• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1461-1476
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• 2009

This review focuses on the metabolic and osmoregulatory functions of betaine and its impact on nutrient digestibility and performance in pigs and poultry. Betaine is the trimethyl derivative of the amino acid glycine, and is present in plant and animal tissue. It has been shown to play an important role in osmoregulation of plants, bacteria and marine organisms. Due to its chemical structure, betaine exerts a number of functions both at the gastrointestinal and metabolic level. As a methyl group donor, betaine is involved in transmethylation reactions and donates its labile methyl group for the synthesis of several metabolically active substances such as creatine and carnitine. Therefore, supplementation of betaine may reduce the requirement for other methyl group donors such as methionine and choline. Beneficial effects on intestinal cells and intestinal microbes have been reported following betaine supplementation to diets for pigs and poultry, which have been attributed to the osmotic properties of betaine. Furthermore, betaine potentially enhances the digestibility of specific nutrients, in particular fiber and minerals. Moreover, at the metabolic level, betaine is involved in protein and energy metabolism. Growth trials revealed positive effects of supplemental betaine on growth performance in pigs and poultry, and there is evidence that betaine acts as a carcass modifier by reducing the carcass fat content. In conclusion, due to its various metabolic and osmoregulatory functions, betaine plays an important role in the nutrition of monogastric animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.1450-1454
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary crude fiber levels on the growth and intestinal carbohydrases of goslings. Thirty-two, 2 week old female White Roman goslings were divided into four groups of 4 goslings with 2 replicates. Diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous, containing 40, 80, 120 or 160 g/kg crude fiber. At the end of the 4 weeks of the experimental period, all goslings were sacrificed and the carbohydrases activities were measured. Feed intake was significantly higher in the 120 and 160 g/kg crude fiber groups over that in the 40 and 80 g/kg groups (p<0.05). The average daily gosling weight gain significantly increased with increasing crude fiber levels from 40 to 120 g/kg. However, both the daily gain and feed conversion of the 160 g/kg crude fiber diet group decreased significantly. Amylase, maltase and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ activities in the duodenum significantly decreased as the dietary crude fiber level increased. The maltase and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ activities in the jejunum-ileum showed a similar trend with those in the duodenum. By increasing the levels of crude fiber, cellulase activity in the caecum content significantly increased. There was, however, an adverse effect on the amylase activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.41-45
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• 2000

인삼전분으로부터 기능성 말토올리고당을 생산하기 위하여 인삼전분에 대한 말토 올리고당 생산 최적조건을 검토하고 이들을 정제 한 후 물리화학적 특성과 장내 유용 세균에 대한 생육효과를 조사하였다. Amano-A amylase를 사용하였을 때 glucose가 4개 이상 결합된 말토 올리고당이 많이 생성되어 최적 효소로 선정하였고, 이 효소를 이용한 말토 올리고당 생산 최적조건은 인삼전분 10%, 효소 첨가 농도 50 unit/g 전분 과 반응시간 24시간이었다. 인삼전분을 효소분해하여 생산하고 carbon-celite로 정제한 말토올리고당의 점도와 보수력은 각각 37.7 cps(20。C)와 110%(75%상대습도)로 설탕에 비하여 높았으며, 감미도는 설탕의 25.6% 이었다. 또한 생산된 말토올리고당은 장내 유용세균인 Biflidobacterium infantis의 생육을 촉진시켰다

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.203-208
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• 1999

The effect of the polyunsaterated fatty acids, linoleic acid(LA), arachidonic acid(AA) and conjugated dienoic linoleic acid(CLA) on IEC-6 cells (rat intestinal cell)proliferation and cell transduction have been determined in vitro. IEC-6 cells proliferation was assessed by cell growth and [3H]-thymidine incroporation analysis. At 10 μM concentration , the proliferationof cells supplemented with AA or LA was significantly higher than that of CLA. [3H]-thymidine uptake showed the same results. LA and AA increased [3H]-thymidine uptake more than CLA. The stimulatory effect of LA or AA was even more pronounced in the presence of IGF. Both cell number analysis and [3H]-thymidine incorporation revealed that IEC-6 cell proliferation was influenced differently by exogenous free fatty acids, in which AA or LA stimulated IEC-6 cell proliferation and CLA inhibited it. Tyorosine phosphorylation provides a key switch to regulate celluar acitivity in response to extracellular stimuli. At 20 μM and 10μM, AA with IGF-1 stimulated protein tyrosine phophorylation in IEC-6 cells, but LA's impact was less than that of AA. CLA and CLA with IGF-1 inhibited protein tyrosine phosphorylation in IEC-6 cells. These results suggest there is a possible correlation between cell proliferation and IGF receptor tyrosine knase activity driven by AA.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제63권8호
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• pp.301-309
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• 2020

