cells were revealed. The characteristic findings of the regional distribution and relative frequency of these immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Korean native goat were as follows. 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were more numerous in the small and large intestine than in the abdomen stomach. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cell were more numerous in the abdomen stomach than in the small and large intestine. Gas/CCK-immunoreactive cells were concentrated very numerously in the pyloric region with a few in the other regions. Moderate numbers of glucagon-immunoreactive cells were found in the small and large intestine, but a few of them were found in the abdomen stomach. Very numerous chromogranin-immunoreactive cells were detected throughout the gastrointestinal tract. PP-immunoreactive cells were observed moderate numbers in the large intestine with few in the ileum. No insulin-immunoreactive cell was found in the gastrointestinal tract.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.163-170
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• 2020

Background: Gut microflora contributes to the nutritional metabolism of the host and to strengthen its immune system. However, if the intestinal barrier function of the living body is destroyed by radiation exposure, the intestinal bacteria harm the health of the host and cause sepsis. Therefore, this study aims to trace short-term radiation-induced changes in the mouse gut microflora-dominant bacterial genus, and analyze the degree of intestinal epithelial damage. Materials and Methods: Mice were irradiated with 0, 2, 4, 8 Gy X-rays, and the gut microflora and intestinal epithelial changes were analyzed 72 hours later. Five representative genera of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were analyzed in fecal samples, and the intestine was pathologically analyzed by Hematoxylin-Eosin and Alcian blue staining. In addition, DNA fragmentation was evaluated by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Results and Discussion: The small intestine showed shortened villi and reduced number of goblet cells upon 8 Gy irradiation. The large intestine epithelium showed no significant morphological changes, but the number of goblet cells were reduced in a radiation dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the small intestinal epithelium of 8 Gy-irradiated mice showed significant DNA damaged, whereas the large intestine epithelium was damaged in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the large intestine epithelium showed less recovery potential upon radiation exposure than the small intestinal epithelium. Analysis of the intestinal flora revealed fluctuations in lactic acid bacteria excretion after irradiation regardless of the morphological changes of intestinal epithelium. Altogether, it became clear that radiation exposure could cause an immediate change of their excretion. Conclusion: This study revealed changes in the intestinal epithelium and intestinal microbiota that may pave the way for the identification of novel biomarkers of radiation-induced gastrointestinal disorders and develop new therapeutic strategies to treat patients with acute radiation syndrome.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.356-370
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• 2006

Objectives: The aim of this experimental study is to investigate effects of Dolichoris Semen, Terminaliae Fructus and Bojanggunbi-tangon the anti-cathartic action of mice and guinea pigs to develop effective herbal medicine and prescription to cure diarrhea early and to prevent side effect of chronic diarrhea. Methods: To compare effects of Dolichoris Semen, Terminaliae Fructus and Bojanggunbi-tangon the anti-cathartic action of mice and guinea pigs, we evaluated the actions on isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscles. on the transportability of small and large intestines, onthe neostigmine-induced transportability of small intestine and on diarrhea induced by castor oil, pilocarpine, barium chloride. Results: (1) Dolichoris Semen, Terminaliae Fructus and Bojanggunbi-tang showed the strong alleviation on the contraction of mice's isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscles induced by acetylcholine chloride and barium chloride. while Terminaliae Fructus, strong, Bojanggunbi-tang, intermediate and Dolichoris Semenshowed the minor alleviation on the contraction of guinea pigs' isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscles induced by acetylcholine chloride and histamine. All effects depended on the density in each medicine. (2) The tranbportability of small intestine was contrained in the groups controlled by 600 mg/kg of Dolichoris Semen, Terminaliae Fructus and Bojanggunbi-tang, and 200 mg/kg of D olichoris Semen and Terminaliae Fructus. However, the enhancement of neostigmine-induced transportability of small intestine was constrained only in the groups controlled by 600 mg/kg of Dolichoris Semen, Terminaliae Fructus and Boianggunbi-tang. (3) The transportability of large intestine was constrained by Dolichoris Semen and Bojanggunbi-tang. They showed substantial results. which depended on the amount of each medicine. (4) Terminaliae Fructus showed substantial anti-cathartic effects on diarrhea induced by caster oil in both groups controlled by 200 and 600 mg/kg of it. However, Bojanggunbi-tangshowed the effects only in the group controlled by 600 mg/kg. in diarrhea induced by pilocarpine, the groups controlled by 600 mg/kg or Terminaliae Fructus and 200 and 600 mg/kg of Boianggnbi-tangshowed substantial results. In diarrhea induced by barium chloride. the groups controlled by 200 and 600 mg/kg of Terminaliae Fructus and 600 mg/kg of Boianggunbi-tangshowed substantial results in anti-cathartic effects. Conclusions: These results show that Terminaliae Fructus is more effective on the contraction of mice and guinea pigs' isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscles, Dolichoris Semen is more effective on the transportability of small intestine, Dolichoris Semen and Bojanggunbi-tang are more effective on the transportability of large intestine. Terminaliae Fructus and Bojanggunbi-tang show substantial results in anti-cathartic actions.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Alisma canaliculatum Extract (ACE) on pacemaker potentials of small and large intestinal interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) in mice. Methods : We used enzymatic digestions to dissociate the ICC in the small and large intestine in mice. The whole-cell patch-clamp method was used to record pacemaker potentials in ICC. Results : 1. The ICC generated the pacemaker potentials in small intestine in mice. ACE (0.1-1mg/ml) induced membrane depolarization and decreased frequency with concentration-dependent manners. 2. Pretreatment with a Ca²⁺ free solution, Na⁺ 5 mM solution or 2-APB, a nonselective cation channel blocker, stopped the small intestinal ICC pacemaker potentials. In the case of Ca²⁺-free solution, Na⁺ 5 mM solution or 2-APB, ACE had no effects on the membrane depolarizations in small intestinal ICC. 3. The ICC generated the pacemaker potentials in large intestine in mice. Membrane depolarization appears regularly in the small intestine, but irregularly in the large intestine. ACE induced membrane depolarization (0.1-1mg/ml) and increased frequency (0.1-0.5mg/ml). 4. Pretreatment with a Ca²⁺ free solution, Na⁺ 5 mM solution or 2-APB, stopped the large intestinal ICC pacemaker potentials. In the case of Ca²⁺-free solution, Na⁺ 5 mM solution or 2-APB, ACE depolarized the membrane depolarizations in large intestinal ICC. 5. In mice, intestinal transit rate (ITR) values were dose-dependently decreased by the intragastric administration of ACE. Conclusions : These results suggest that ACE can regulate the pacemaker activity of ICC and the reaction by ACE is different from the small and large intestinal ICC, and the control of the intestinal motion by ACE may be caused by many complex processes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.373-375
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• 1993

Quantitative ${\beta}$-galactosidase estimation in the intestinal mucosal cells of calves with diarrhea under experimental conditions due to rotavirus were undertaken. A quantitative decrease of 40-70% in ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity was observed in proximal and middle segments of the small intestine of the infected calves, more so in the middle segments. The decrease in the distal part of the intestine, however, was lesser (5 to 30%). The decrease in the activity was more marked on the day 2 to 6 post infection indicating the degree of the damage of the villi of the small intestine.