• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2001

In recent years, colon cancer has been reported to be one of the most important causes of cancer morbidity and mortality in Korea. Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used to ferment dairy products inhibits colon carcinogenesis. The present study was designed to determine whether the colon cancer inhibitory effect of LAB (Bifidobacterium longum Hy8001; Bif and Lactobacillus acidophilus HY2l04; Lac) of Korean origin, is associated with intestinal microflora composition and certain enzyme activity in rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM). At five weeks of age, SD rats were divided at random into four (AOM alone, Bif, Lac, and Bif+Lac) groups. Oral administration of lactic acid bacteria cultures were performed daily until the termination of the study. Two weeks later all animals were given a subcutaneous injection of AOM dissolved in normal saline at a dose of 15 mg/kg of body weight once weekly for 2 weeks. Every two weeks for 10 weeks, five of the rats in each group were randomly chosen for fecal specimen collection. The fecal specimens were used for assay of $\beta$-glucuronidase and nitroreductase, and analysis of intestinal microflora composition. The activity of $\beta$-glucuronidase which plays an important role in the production of the carcinogenic metabolite of azoxymethane was remarkably increased in the AOM alone group after AOM injection and maintained the high level during the experiment. However, LAB inhibited the AOM-induced increase in $\beta$-glucuronidase activity. Nitroreductase activity decreased by 30-40% in LAB treated groups in comparison with that of the AOM alone group. The results of the present study suggest that LAB inhibits colon carcinogenesis by modulating the metabolic activity of intestinal micro-flora and improving the composition of intestinal microflora.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.387-392
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented spent mushroom substrate (FSMS) on growth performance, blood profile, intestinal microflora and ammonia gas production of feces in broiler chickens. A total of three hundred sixty, 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates of 20 birds each. The treatments were control (free FSMS), 15% FSMS (basal diet with 15% FSMS) and 30% FSMS (basal diet with 30% FSMS). The final body weight and body weight gains were slightly improved in 30% FSMS than control (P<0.05). Feed intake and feed conversion were significantly improved as compared to those of the control groups. The Leukocytes of blood serum in FSMS groups were significantly decreased as compared to those of control groups. There are no significant differences among the groups in the contents of albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (TCHO), glucose (GLU), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in blood serum. The content of total glucose (TG) in 30% FSMS containing dietary groups was significantly decreased as compared to that of the control groups. The content of HDLC in 30% FSMS containing dietary groups was significantly increased as compared to that of the control group. The number of lactobacillus in the intestinal microflora were significantly increased in chicks fed FSMS groups. The ammonia gas production in FSMS groups was siginificantly decreased as compard to that the control groups. These results indicated that dietary FSMS exerted growth performance for feeding broiler.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1109-1114
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• 2008

To understand the role of intestinal microflora in the biological effect of functional herbs, which have been used in Korea, Japan, and China as traditional medicines, and suggest new bioactive compounds transformed from herbal constituents, the metabolic activities of the functional herb components (ginsenoside Rb1, crocin, amygdalin, geniposide, puerarin, ginsenoside Re, poncirin, hesperidin, glycyrrhizin, and baicalin) toward their bioactive compounds (compound K, crocetin, benzaldehyde, genipin, daidzein, ginsenoside Rh1, ponciretin, hesperetin, 18b-glycyrrhetic acid, and baicalein) were measured in fecal specimens. The metabolic activities of these components were $882.7{\pm}814.5$, $3,938.1{\pm}2,700.8$, $2,375.5{\pm}913.7$, $1,179.4{\pm}795.7$, $24.6{\pm}10.5$, $11.4{\pm}10.8$, $578.8{\pm}206.1$, $1,150.0{\pm}266.1$, $47.3{\pm}58.6$, and $12,253.0{\pm}6,527.6\;{\mu}mol/h/g$, respectively. No differences were found in the metabolic activities of the tested components between males and females, although these metabolic activities between individuals are extensively different. The metabolites of functional herb components showed more potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells than nonmetabolites. These findings suggest that intestinal microflora may activate the pharmacological effect of herbal food and medicines and must be the biocatalytic converter for the transformation of herbal components to bioactive compounds.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.47-60
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• 2000

Over decades of work, the probiotic research has grown rapidly with a number of new cultures, which is claimed a variety of benefit. However, many of the specific effects attributed to the ingestion of probiotics remain convoluted and scientifically unsubstantiated. Accordingly, the scientific community faces a greater challenge and must objectively seek cause and effect relationships for many potential and currently investigated probiotic species. Rational selection and design of probiotics remains an important challenge and will require a solid information about the physiology and genetics of candidate strains relevant to their intestinal roles, functional activities, and interaction of with other resident micro flora. As far as beneficial culture of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is concerned, simple, cost-effective, and exact identification of candidate strains is of foremost importance among others. Until recently, the relatedness of bacterial isolates has been determined sorely by testing for one or several phenotyphic markers, using methods such as serotyping, phage-typing, biotyping, and so forth. However, there are problems in the use of many of these phenotype-based methods. In contrast, some of newer molecular typing methods involving the analysis of DNA offer many advantages over traditional techniques. These DNA-based methods have the greater discriminatory power than that of phenotypic procedures. This review focuses on the importance and the basis of molecular typing methods along with some considerations on de-sign and selection of probiotic culture for human consumption.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.379-385
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• 2015