Human breast milk (HBM) is essential for the infant's growth and development right after birth and is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for early human survival. Various infant formulas have many similarities to HBM in many components, but there is no perfect substitute for HBM. Recently, various breast milk components and their roles have been studied according to the development of various analysis techniques. As is already well known, HBM contains about 87%-88% water, and 124-g/L solid components as macronutrients, including about 7% (60-70 g/L) carbohydrates, 1% (8-10 g/L) protein, and 3.8% (35-40 g/L) fat. The composition may vary depending on the environmental factors, including maternal diet. Colostrum is low in fat but high in protein and relatively rich in immuneprotective components. Although HBM contains enough vitamins to ensure normal growth of the infant, vitamins D and K may be insufficient, and the infant may require their supplementation. Growth factors in HBM also serve as various bioactive proteins and peptides on the intestinal tract, vasculature, nervous system, and endocrine system. In the past, HBM of a healthy mother was thought to be sterile. However, several subsequent studies have confirmed the presence of rich and diverse microbial communities in HBM. Some studies suggested that the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus may be universally predominant in HBM, but the origin of microbiota still remains controversial. Lastly, milk is the one of most abundant body fluid of microRNAs, which are known to play a role in various functions, such as immunoprotection and developmental programming, through delivering from HBM and absorption by intestinal epithelial cells. In conclusion, HBM is the most important source of nutrition for infants and includes microbiomes and miRNAs for growth, development, and immunity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.981-989
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• 2012

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of electroporation on the cell growth, cholesterol removal, and adherence abilities of L. acidophilus BT 1088 and their subsequent passages. The growth of electroporated parent cells increased (P<0.05) by 4.49-21.25% compared with that of the control. This may be attributed to the alteration of cellular membrane. However, growth of first, second, and third passages of treated cells was comparable with that of the control, which may be attributed to the resealing of transient pores on the cellular membrane. Electroporation also increased (P<0.05) assimilation of cholesterol by treated parent cells (>185.40%) and first passage (>21.72%) compared with that of the control. Meanwhile, incorporation of cholesterol into the cellular membrane was also increased (P<0.05) in the treated parent cells (>108.33%) and first passage (>26.67%), accompanied by increased ratio of cholesterol:phospholipids (C:P) in these passages. Such increased ratio was also supported by increased enrichment of cholesterol in the hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails, and the interface regions of the membrane phospholipids of both parent and first passage cells compared with that of the control. However, such traits were not inherited by the subsequent second and third passages. Parent cells also showed decreased intestinal adherence ability (P<0.05; decreased by 1.45%) compared with that of the control, without inheritance by subsequent passages of treated cells. Our data suggest that electoporation could be a potential physical treatment to enhance the cholesterol removal ability of lactobacilli that was inherited by the first passage of treated cells without affecting their intestinal adherence ability.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.26-29
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• 2007

장내미생물 개선에 효과가 있는 약용식물소재들을 탐색하여 정장제품 개발하고자 13종의 식물을 물과 에탄올로 각각 추출하여 농도별로 유해균인 C. perfringens, E. coli와 유익균인 B. longum의 생육에 미치는 영향을 in vitro실험으로 시험한 결과는 아래와 같다. 가. C. perfringens은 민들레와 인진쑥 물 추출물에, 돌나물, 오미자, 민들레, 부추, 생강, 쑥, 인진쑥, 질경이 에탄올추출물에 강하게 생육억제 되었다. 나. E. coli은 돌나물, 오미자 물과 에탄올 추출물에서 강하게 생육억제 되었다. 다. B. longum은 추출용매에 관계없이 생육에는 크게 영향을 주지 않았다. 라. 돌나물과 오미자 에탄올추출물이 유익균에 생육억제 없이, 두 유해균을 억제됨으로서 이들 소재가 정장제품으로의 개발 가능성이 있다고 생각되었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제62권8호
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• pp.307-311
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• 2019

