• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.48-56
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• 2017

Objectives Hataedock is a treatment that dispels toxic heat and meconium which has been accumulated to the fetus from a pregnant mother via orally administering herbal extracts to a newborn baby. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of Hataedock, with using the extract of Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis, to the early administration of probiotics for immunomodulation in the intestinal mucosa. Methods NC/Nga mice were divided into three groups; Control group (no treatment), CGT group (3-week-old mice given the extract of Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis), and MBT group (3-week-old mice given a Bifidobacterium). After 2 weeks, the intestinal mucosa tissues of each group of mice were observed. Immunohistochemical staining for IL-4, IL-13, CD40, $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$, $p-I{\kappa}B$, EGF, and VEGF in the intestinal mucosa was performed. Results CGT group showed 65% decrease in IL-4, 67% decrease in IL-13, 58% decrease in CD40, 72% decrease in $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$, 76% decrease in $p-I{\kappa}B$, 41% increase in EGF and 100% increase in VEGF compared to the control group. MBT group also showed 50% decrease in IL-4, 63% decrease in IL-13, 33% decrease in CD40, 53% decrease in $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$, 46% decrease in $p-I{\kappa}B$, 23% increase in EGF and 151% increase in VEGF compared to the control group. Conclusions These results suggest that both Hataedock, with using the extract of Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and early administration of probiotics were effective in regulating Th2, relieving inflammation and developing intestinal mucosal tissues. Hataedock with extract of Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis may be more effective for immunomodulation in intestinal mucosa than probiotics.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.31-42
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• 2020

Objectives The purpose of this study is to perform a review on recent researches of Hataedock, a traditional method of removing fetal toxin by dropping herbal extracts in the mouth, to appraise its preventive and therapeutic effects of diseases. Methods Studies of Hataedock were extracted from both Chinese and Korean medical journals published within 10 years, from January 2010 to January 2020. Clinical studies and experimental researches were analyzed and categorized to skin disease, allergic rhinitis, intestinal mucosa inflammation and anal fistula for further evaluation. Results Among 194 studies were searched and screened, 22 met designated criteria. Hataedock showed the effectiveness in treating skin disease, allergic rhinitis, intestinal mucosa inflammation and anal fistula by maintaining skin barrier and regulating immune system. Coptis japonica, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Fermented Glycine max were mainly used as herbal extracts in Hataedock. Conclusion This study shows the recent research trends of Hataedock and suggests that Hataedock can be considered as a method of treatment or prevention to some of the incurable chronic diseases.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.94-98
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• 2021

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce a variety of cellular responses, such as proliferation, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis. Intestinal epithelial cells are continuously exposed to ROS, and excessive generation of ROS severely damages cells via oxidative stress. Pro-inflammatory cytokines may lead to intestinal inflammation and damage by inducing excessive ROS generation. In this study, we showed that papiliocin, an antimicrobial peptide, significantly inhibited ROS production, without affecting cell viability. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 expression was decreased in the intestinal epithelial cells. The activity of papiliocin may significantly contribute to preserving the integrity of the intestinal mucosa against oxidative damage and inflammation-related disorders.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.3_spc
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• pp.338-344
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• 2021

In the modern pig production, pigs are weaned at early age with immature intestine. Dietary and environmental factors challenge the intestine, specifically the jejunum, causing inflammation and oxidative stress followed by destruction of epithelial barrier and villus structures in the jejunum. Crypt cell proliferation increases to repair damages in the jejunum. Challenges to maintain the intestinal health have been shown to be related to changes in the profile of mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum of nursery pigs. All these processes can be quantified as biomarkers to determine status of intestinal health related to growth potential of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs with impaired intestinal health show reduced ability of nutrient digestion and thus reduced growth. A tremendous amount of research effort has been made to determine nutritional strategies to maintain or improve intestinal health and microbiota in nursery pigs. A large number of feed additives have been evaluated for their effectiveness on improving intestinal health and balancing intestinal microbiota in nursery pigs. Selected prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and other bioactive compounds can be used in feeds to handle issues with intestinal health. Selection of these feed additives should aim modulating biomarkers indicating intestinal health. This review aims to define intestinal health and introduce examples of nutritional approaches to handle intestinal health in nursery pigs.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.37-45
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• 2017

