• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.505-512
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• 2004

This study was attempted to review the information data for minimizing the destruction of environmental naturalness and the visual damage of landscape from road construction by establishing a model of environmental naturalness for national roads in the suburb areas to suggest an answer to a research question, ' hat does decide the environmental naturalness of roadscape?'. We found that 1) The road-side slope showed no statistical significance in the description of environmental naturalness of roadscape, but the fact that the road-side slope from road construction is the destruction of natural topography cannot be overlooked. 2) In terms of the direction of value variations for independent variables, signboard and telegraph post, soundproofing and protection wall, structure, and building acted toward negative (-) direction, while mountains, sky, road trees, fields, and surrounding green including the road-side slope acted toward positive(+) direction. 3) The variable with highest relative contribution to dependent variables among independent variables is building, which has importance as many as 148 times of road-side slope, while the variable road-side slope has the least importance. Building has the importance of 7.22 times, mountains 5.51 times, road trees 2.59 times, surrounding green 2.54 times, structure 2.41 times, signboard and telegraph post 2.37 times, soundproofing and protection wall 2.20 times, and sky 1.32 times of the fields as a standard criterion values 1.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.127-143
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether strategic decision-making processes are related to decision effectiveness, using a longitudinal field study design. We studied 120 decisions to determine if procedural rationality and political behavior influence decision success, controlling for the goodwill of the environment and decision implementation. Our results indicate that decision-making processes are indeed related to decision success. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of strategic choice in environmental organizations. these studies often provided simple fragments of empirical tests without a well developed theoretical framework. This study attempts to fill this gap by examining policy adoption, specifically by investigating influences on policy decision making across 120 nations using multiple-regression analysis. The greater the number of international NGOs in which a national governmental participates, the more the nation is apt to adopt international environmental policies to see how real affect.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.150-160
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• 2011

This study focuses on the Achard turbine, a vertical axis, cross-flow, marine current turbine module. Similar modules can be superposed to form towers. A marine or river hydropower farm consists of a cluster of barges, each gathering several parallel rows of towers, running in stabilized current. Two-dimensional numerical modelling is performed in a horizontal cross-section of all towers, using FLUENT and COMSOL Multiphysics. Numerical models validation with experimental results is performed through the velocity distribution, depicted by Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry, in the wake of the middle turbine within a farm model. As long as the numerical flow in the wake fits the experiments, the numerical results for the power coefficient (turbine efficiency) are trustworthy. The overall farm efficiency, with respect to the spatial arrangement of the towers, was depicted by 2D modelling of the unsteady flow inside the farm, using COMSOL Multiphysics. Rows of overlapping parallel towers ensure the increase of global efficiency of the farm.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

Geological disposal is designed to provide safe containment of radioactive waste for very long times, with the containment provided by a combination of engineered and geological barriers. In the extreme long term, after many thousands of years or longer, residual amounts of long-lived radionulides such as Cl-36, but also radionuclides in the natural decay chains, may be released into the environment normally accessed and used by humans, termed here, the biosphere. It is necessary to ensure that any such releases meet radiation protection objectives through the development of a safety case, which will include assessment of radiation doses to humans. The design of such dose calculations over such long timeframes is not straightforward, because of the range of potentially relevant assumptions which could be made, concerning environmental change and changes in human behavior. These conceptual uncertainties are additional to those that more typically arise, for example, in the assessment of present day situations, but which also have to be addressed. The issue has therefore been subject to international cooperation for many years. This paper summarizes the evolution and results of that collaboration leading up to the present day, taking account of developments in international recommendations on radiation protection objectives and the more recent greater focus on preparation of site specific safety cases.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.385-390
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cases of endangered species protection campaigns of domestic and foreign enterprises and to present improvement points and direction. Therefore, this study analyzed the cases and characteristics of the campaign by setting above small and medium sized domestic and foreign companies as subjects for research. The study found that there were mainly campaigns conducted in cooperation with large environmental organizations in Korea, and as an IT powerhouse, there were examples of such campaigns. Foreign companies independently participated in environmental protection, and cases of fashion and cosmetic brand campaigns were easily found. Based on these characteristics, this study aims to present improvements and directions for animal protection campaigns in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.31-48
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• 2013