Purpose: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most serious complications of prematurity. Many risk factors can contribute to the development of NEC. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a major role in intestinal barrier function, increases intestinal enzyme activity, and improves nutrient transport. The aim of this study was to assess the role of epidermal growth factor in the development of NEC in preterm neonates. Methods: In this study, 130 preterm neonates were included and divided into 3 groups, as follows: group 1, 40 preterm neonates with NEC; group 2, 50 preterm neonates with sepsis; and group 3, 40 healthy preterm neonates as controls. The NEC group was then subdivided into medical and surgical NEC subgroups. The serum EGF level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Serum EGF levels (pg/dL) were significantly lower in the NEC group (median [interquartile range, IQR], 9.6 [2-14]) than in the sepsis (10.1 [8-14]) and control groups (11.2 [8-14], P<0.001), with no significant difference between the sepsis and control groups, and were positively correlated with gestational age (r=0.7, P<0.001). A binary logistic regression test revealed that low EGF levels and gestational ages could significantly predict the development of NEC. The receiver-operating characteristic curve for EGF showed an optimal cutoff value of 8 pg/mL, with 73.3% sensitivity, 98% specificity, and an area under the curve of 0.92. Conclusion: The patients with NEC in this study had significantly lower serum EGF levels (P<0.001), which indicated that EGF could be a reliable marker of NEC in preterm neonates.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.1365-1374
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of exogenous multienzyme and phytase on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood metabolites, intestinal microflora, and morphology in broilers fed corn-wheat-soybean meal diets. Methods: A 2×2 factorial design was used in this study. Four dietary treatments consisted of i) basal diets (corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets without multi-enzyme and phytase), ii) basal diets with phytase (0.05%), iii) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme (0.05%), and iv) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme including phytase (0.05%). A total of 480 broiler chickens (Ross 308 - one day old) were weighed and allotted to thirty-two cages (15 birds per cage), and chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments. Results: The body weight gain and feed conversion rate were improved by supplementation of exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase during the finisher period (p<0.05). The birds fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase had a significantly greater digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus compared with birds fed non-supplemented diets (p<0.05). The chickens fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a higher concentration of Ca and P in the serum (p<0.05). The population of Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, and Clostridium were not affected in the ileum and cecum of chickens fed enzyme-supplemented diets. The dietary supplemental exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a significant improvement in villus height, crypt depth, and villus height and crypt depth ratio, compared to basal diets or dietary supplemental phytase (p<0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation of the exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase synergistically improved the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and villus height of the small intestine of broiler chickens fed a corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2001

Alginate를 가열에 의해 저분자화하여 저분자화에 따른 소화생리 특성을 검토하기 위해, 랫드에 저분자 alginate인 HAG-10,HAG-50, HAG-100 및 alginate를 장기간 섭취시켰을 때, 체중, 각종 장기의 무게와 길이 및 췌장과 소장의 소화효소활성과 단백질, DNA 및 RNA 함량을 측정하였고 소장응모의 미세구조의 변화를 관찰하였다. 랫드의 체중은 $5\%$와 $10\%$ HAG-50 및 $10\%$ alginate에서 체중의 증가가 유의적으로 현저히 억제되었다. 간장의 무게는 유의적인 차이가 없었고, 위의 무게와 길이는 $10\%$ HAG-10, $1\%$, $5\%$ 및$10\%$ HAG-50, $1\%$와 $5\%$ HAG-100 그리고 $5\%$ alginate에서 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 췌장의 무게와 길이는 모두 약간 증가하였다. 소장과 맹장의 무게와 길이는 $1\%$와 $5\%$ HAG-10을 제외하고 모두 증가하였으나 대장의 무게와 길이는 전반적으로 감소하였다. 췌장의 amylase 활성은 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았고, lipase 활성은 HAG-50에서 약간 저하하였으며, protease 활성은 $1\%$ HAG-10만 제외하고 유의적으로 저하하였다. 췌장의 단백질 함량은 모두 증가하였으나, DNA와 RNA 함량은 유의 적 인 차이가 없었다. 소장의 단백질 함량은 $5\%$와 $10\%$ HAG-50에서 그리고DNA는 $5\%$ HAG-50에서 가장 높은 함량을 보였으며, RNA는 전반적으로 증가하였다 소장융모의 미세구조는 HAG-50에서 주름이 많고 표면적이 넓은 잎사귀 모양의 응모세포와 돌림주름 및 Boblet cell이 현저히 발달되어 있었다.