• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2015

As WSN is energy constraint so energy efficiency of nodes is important. Because avoiding long distance communication, clustering operating in rounds is an efficient algorithm for prolonging the lifetime of WSN and its performance depends on duration of a round. A short round time leads to frequent re-clustering while a long round time increases energy consume of cluster heads more. So existing clustering schemes determine proper round time, based on the parameters of initial WSN. But it is not appropriate to apply the round time according to initial value throughout the whole network time because WSN is very dynamic networks nodes can be added or vanished. In this paper we propose a new algorithm which calculates the round time relying on the alive node number to adapt the dynamic WSN. Simulation results validate the proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of energy consumption of nodes and loss rate of data.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.2660-2679
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• 2017

Crypton is a SP-network block cipher that attracts much attention because of its excellent performance on hardware. Based on Crypton, mCrypton is designed as a lightweight block cipher suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). The security of Crypton and mCrypton under meet-in-the-middle attack is analyzed in this paper. By analyzing the differential properties of cell permutation, several differential characteristics are introduced to construct generalized ${\delta}-sets$. With the usage of a generalized ${\delta}-set$ and differential enumeration technique, a 6-round meet-in-the-middle distinguisher is proposed to give the first meet-in-the-middle attack on 9-round Crypton-192 and some improvements on the cryptanalysis of 10-round Crypton-256 are given. Combined with the properties of nibble permutation and substitution, an improved meet-in-the-middle attack on 8-round mCrypton is proposed and the first complete attack on 9-round mCrypton-96 is proposed.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.291-298
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• 2000

Objective : Use of Internet for health related information is rapidly increasing. There is, however, no consensus as to which information is correct and reliable. This study was conducted to develop an evaluation standards for health related information on the Internet for the purpose of delivering correct information to internet users. Methods : A Delphi technique, which involved a panel of 65 experts, was used as the research design for this study. In the first round, the initial evaluation criteria which consisted of 12 items was developed through a literature review by the researcher and the items represented 2 categories, structure and function. In the second round, a semi-structured questionnaire was sent to the experts with the initial evaluation tool and the respondents identified 55 items. In the third round, these 55 items were analyzed for content validity by the experts and a total of 35 items were included in the model; 11 items in the structural area, 24 in the functional area. Conclusions : Development of indicators for the evaluation of internet site for health information is crucial to provide correct and reliable information. For evaluation to be effective further evaluation programs need to be developed so that users can be sure that the information they received is accurate.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5773-5784
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• 2019

ARIA is an involutory SPN block cipher. Its block size is 128-bit and the master key sizes are 128/192/256-bit, respectively. Accordingly, they are called ARIA-128/192/256. As we all know, ARIA is a Korean Standard block cipher nowadays. This paper focuses on the security of ARIA against impossible differential attack. We firstly construct a new 4-round impossible differential of ARIA. Furthermore, based on this impossible differential, a new 7-round impossible differential attack on ARIA-256 is proposed in our paper. This attack needs 2¹¹⁸ chosen plaintexts and 2²¹⁰ 7-round encryptions. Comparing with the previous best result, we improve both the data complexity and time complexity. To our knowledge, it is the best impossible differential attack on ARIA-256 so far.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.2554-2580
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• 2018

Lenstra-Lenstra-$Lov{\acute{a}}sz$ (LLL) is an effective receiving algorithm for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems, which is believed can achieve full diversity in MIMO detection of fading channels. However, the LLL algorithm features polynomial complexity and shows poor performance in terms of convergence. The reduction of algorithmic complexity and the acceleration of convergence are key problems in optimizing the LLL algorithm. In this paper, a variant of the LLL algorithm, the Hybrid-Fix-and-Round LLL algorithm, which combines both fix and round measurements in the size reduction procedure, is proposed. By utilizing fix operation, the algorithmic procedure is altered and the size reduction procedure is skipped by the hybrid algorithm with significantly higher probability. As a consequence, the simulation results reveal that the Hybrid-Fix-and-Round-LLL algorithm carries a faster rate of convergence compared to the original LLL algorithm, and its algorithmic complexity is at most one order lower than original LLL algorithm in real field. Comparing to other families of LLL algorithm, Hybrid-Fix-and-Round-LLL algorithm can make a better compromise in performance and algorithmic complexity.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권9호
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• pp.4259-4271
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• 2016

