• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 1995

A new haplosplanchnid cercaria, Cercaria kuwaitae VI sp. n., was found in the prosobranch snail Cerithidea cincingulata in the Kuwait Bay Details are presented on the morphology and behavior of the cercaria and the encystment process. The new cercaria is a biocellate, distome, with a prominent single sac-like intestinal cecum extending well posterior to the ventral sucker and develops in simple sporocysts. It differs from known haplosplanchnid cercariae in the absence of finger-like processes on the tail, and the presence of V-shaped excretory vesicle extending beyond ventral sucker and the presence of cervical glands. The surface topography of the cercaria and its sporocyst is examined by scanning electron microscopy. This is the first haplosplanchnid cercaria to be described from a Cerithidea species.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2000

The regional distribution and relative frequencies of endocrine cells were studied immunohistochemically (PAP methods) in the alimentary tract and pancreas of the toad, Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor using specific antisera against bovine Sp-1/chromogranin (BCG), serotonin, bombesin, gastrin, substance P (SP), somatostatin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and secretin. Nine kinds of endocrine cells were identified in this study. Spherical or spindleshaped immunoreactive (IR) cells were located in the gastric glands of stomach regions, in the basal portion of the epithelium of intestinal tract or esophagus, and in the exocrine or pancreatic islets with variable frequencies. In the alimentary tract, BCG-IR cells were found in the fundus and pylorus with rare and a few frequencies, respectively. Serotonin-IR cells were demonstrated in the whole alimentary tract including the esophagus. Bombesin- and SP-IR cells were restricted to the stomach regions and gastrin-IR cells were restricted to the pylorus. Somatostatin-IR cells were detected throughout the whole alimentary tract except for the large intestine, However, insulin-, glucagon-, PP-, VIP- and secretin-IR cells were not detected in the alimentary tract. In the pancreas of toad, the distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells were similar to those of other mammals. Insulin-IR cells were located in the central portion of the pancreatic islets and interspaces of exocrine portions, and glucagon-, somatostatin- and PP-IR cells were detected in the marginal regions of the pancreatic islets and interspaces of exocrine. However, other IR cells were not found in the pancreas. In conclusion, the regional distribution and relative frequency of the endocrine cells in the alimentary tract and pancreas of the toad were similar to other anuran species but some differences which might be caused by feeding habits and species specification were also observed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.138-143
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• 1998

Chronic diarrhea in children is a common problem with numerous causes. Although most of these causes are benign, critical illness may present as chronic diarrhea. In a patient of chronic diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections are the most common causes in children of all ages and antibiotics may cause chronic diarrhea by altering intestinal microflora, which can result in the emergence of bacterial overgrowth. Overgrowth of Clostridium difficile may cause pseudomembranous colitis. We experienced 25-month-old boy who suffered from chronic diarrhea and partially treated with antibiotics irregularly. Colonoscopic findings of this child showed multiple plaques with white to yellowish exudate which adhere to the mucosal surface of a variable length of rectum. Histollogically, each plaque comprised a pseudomembrane of mucous debris, inflammatory cells, and exudate overlying groups of partially disrupted glands. A latex agglutination test on patient's stool was positive to toxin A of Clostridium difficile. He was recovered after stopping the antibiotics he has been prescribed, and being given vancomycin for 2 weeks. We report this case with brief review of literature.

• BMB Reports
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.187-192
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• 2011

TGF-$\beta$ activated kinase-1 (TAK1) plays a pivotal role in developmental processes in many species. Previous research has mainly focused on the function of TAK1 in model organisms, and little is known about the function of TAK1 in hymenoptera insects. Here, we isolated and characterized the TAK1 gene from Apis cerana cerana. Promoter analysis of AccTAK1 revealed the presence of transcription factor binding sites related to early development. Real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry experiments revealed that AccTAK1 was expressed at high levels in fourth instar larvae, primarily in the abdomen, in the intestinal wall cells of the midgut and in the secretory cells of the salivary glands. In addition, AccTAK1 expression in fourth instar larvae could be dramatically induced by treatment with pesticides and organic solvents. These observations suggest that AccTAK1 may be involved in the regulation of early development in the larval salivary gland and midgut.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.111-129
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• 1985