South Korea had encouraged farmers to breed bear to increase farmer's income since 1981. Currently farmers breed over thousand number of bears, however but the policy measures for breeding bears is expected to conflict the main stream of bear conservation due to South Korea belong to the member of CITES, which categorizes and manages bears under Wild Fauna and Flora Protection Act. Government needs to establish a special law containg the win-win relief strategy not only for farmers of breeding bears, but international corresponding policy. So, we have reviewed the domestic status and international trends on breeding bears, and suggest the alternative strategies of the policy such as a bear park, a bear village, use of species recovery center, use of a preservation organization. This policy should be accompanied with more detailed fact analysis, management agency, well equipped welfare facility and financial preparation for proper management of breeding bears against changing international trends on wildlife conservation.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.804-812
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• 2011

To prevent the overflow of various harmful chemicals, it is necessary to modify the chemical management system with an expansion to institutionally regulated substances. This modification should be preceded by selection of the priority chemicals, with a diverse chemical ranking system (CRS) applied to select the chemicals in developed countries. In Korea, a systematic CRS was used in a project related to soil and groundwater, however, it is inadequate to compare soil and groundwater CRS to that of surfacewater. In this study, a priority chemical ranking system for surfacewater was proposed through the analysis of international and domestic CRS cases. This was then applied to 161 chemicals to derive the priority list of harmful chemicals. As a result, Chemical RAnking of surFacewater polluTants (CRAFT) is presented for the protection of human health and the aquatic ecosystem from surfacewater pollutants. The components of CRAFT are the human health toxicity, aquatic ecosystem toxicity and reliability assessment factors. Three lists were derived from the 161 priority harmful chemicals for the protection of human health, aquatic ecosystem or both. It is expected that this result can be useful to prioritize harmful chemicals for the protection of human health and the aquatic ecosystem from Korean surfacewater.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-44
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• 2014

Conflict between transnational environmental issues and foreign investment in capital-importing states can be commonly found. Actually, several investor-state dispute arbitration cases like Bilcon v. Canada, S.D. Myers v. Canada, and Metalclad v. Mexico concerned environmental matters. States are worried about their measures for securing the environment might be deemed to go against international investment agreements and foreign investors also are anxious because of excessive regulations. Against this backdrop, stakeholders attempt to strike a balance between securing foreign investment and preserving the environment. This article argues that the investment chapter of the Korea-US FTA tries to solve environment-investment collision in investor-state disputes. Before analyzing the provisions of the investment chapter most relevant to environmental issues, this article points out the most typical types of environmental clauses included in international investment agreements. The investment chapter of the Korea-US FTA has provisions which effectively prevent measures from becoming useless when those measures are legitimate measures relevant to environmental matters. This does not mean that the Korea-US FTA completely solves the conflict between environmental issues and the protection of foreign investment, but still it paves the way for a prudent solution which would hash out this thorny problem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.496-504
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• 2012

In the field of environmental protection, close co-operation between Contracting Parties is strongly required and the reporting obligation under MARPOL 73/78 is playing an important role as a part of international co-operation for the environmental protection. In this paper, I review the meaning of reporting obligation under MARPOL 73/78 from the perspective of the international law, and investigate the status of implementation for the reporting obligation. For this purpose, I analyze status of implementation for last 10 years from 2001 to 2010 regarding reporting obligations under MARPOL 73/78 in accordance with MEPC/Circ.318. Finally, I suggest the way forward to improve Contracting Parties' compliance with reporting obligations through this analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.14-20
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• 1995

Discourses on global environment are not only limited to the matter of simple environmen-tal protection but also going to an imperative that every country should take the environ-mental aspects into more consideration, and if necessary even proceed to modify its own strategies for economic growth. It is because scores of existing International conventions and agreements on environmental caused tend to combine the environmental issues with trade sanctions and financial assistances in order to ensure a mandatory power in pushing themselves through on a global dimension. Particularly noteworthy is the so -called Green Round(GR) which substantially associates the Issues of environmental protection with some sanctions in international trade, its rationale is quite simple. The differentiated production costs rising from the difference in environmental standards among different countries may affect national competitiveness in in-ternational trade, therefore a need does exist to countervail this difference. In reality, however, severe dissention seems to have been exposed between the developed and developing countries around this matter, because national interests and priorities in national goals considerably differ among respective countries. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide which caused global warming are mostly released from the combustion of fossil fuels. The perfect removal of released $CO_{2}$ is impossible with existing technologies, and moreover, it's not payable in economical terms. Therefore it will be more effective and desirable to make more efforts to prevent the release of the $CO_{2}$ it- self through energy conservation involving the development and promotion of clean and high-efficient energy technologies and energy sources, and the development and promotion of new & renewable energy resources, and so on. One of important national tasks In our country is to establish an Energy Policy consider-ing environmental impacts since Korea depends most of its energy consumption on the fossil fuels such as oil and coal.