With the increased popularity of IEEE 802.11 WLAN, the density of the WLAN devices per access point has also increased, resulting in throughput performance degradation. One of the solutions to the problem is improving the protocol efficiency by a using multi-round contention scheme. This paper first discusses how to estimate the number of contending stations in a WLAN network by using minimum elapsed backoff counter values that can be easily monitored by each station. An approximate closed form expression is derived for the number of active contending stations using the smallest backoff counter value in the network. We then apply this result to adapt the number of contending rounds according to the network loading level to enhance the throughput performance of a multi-round contention scheme. Through simulation, we show that the accuracy of the estimation algorithm depends on the contention parameters of W and the number of backoff counter observing samples, and found a reasonable value for each parameter. We clearly show that our adaptive multi-round contention scheme outperforms the standard contention scheme that uses a fixed number of rounds.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.3815-3833
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• 2021

MILP-based automatic search is the most common method in analyzing the security of cryptographic algorithms. However, this method brings many issues such as low efficiency due to the large size of the model, and the difficulty in finding the contradiction of the impossible differential distinguisher. To analyze the security of ESF algorithm, this paper introduces a simplified MILP-based search model of the differential distinguisher by reducing constrains of XOR and S-box operations, and variables by combining cyclic shift with its adjacent operations. Also, a new method to find contradictions of the impossible differential distinguisher is proposed by introducing temporary variables, which can avoid wrong and miss selection of contradictions. Based on a 9-round impossible differential distinguisher, 15-round attack of ESF can be achieved by extending forward and backward 3-round in single-key setting. Compared with existing results, the exact lower bound of differential active S-boxes in single-key setting for 10-round ESF are improved. Also, 2108 9-round impossible differential distinguishers in single-key setting and 14 12-round impossible differential distinguishers in related-key setting are obtained. Especially, the round of the discovered impossible differential distinguisher in related-key setting is the highest, and compared with the previous results, this attack achieves the highest round number in single-key setting.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5717-5730
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• 2019

LBlock-s is the core block cipher of authentication encryption algorithm LAC, which uses the same structure of LBlock and an improved key schedule algorithm with better diffusion property. Using the differential properties of the key schedule algorithm and the cryptanalytic technique which combines impossible boomerang attacks with related-key attacks, a 15-round related-key impossible boomerang distinguisher is constructed for the first time. Based on the distinguisher, an attack on 22-round LBlock-s is proposed by adding 4 rounds on the top and 3 rounds at the bottom. The time complexity is about only 2^68.76 22-round encryptions and the data complexity is about 2⁵⁸ chosen plaintexts. Compared with published cryptanalysis results on LBlock-s, there has been a sharp decrease in time complexity and an ideal data complexity.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 1999년도 추계종합학술대회
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• pp.326-330
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• 1999

인터넷의 민감한 트래픽 특성으로 인해 기존의 트래픽 모델링 분석법으로 최적화된 네트워크 환경을 구성하기에는 부족한 점이 많다. 본 논문에서는 트래픽의 버스트 특성을 정확히 예측하고 모델링 하기 위한 방법으로 자기 유사 특성에 대해 분석하고자 한다. 실제 인터넷 네트워크에서의 RTT(Round-Trip Time)를 측정함으로써 계층, 거리별 링크간의 LRD(Long-Range Dependence) 와 노드 큐의 특성, 자기유사성 정도를 구하고 측정된 데이터의 확률 분포를 통해 실제 트래픽의 특성에 대해 분석하였다

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2009

LEACH(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Heirarchy)는 한정된 에너지를 가지는 무선 센서 네트워크에서 에너지 소비를 최소화하기 위한 대표적인 계층적 프로토콜이다. LEACH 에서는 노드들의 균형적인 에너지 소비를 위해 확률적으로 랜덤(Random)하게 클러스터 헤드를 결정한다. 이를 개선한 LEACH-C에서는 평균에너지 잔량을 구해 이를 넘는 노드를 중심으로 헤드를 선정하여 네트워크의 전체 주기를 늘리고자 하였다. 그러나 라운드가 지속될수록 에너지 평균잔량 및 네트워크 환경이 변화하기 때문에 이를 고려한 프로토콜 개선이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 LEACH, LEACH-C에서 소모되는 에너지를 고려하지 않은 라운드타임 때문에 낭비되는 에너지를 줄이기 위한 새로운 라운드타임 설정을 제시하였다. 또한 클러스터 헤드 선정을 위해 임계값을 선정하여 이를 기준으로 라운드 설정 및 헤드 설정을 하였다. 실험결과를 통해 기존 프로토콜에 비해 향상된 성능을 보였고, 향후 이를 더 확대하여 다양한 환경에 적용해 보고자 한다.