We studied the effects of the proprietary prebiotic Immunogen$^{(R)}$ on the growth, hematology and gut microbiota of common carp fingerlings. A basal diet was formulated using common feed ingredients and supplemented with Immunogen$^{(R)}$ at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20 and $40g\;kg^{-1}$, each of which was tested experimentally on replicated groups of fish. The trials ran for 8 weeks. Common carp fingerlings with an initial weight of $4.82{\pm}0.05g$ were randomly distributed among the experimental tanks at a stocking density of 25 fish per tank. The experimental diets were provided thrice per day; on each occasion the fingerlings were given a weight of feed that amounted to 4% of fish biomass. At the end of the experimental period, we determined the growth performance, feed conversion ratio, hematological parameters, body composition and gut micro-flora parameters of the test fish. Inclusion of $5g\;kg^{-1}$Immunogen$^{(R)}$ in the diet significantly improved growth performance and feed utilization in comparison with controls. However, the whole-body composition of the fish was not significantly influenced by prebiotic inclusion. Inclusion of $5g\;kg^{-1}$ Immunogen$^{(R)}$ significantly increased the total bacterial and Lactobacillus counts in fish intestines, but these bacterial parameters were significantly negatively impacted by higher concentrations of the prebiotic. Red blood cells counts were increased by prebiotic dietary supplementation at concentrations of 5 and $10g\;kg^{-1}$ prebiotic. Glucose and cholesterol levels were elevated by administration of Immunogen$^{(R)}$. Thus, dietary supplementation with $5g\;kg^{-1}$ Immunogen$^{(R)}$ improved fingerling common carp growth performance and feed utilization, and beneficially influenced the gut microflora

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.345-353
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• 2005

The complex ecosystem of intestinal micro flora is estimated to harbor approximately 400 different microbial species, mostly bacteria. However, studies on bacterial colonization have mostly been based on culturing methods, which only detect a small fraction of the whole microbiotic ecosystem of the gut. To clarify the initial acquisition and subsequent colonization of bacteria in an infant within the few days after birth, phylogenetic analysis was performed using 16S rDNA sequences from the DNA iso-lated from feces on the 1st, 3rd, and 6th day. 16S rDNA libraries were constructed with the amplicons of PCR conditions at 30 cycles and $50^{\circ}C$ annealing temperature. Nine independent libraries were produced by the application of three sets of primers (set A, set B, and set C) combined with three fecal samples for day 1, day 3, and day 6 of life. Approximately 220 clones ($76.7\%$) of all 325 isolated clones were characterized as known species, while other 105 clones ($32.3\%$) were characterized as unknown species. The library clone with set A universal primers amplifying 350 bp displayed increased diversity by days. Thus, set A primers were better suited for this type of molecular ecological analysis. On the first day of the life of the infant, Enterobacter, Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc citreum, and Streptococcus mitis were present. The largest taxonomic group was L. lactis. On the third day of the life of the infant, Enterobacter, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, S. mitis, and Streptococcus salivarius were present. On the sixth day of the life of the infant, Citrobacter, Clostridium difficile, Enterobacter sp., Enterobacter cloacae, and E. coli were present. The largest taxonomic group was E. coli. These results showed that microbiotic diversity changes very rapidly in the few days after birth, and the acquisition of unculturable bacteria expanded rapidly after the third day.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.271-276
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• 2013

본 실험은 액상 클로렐라, 분말 클로렐라 및 클로렐라 사료 첨가제 0.5%, 1.0%를 육계 사료 내 첨가 급여하였을 때 생산성, 혈액 성상 및 장내 미생물에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 시험을 실시하였다. 육계(Ross) 초생추 총 720수를 공시하여 6처리 4반복, 반복 당 30수씩 공시하여 5주간 시험을 실시하였다. 처리구로는 항생제를 첨가하지 않은 처리구(NC, negative control), 항생제 처리구(PC, positive control), 액상 클로렐라 1.0% 첨가구 (T1), 분말 클로렐라 1.0% 첨가구 (T2), 클로렐라 사료 첨가제 1.0% 첨가구 (T3) 그리고 클로렐라 0.5%(T4)로 나누어 실험하였다. 종료 시 체중은 무항생제 처리구(NC, negative control)에서 1,635 g 항생제 처리구(positive control) 1,655 g, 액상 클로렐라 첨가구 1,654 g, 분말 클로렐라 첨가구 1,653 g 그리고 클로렐라 사료 첨가제 1.0% 및 0.5%에서 각각 1,672 g, 1,670 g으로 나타나, 클로렐라 사료 첨가제 처리구에서 무항생제 처리구와 비교 시 평균 2% 이상 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 장내 미생물 조사에서는 클로렐라 사료 첨가제 첨가구에서 유산균수는 각각 7.65 CFU/g, 7.49 CFU/g으로 나타나 유의적으로 증가하였으나 E. coli 및 Samonella 함량은 차이가 없었다. 혈액 내 IgG, IgA 그리고 IgM 역시 클로렐라 함유 사료 첨가제에서 유의적으로 개선되었다(P<0.05). 결과적으로 육계사료 내 클로렐라 함유 사료첨가제의 첨가 급여는 장내 미생물 중 유산균 함량과 혈액 면역 물질을 유의적으로 증가시킴으로써 육계 생산성을 개선시키는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 국내 외적으로 가축 사료 내 클로렐라를 활용한 연구가 많지 않기 때문에, 앞으로 보다 진보적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2004