Objectives Hataedock is an orally-administered herbal extract that used to treat toxic heat and help excrete meconium accumulates in the fetus from pregnancy. This study compared the effects of Hataedock using the extract of Douchi and omega-3 to control inflammation in the colonic mucosa. Methods NC/Nga mice were divided into three groups; Control group (no treatment), FGT group (given the extract of Douchi), and O3T group (given omega-3). The 3-week-old mouse from each group were given the extract of Douchi and omega-3. After 2 weeks, the colonic mucosa tissues of the mice were observed via Immunohistochemical staining for IL-4, IL-13, CD40, $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$, $p-I{\kappa}B$, EGF in the intestinal mucosa. Results In both FGT and O3T group, IL-4, IL-13, STAT-6 levels and CD40-positive reactions were decreased. However, EGF-positive responses were increased. FGT group showed 35% decrease in IL-4, 45% decrease in IL-13, 48% decrease in CD40, 50% decrease in $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$, 54% decrease in $p-I{\kappa}B$, 52% increase in EGF compared to the control group. O3T group also showed 14% decrease in IL-4, 23% decrease in IL-13, 22% decrease in CD40, 29% decrease in $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$, 41% decrease in $p-I{\kappa}B$, 39% increase in EGF compared to the control group. Conclusions Both early administration of Douchi extract and omega-3 were effective in regulating Th2, relieving inflammation and developing colonic mucosal tissues. Hataedock with Douchi extract may be more effective in modulating immune system in colonic mucosa than omega-3.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1807-1810
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• 2014

Background: It is known that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) plays an integral role during intestinal inflammation, an important factor for colon cancer development. Natural compounds from Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) have long been a potential source of bioactive materials with various beneficial biological functions. Among them, a major active curcuminoid, demethoxycurcumin (DMC) has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages or microglia cells. However, the role of DMC on iNOS expression and NO production in an in vitro inflamed human intestinal mucosa model has not yet been elucidated. This study concerned inhibitory effects on iNOS expression and NO production of DMC in inflamed human intestinal Caco-2 cells. An in vitro model was generated and inhibitory effects on NO production of DMC at 65 ${\mu}M$ for 24-96 h were assessed by monitoring nitrite levels. Expression of iNOS mRNA and protein was also investigated. DMC significantly decreased NO secretion by 35-41% in our inflamed cell model. Decrease in NO production by DMC was concomitant with down-regulation of iNOS at mRNA and protein levels compared to proinflammatory cytokine cocktail and LPS-treated controls. Mechanism of action of DMC may be partly due to its potent inhibition of the iNOS pathway. Our findings suggest that DMC may have potential as a therapeutic agent against inflammation-related diseases, especially in the gut.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.200-210
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• 2002

Objectives: Dojeckjiyu-tang has been used to treat Hwaseol & Jeokri. The object of this study is examination of the treatment effect of Dojeckjiyu-tang for ulcerative colitis of the mouse descending colon. Methods and Materials : Twenty-one rats were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows: the control group was untreated mice. The UCE group was ulcerative colitis elicited mice. The DJT group was Dojeckjiyu-tang treated mice after ulcerative colitis elicitation. The groups were examined with common morphology, paneth cells in intestinal crypt, absorptive cells and goblet cells in epithelium, cell division in mucose, COX-1 as mucosal protector, COX-2 (which appears to play an important role in inflammation), IL-2R-, ICMA-1-inducing cellular immuno-chainreaction, and the distribution of apoptotic cells. Results: 1. The morphology of colonic mucosa from UCE mice: the disappearance of epithelium and intestinal propria in hemorrhagic erosions were seen, but in the morphology of colonic mucosa from DJT-treated mice, the configuration of epithelium and intestinal propria were the same as normal. 2. The distribution of goblet cells and absorptive cells with microvilli in intestinal propria from UCE mice: a noticeable decrease of goblet cells and absorptive cells with microvilli were seen, but with the distribution of goblet cells and absorptive cells with microvilli in intestinal propria from DJT -treated mice, the configuration of goblet cells and absorptive cells with microvilli were the same as normal. 3. The immunohistochemical stain for BrdD in colonic mucosa and COX-1 in lamina propria from UCE mice: BrdU positive cells and COX-1 positive cells in the region of hemorrhagic erosion disappeared, but in the immunohistochemical stain for BrdU in colonic mucosa and COX-1 in lamina propria from DIT-treated mice, BrdU positive cells and COX-1 positive cells were seen. 4. The immunohistochemical stain for COX-2 in lamina propria, IL-2R-in lamina propria, intestinal propria and submucosa and ICMA-1 in intestinal propria and submucosa from DCE mice: a noticeable increase COX-2, IL-2R-, ICMA-1 positive cells were seen, but in the immunohistochemical stain for COX-2 in lamina propria, IL-2R-in lamina propria, intestinal propria and submucosa and ICMA-1 in intestinal propria and submucosa from DJT-treated mice, a numerical decrease of COX-2, IL-2R-, ICMA-1 positive cells was observed. 5. The distribution of apoptotic cells in epithelium and lamina propria from UCE mice: a noticeable increase of apoptotic cells in region of hemorrhagic erosion was seen, but in the distribution of apoptotic cells in epithelium and lamina propria from DJT-treated mice, a remarkable decrease of apoptotic cells was seen. Conclusions: According to the above results, Dojeckjiyu-tang has a moderate effect on ulcerative colitis in descending colon.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2014

Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation includes induction of inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-8 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which are mediated by oxidant-sensitive transcription factor NF-${\kappa}B$. High levels of lipid peroxide (LPO) and increased activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a biomarker of neutrophil infiltration, are observed in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Panax ginseng Meyer, a Korean herb medicine, is widely used in Asian countries for its biological activities including anti-inflammatory efficacy. The present study aims to investigate whether Korean Red Ginseng extract (RGE) inhibits H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation in Mongolian gerbils. One wk after intragastric inoculation with H. pylori, Mongolian gerbils were fed with either the control diet or the diet containing RGE (200 mg RGE/gerbil) for 6 wk. The following were determined in gastric mucosa: the number of viable H. pylori in stomach; MPO activity; LPO level; mRNA and protein levels of keratinocyte chemoattractant factor (KC, a rodent IL-8 homolog), IL-$1{\beta}$, and iNOS; protein level of phospho-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$(which reflects the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$); and histology. As a result, RGE suppressed H. pylori-induced mRNA and protein levels of KC, IL-$1{\beta}$, and iNOS in gastric mucosa. RGE also inhibited H. pylori-induced phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and increases in LPO level and MPO activity of gastric mucosa. RGE did not affect viable H. pylori colonization in the stomach, but improved the histological grade of infiltration of poly-morphonuclear neutrophils, intestinal metaplasia, and hyperplasia. In conclusion, RGE inhibits H. pyloriinduced gastric inflammation by suppressing induction of inflammatory mediators (KC, IL-$1{\beta}$, iNOS), MPO activity, and LPO level in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.521-527
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• 1998

An important property of the intestine is the ability to secrete fluid. The intestinal secretion is regulated by a number of substances including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), ATP and different inflammatory mediators. One of the most important secretagogues is adenosine during inflammation. However, the controversy concerning the underlying mechanism of adenosine-stimulated $Cl^-$ secretion in intestinal epithelial cells still continues. To investigate the effect of adenosine on $Cl^-$ secretion and its underlying mechanism in the rabbit colon mucosa, we measured short circuit current ($I_{SC}$) under automatic voltage clamp with DVC-1000 in a modified Ussing chamber. Adenosine, when added to the basolateral side of the muocsa, increased $I_{SC}$ in a dose-dependent manner. The adenosine-stimulated $I_{SC}$ response was abolished when $Cl^-$ in the bath solution was replaced completely with gluconate. In addition, the $I_{SC}$ response was inhibited by a basolateral Na-K-Cl cotransporter blocker, bumetanide, and by apical $Cl^-$ channel blockers, dephenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC), 5-nitro-2-(3-phenyl-propylamino)-benzoate (NPPB), glibenclamide. Amiloride, an epithelial $Na^+$ channel blocker, and 4,4-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2-disulphonate (DIDS), a $Ca^{2+}-activated$ $Cl^-$ channel blocker, had no effect. In the mucosa pre-stimulated with forskolin, adenosine did not show any additive effect, whereas carbachol resulted in a synergistic potentiation of the $I_{SC}$ response. The adenosine response was inhibited by 10 ${\mu}M$ H-89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A. These results suggest that the adenosine-stimulated $I_{SC}$ response is mediated by basolateral to apical $Cl^-$ secretion through a cAMP-dependent $Cl^-$ channel. The rank order of potencies of adenosine receptor agonists was $5'-(N-ethylcarboxamino)adenosine(NECA)＞N^6-(R-phenylisopropyl)adenosine(R-$ PIA)＞2-[p-(2-carbonylethyl)-phenyl-ethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxaminoadenosine(CGS21680). From the above results, it can be concluded that adenosine interacts with the $A_{2b}$ adenosine receptor in the rabbit colon mucosa and a cAMP-dependent signalling mechanism underlies the stimulation of $Cl^-$ secretion.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.78.1-78.15
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• 2020

Background: Enteritis is one of the most frequently reported symptoms in piglets infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), but the immunopathogenesis has not been reported. Objectives: This study examined the effect of a PCV2 infection on the intestinal mucosal immune function through morphological observations and immune-related molecular detection. Methods: Morphological changes within the ileum of piglets during a PCV2 infection were observed. The expression of the related-molecules was analyzed using a gene chip. The immunocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. The secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) content was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The PCV2 infection caused ileal villus damage, intestinal epithelial cells exfoliation, and an increase in lymphocytes in the lamina propria at 21 days post-infection. Differentially expressed genes occurred in the defense response, inflammatory response, and the complement and coagulation cascade reactions. Most of them were downregulated significantly at the induction site and upregulated at the effector site. The genes associated with SIgA production were downregulated significantly at the induction site. In contrast, the expression of the Toll-like receptor-related genes was upregulated significantly at the effector site. The frequencies of dendritic cells, B cells, and CD8⁺T cells were upregulated at the 2 sites. The SIgA content decreased significantly in the ileal mucosa. Conclusions: PCV2 infections can cause damage to the ileum that is associated with changes in immune-related gene expression, immune-related cell subsets, and SIgA production. These findings elucidated the molecular changes in the ileum after a PCV2 infection from the perspective of intestinal mucosal immunity, which provides insights into a further study for PCV2-induced enteritis.