The morphology and histology of the gastrointestinal mucosa of the mole, Talpa micrura coreana (Thomas), were studied using light and scanning electron microscopes. Tissue specimens were taken from body and pyloric portions of the stomach, and from the initial, proximal, middle, distal and terminal portions of the intestine. For light microscopy, tissue blocks were fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin wax, and sectioned at a thickness of $5{\mu}m$. These sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. For scanning electron microscopy, tissue blocks were fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde, and postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in graded alcohol, transferred to isoamylacetate and dried by the critical point drier(Polaron E 3000). Subsequently, specimens were coated with gold and observed with a JSM-35C scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows: The mucous membrane of the body portion of the stomach had numerous irregular folds and the pyloric mucosa formed the strawberry-shaped folds, and general histological structures of each portion were similar to those of man. The intestine could not be differentiated macroscopically and microscopically into small and large intestines. There was no cecum, appendix, taenia coli, haustra coli or appendices epiploicae. In the initial portion (4 mm long), conical or tongue-shaped villi with the height of $143.3{\pm}10.7{\mu}m$ were present, and large mucous glands were seen in the submucosa. In the proximal, middle and distal portions, wavy folds composed of the epithelium and lamina propria were densely and transversely arranged, and their heights were $440.4{\pm}45.5{\mu}m,\;454.4{\pm}19.9{\mu}m\;and\;205.2{\pm}33.5{\mu}m$, respectively. The mucosa of the terminal portion (3 cm long) formed several longitudinal folds, and the intestinal glands were directly opened on the smooth surface of the folds. Aggregated lymphoid follicles were observed in the major portions of the intestine except the initial and terminal portions. There was no circular or semilunar fold throughout the intestine.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 1976

The present study was performed to clarify the histochemical compositions and fine structure of the mucus secreting cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa of normal mice. The mucus cells in the surface epithelium of stomach body had neutral mucin and some quantity of weak acid mucin. And the mucus cells in gastric pits and mucus neck cells had neutral mucin. The goblet cells in villial epithelium of small intestine contain strong acid sulfated mucin as their main content and a little of neutral mucopolysaccharide. However, the goblet cells in intestinal glands-Liberkuhn crypt were confirmed to contain non-sulfated weak acid mucin. The goblet cells in the surface epithelium of colon had the same component as the small intestine did. But the cells in the crypts of colon contained neutral and weak acid mucin as their main contents. The majority of secretory granules of the surface epithelial cells of the stomach body had high electron density, and some granules with low electron density appeared too. While the mucin granules in the mucus neck cells were low in its electron density, and some of those granules were frequently found to have dense core in them. Secretory granules in goblet cells of small and large intestines had low electron density. The mode of secretion in mucin-containing cells in gastro-intestinal tract was found to be merocrine.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1991

An immunohistochemical study was performed to demonstrate comparative antigenicity of each body structure of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, such as the digestive tract, reproductive organs, excretory system, tegument and suckers. Indirect immunoperoxidase technique was applied, rising formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of C. sinensis as the antigen. Pooled cat sera obtained 10 weeks after an experimental infection with C. sinensis and peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-cat IgG were used as the primary and secondary antibodies, respectively. The intensity of immunohistochemical stain was very sensitive upon the titers of the primary and secondary antibodies, and their optimum dilutions were found to be 1:1,000∼1:2,000 and 1:1,000, respectively. The intestinal epithelial cells, intestinal content and excretory bladder showed strong positive coloring reactions even at lower titer (1 : 2,000) of the primary antibody, whereas the uterine wall and eggs, vitelline glands, and male reproductive organs showed only weak positive reactions despite an increase in the antibody titer (1:1,000). On the other hand, the suckers, tegument, subtegumental cells and other parenchyme portions did not reveal any positive immunoperoxidase reaction at the same antibody titers. From the above results, it is highly suggested that the most potent antigenicity of C. sinensis occur from their excretory-secretory substances originated from the digestive and excretory organs.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.6-14
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• 2016

The mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori has been one of the most important domestic animals which have provided with silk fibers for weaving fabrics and a food for a protein and lipid source. In addition, various health improvement effects of diverse silkworm larval powders were reported. Recently we found that steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powder (SMSP) generated using white-jade (also known as Backokjam) silkworm variety extended healthspan and increased resistance to Parkinson's disease in animal models. Because the colors of cocoons in silkworm varieties were caused by altered signal transduction pathways transporting phytochemicals from intestinal lumens to silk glands, we performed the proximate, amino acid, mineral, carbohydrates, fatty acid, and cholesterol composition analyses of SMSPs of 3 silkworm varieties which were weaving light yellow, golden, and red cocoons. Although most of nutrient compositions among 3 SMSPs were similar, there were significant differences in certain amino acids, minerals, and fatty acid compositions. Red silk silkworm (RS)-SMSP had higher contents of crude proteins and total amino acids than other SMSPs. In addition, the ratio of n-3/n-6 unsaturated fatty acids were higher than the other SMSPs. In contrast Golden silk silkworm (GS)-SMSP had higher ratio of potassium/sodium than the other SMSPs. These nutrient analysis results suggested that 3 SMSPs might have common and unique health improvement effects. Thus, further studies in the functionalities of the 3 SMSPs will reveal unknown their health improvements effects.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.250-254
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• 2011

Modified organs for air respiration in Korean fish was reviewed in the following 6 Korean fishes: three mudskippers (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, Periophthalmus modestus and P. magnuspinnatus), two mud loaches (Misgurnus mizolepis and M. anguillicaudatus), and a torrent catfish (Liobagrus mediadiposalis). Three mudskippers and a torrent catfish have a modified epidermis to in order to make up for the deficient oxygen supply. Their epidermis has abundant intraepithelial blood capillaries except dermal capillaries situated just beneath the stratum germinativum of the epidermis in B. pectinirostris. The epidermis was thick due to component of the following cells: two kinds of glands as a small mucous cells and a large club cells in L. mediadiposalis, voluminous cells (swollen cells) swollen by epidermal cells and a small mucous cells in B. pectinirostris, and only voluminous cells having no any glandular cells in P. modestus and P. magnuspinnatus. In Particular, the epidermis of the mudskippers appears to be a web-like structure due to the swollen epithelial cells. The dermal bulges are found in B. pectinirostris and they are situated at the skin covering the body, not appendage of all the fins and the sucking disc. Another modified organ in M. mizolepis and M. anguillicaudatus occurs in intestine and its mucosal epithelium has abundant blood capillaries.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 1995

The development of colon in fetuses between 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonates of Korean native goats was investigated by light scanning electron microscopy. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The colonic wall appeared to be differentiated into the epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa in 60-day-old fetus. 2. The epithelium of the colonic villi was stratified in some areas and simple columnar in others at 60- and 90day-old fetus but was only observed simple columnar epithelium at 120-day-old fetus. 3. The goblet cells and the intestinal glands appeared in the colonic mucosa at 90 days of gestation and continued gradually to increase in number during gestation. 4. The well-developed villi of the colon appeared in columnar shape at 60 days of gestation and increased in length and width until 90 days of gestation but the villi appeared to be shorter and degenerated after 120 days of gestation. At birth only the rudiment trace of the villi remained. 5. The tunical muscularis of the colon was continuously developed during gestation period. The inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers were distinguishly observed in the colon of 90-day-old fetuses. 6. Scanning electron microscopically, the colonic villi developed in columnar shape or finger-like of fetuses at 60 days of gestation. The of the colonic villi became degenerated after 120 days of gestation. At birth only the rudiment trace of villi remained.