본 시험은 육계에서 생균제의 효과를 구명하고자 사료와 음수에 혼합 생균제를 수준별로 첨가하여 5주간 사양시험을 시행하였다. 처리구는 Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Rhdobacter sp., Aspergillus sp. 균으로 이루어진 혼합 생균제를 사료에 0, $0.2\%$ 수준으로 첨가하였고, 음수에는 0, 0.1, $1.0\%$ 수준으로 급여하였다. 시험사료는 조단백질 함량을 전, 후기 각각 $21.5\%$와 $19.0\%$로 하였고, 에너지는 전, 후기 3,100 kcal/kg 수준으로 배합하였다. 조사항목은 생산능력을 주간별로 측정하였고, 시험 종료시 혈중 콜레스테롤 함량, 회장과 맹장의 내용물에서 E. coli, Salmonella, Lactobacillus 균수, 분에서 암모니아와 이산화탄소 가스 발생 량을 조사하였다. 본 시험의 결과, 생균제를 사료에 첨가하여 급여한 D $0.2\%$ 급여구는 D $0\%$ 급여구와 비교하여 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율이 모든 조사기간에서 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 사료 급여구간에 혈중 총콜레스테롤, HDL, LDL-cholesterol 및 중성지방의 함량은 통계적인 차이는 없었지만, 음수 급여구에서 DW $1.0\%$ 처리구의 혈중 총콜레스테롤 함량은 DW $0\%$ 처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 감소하였다. (P<0.05). 또한 중성지방 함량은 DW $0.1\%$ 처리구에서 DW $0\%$ 처리구에 비하여 현저하게 감소하였지만(p<0.05), HDL과 LDL-cholesterol의 함량은 차이가 없었다. 장내 미생물인 E. coli, Salmonella, Lacfobacillu 균수는 회장과 맹장에서 사료와 음수 급여시 차이가 없었다. 계분의 암모니아와 이산화탄소 발생량은 사료 급여시 D $0\%$와D $0.2\%$ 처리구간에 차이가 없었지만, 음수 급여시 DW $0.1\%$ 처리구는 다른 처리구에 비하여 암모니아 가스 배출량이 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 한편, 이산화탄소 발생량은 DW 처리구간에 차이가 없었다. 이러한 실험 결과, 생균제의 급여는 육계의 생산성과 장내 미생물의 변화에는 영향을 미치지 않았으나 음수로 급여시 혈중 콜레스테롤과 중성지방의 함량을 감소시켰고, 분내 암모니아 가스 발생량을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2014

본 연구는 유용미생물의 첨가가 육계의 생산성과 장내 미생물 균총, 유해가스 발생량에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위하여 육계(ROSS308) 720수를 공시하여 6처리 4반복으로 반복 당 30수씩 완전임의 배치하여 자유 섭식케 하였으며, 35일간 전기(0~3주), 후기(4~5주)로 나누어 실시하였다. 처리구는 대조구(무항생제 처리구), 항생제구, 0.1% 생균제, EM은 0.1, 0.5, 1.0% 등 총 6개로 하였다. 사양실험에서 체중, 증체량, 사료섭취량은 전체 사육기간에 처리구간 통계적인 차이는 없었지만, 사료 요구율은 EM 처리구에서 유의하게(P<0.05) 개선되었으며, total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TRG), glucose(GLU), total protein(TP), calcium(CA), aspartate aminotransferase(AST)와 alanine aminotransferase(ALT)는 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았고, white blood cell(WBC), hemoglobin(Hb), heterophils(HE), lymphocyte(LY), monocytes(MO) 및 eosinophils(EO)는 처리구 간에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. HE : LY 비율은 EM 첨가구들이 유의적으로(P<0.05) 개선되었으며, 소장 내 Lactobacillus 함량은 EM 처리구에서 현저하게(P<0.05) 증가하였으며, E. coli와 Salmonella에서는 처리구 간에 통계적인 차이는 없었다. 또한 분변 내 암모니아 가스와 이산화탄소 배출은 EM 첨가구들이 유의하게(P<0.05) 감소하였다. 본 실험 결과, EM 첨가는 육계에서 사료 요구율을 개선하였으며, 소장 내 미생물 균총과 유해가스 배출에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다.